Physical Activity Promotion in Schools Using Theoretically Designed Mobile Phone Application.

Background: Regular physical activity for adolescents has many health benefits, many of which also affect adulthood. Physical activity is a behavior that requires planning and choosing an appropriate educational method, model, or theory. However, mobile phone applications are known as a suitable method to increase physical activity according to the guidelines. This study aims to increase physical activity in female students based on the theory of planned behavior using mobile phone applications. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was implemented on 220 high school students (110 people in each group). The samples were selected by a multi-stage cluster method and their information was collected by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed. The intervention group received 8 sessions of education through a mobile phone application that was designed by the constructs of the theory of planned behavior. The samples were evaluated in three stages, through a pre-test, post-test, and two-month follow-up. Results: The results showed a significant difference in the post-test and two months after the intervention between intervention and control groups in terms of attitude, perceived behavioral control, intention, and physical activity. There was a significant difference between intervention and control groups in subjective norms in the post-test, but there was no significant difference in the two-month follow-up compared to the post-test (P = 0.08). Conclusions: An educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior using mobile phone applications led to an increase in the physical activity of girl high school students. However, to determine the full effectiveness of this study, it is recommended to implement this intervention in all schools.

Good Practices and Initiatives for the Control and Elimination of Hepatitis B in the World: A Scoping Review.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a significant global public health challenge, leading to considerable morbidity and mortality. Implementation of effective strategies and novel initiatives is necessary to control and eliminate HBV. To identify the key approaches and actions used worldwide for HBV control and elimination, we conducted a comprehensive scoping review. We searched various sources, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, the official websites of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and relevant articles and reports published in the past decade. Our inclusion criteria focused on studies that reported on strategies for HBV control and elimination, provided evidence of their effectiveness, and assessed their impact on public health outcomes. We included 16 articles in our review, which highlighted a range of strategies, such as universal HBV vaccination, prevention of mother-to-child transmission, mass screening programs, and treatment of chronically infected individuals. These strategies have shown promising results in reducing HBV transmission rate, improving health outcomes, and making progress toward HBV elimination. Moreover, several challenges, including limited access to care, low awareness, stigma, and funding constraints, hinder the effectiveness of elimination programs. The findings underscore the importance of sustained efforts and investment in comprehensive strategies for HBV control and elimination. It is crucial to address barriers to care and enhance public awareness to achieve the goal of eliminating HBV as a public health threat by 2030.

Association between dental clinical measures and oral health-related quality of life among Iraqi schoolchildren: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the association between dental clinical measures and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) together with the potential mediating role of sociodemographic factors and oral health behaviours on this association in a group of Iraqi children. METHODS: The target population for this cross-sectional study consisted of 372 primary school children aged 8-10 years in the city of Kut, Iraq, during the year 2022. The participants were selected using a multi-stage random sampling technique. Detailed information about the children was collected through a comprehensive questionnaire that included demographic characteristics, oral health-related behaviors, the Arabic version of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire for 8-10-year-olds (CPQ8-10), and parental knowledge regarding oral health. Additionally, clinical dental evaluations were conducted, which included assessments of decayed, missing, and filled surfaces (DMFS, dmfs) as well as teeth (DMFT, dmft). Simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S), bleeding on probing (BOP), and the community periodontal index (CPI) were also recorded for each participant using the recommended methodology by the World Health Organization (WHO). The statistical analysis included the Chi-square test, independent t-test, and simple and multiple linear regressions. RESULTS: The mean age of the children was 9.0 (± 0.82) years. About one-third of children reported brushing at least two times per day and consuming a sweet snack once a day. Visiting a dentist during the past year was reported by 21% of children. Oral health behaviours demonstrated a significant association with the total CPQ8-10 scores (p < 0.001). Based on adjusted effects (ß and 95% CI) from the multiple linear regressions, untreated dental caries (dt > 0, DT > 0) had a negative impact on the total CPQ8-10 score (adjusted ß = 2.3 (95% CI: 0.67 to 3.91) and 3.4 (95% CI: 2.14 to 4.56), respectively). Decayed surfaces (DS), and teeth (DT) were associated with the total score of the CPQ8-10 and all its subscales (adjusted ß range = 0.1 (95% C.I.: 0.03 to 0.19)-1.0 (95% CI: 0.72 to 1.26) and 0.2 (95% CI: 0.004 to 0.40)-1.2 (95% CI: 0.91 to 1.67), respectively). There was an association between oral hygiene index and total CPQ8-10 scores (adjusted ß = 1.8 (95% CI: 0.62 to 3.02)), especially the functional limitations and emotional well-being subscales. CONCLUSION: Findings of this study emphasizes the negative impact of dental caries and poor oral hygiene on children's OHRQoL. This association is highlighted more when considering that over two-thirds of these children do not comply with favourable levels of oral health behaviour. Enhancing the level of OHRQoL among these children, therefore, necessitates comprehensive programs for decreasing the volume of unmet oral health needs and improving children's adherence to recommended oral health behaviours.

Effects of Maxillary Movements on Lips Following Orthognathic Surgery: A Retrospective Non-Randomized Clinical Trial.

Introduction Lips play a fundamental role in facial attractiveness and in decisions pertaining to orthognathic surgery. Objective To assess the upper lip changes following Le Fort I osteotomy for maxillary advancement and/or impaction. Methods In the present retrospective non-randomized clinical trial, we evaluated 3 groups of patients who underwent Le Fort I osteotomy of the maxilla. Group 1 (n = 35) underwent maxillary advancement, group 2 (n = 14), maxillary impaction, and group 3 (n = 11) was submitted to both maxillary advancement and impaction. The lip thickness of all patients was measured preoperatively, and the participants in each group were categorized into two subgroups: thin (< 12 mm) and thick (> 12 mm) lip. The primary (before orthognathic surgery) and final (after orthodontic bracket removal) lateral cephalograms of the patients were analyzed using the Dolphin software. Comparisons were made using the paired t -test and linear regression in the IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows software. Results The length of the upper lip increased by 1 mm ( p = 0.012) on average following maxillary advancement, and it decreased by 0.43 mm ( p = 0.24) on average following maxillary impaction. In the maxillary advancement group, the change in angulation of the incisors predicted the incisal display ( p = 0.03). In the maxillary impaction group, skeletal changes in the vertical dimension predicted changes in upper lip length ( p = 0.033). Conclusions Le Fort I osteotomy for maxillary advancement significantly increases the length of the upper lip. The assessment of lip thickness prior to surgery can help predict the postoperative results. Changing the angulation of the incisors can predict the incisal display. In maxillary impaction, skeletal changes in the vertical dimension can predict the changes in the length of the upper lip.

Effects of Maxillary Movements on Lips Following Orthognathic Surgery: A Retrospective Non-Randomized Clinical Trial

Abstract Introduction Lips play a fundamental role in facial attractiveness and in decisions pertaining to orthognathic surgery. Objective To assess the upper lip changes following Le Fort I osteotomy for maxillary advancement and/or impaction. Methods In the present retrospective non-randomized clinical trial, we evaluated 3 groups of patients who underwent Le Fort I osteotomy of the maxilla. Group 1 (n = 35) underwent maxillary advancement, group 2 (n = 14), maxillary impaction, and group 3 (n = 11 ) was submitted to both maxillary advancement and impaction. The lip thickness of all patients was measured preoperatively, and the participants in each group were categorized into two subgroups: thin (< 12 mm) and thick (> 12 mm) lip. The primary (before orthognathic surgery) and final (after orthodontic bracket removal) lateral cephalograms of the patients were analyzed using the Dolphin software. Comparisons were made using the paired t-test and linear regression in the IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows software. Results The length of the upper lip increased by 1 mm (p = 0.012) on average following maxillary advancement, and it decreased by 0.43 mm (p = 0.24) on average following maxillary impaction. In the maxillary advancement group, the change in angulation of the incisors predicted the incisal display (p = 0.03). In the maxillary impaction group, skeletal changes in the vertical dimension predicted changes in upper lip length (p = 0.033). Conclusions Le Fort I osteotomy for maxillary advancement significantly increases the length of the upper lip. The assessment of lip thickness prior to surgery can help

Social media as a tool for oral health promotion: A systematic review.

Social media platforms are common means of sharing information, personal experiences, and lifestyle. They can also be utilized as cost-effective methods for individuals to acquire health information and promote oral health. The purpose of the present study was to systematically review the current literature on the interventions taken through social media for promoting lay people's oral health. This systematic review (PROSPERO: CRD42023395005) followed the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. A comprehensive search was conducted in four electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane Library) for relevant articles published between 2012 and 2023. Data such as study design, sample size, follow-up duration, utilized social media platforms and main findings were extracted from the eligible studies. The quality of the studies included in the systematic review was evaluated by the quality assessment tools for intervention studies recommended by the National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools. Out of the 1934 records identified in the initial search, 10 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative synthesis. These studies comprised seven randomized control trials, one field trial and two quasi-experimental. Various social media platforms, including Telegram, Instagram, YouTube, WhatsApp and Snapchat, were used for communication with patients. Some studies solely utilized social media interventions, while others combined online and traditional interventions. The quality assessment categorized 30% of the studies as "strong", 50% as "moderate", and the remaining as "weak". The implementation of social media interventions positively influenced multiple aspects of oral health among the laypeople. Online platforms such as YouTube, WhatsApp, Instagram, and Telegram can be effectively utilized to promote oral health among patients.

Improvement of oral health knowledge and behavior of diabetic patients: an interventional study using the social media.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic patients are not often aware of relationship between diabetes mellitus (DM) and periodontal diseases, and the researchers recommend further knowledge enhancement of diabetic patients in this regard. This study aimed to enhance oral health knowledge of diabetic adults via an educational intervention. METHODS: In this interventional study, three private offices of endocrinologists specialized in treatment of DM were selected for the recruitment of participants. In total, 120 diabetic adults (40 from each office) took part in an educational intervention in three groups (patients from each office made up one group): (I) physician-aid, (II) researcher-aid, and (III) social media. In group (I), participants received educational materials (brochure and CD) from their endocrinologist, in group (II) participants received educational materials from researcher. Group (III) joining an educational group in WhatsApp for 3 months. A self-reported standard questionnaire was filled out by the patients before, and after the intervention to assess oral health knowledge. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 21 using independent t-test, Mann-Whitney test, Chi-square test, and ANCOVA. RESULTS: The mean oral health knowledge score increased in all three groups after the educational interventions (P < 0.001); the highest increase occurred in the social media group. Toothbrushing twice daily or more had the greatest improvement in the physician-aid group compared with the other two groups (P < 0.001). The greatest improvement in dental flossing once daily or more occurred in the social media group (P = 0.01). The mean level of the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) decreased in all three groups, but not significantly (P = 0.83). CONCLUSION: The results showed that educational interventions enhance oral health knowledge, and improve the behavior of diabetic adults. The education via the social media can be an efficient method for knowledge enhancement of diabetic patients.

Occupational Exposure to Physical and Chemical Risk Factors: A Systematic Review of Reproductive Pathophysiological Effects in Women and Men.

The human reproductive system can be affected by occupational exposure to many physical and chemical risk factors. This study was carried out to review the studies conducted on the issue of the pathophysiological effects of occupational physical and chemical risk factors on the reproductive system of females and males. In this systematic review, the databases such as "Google Scholar," "Pub-Med," "Scopus," and "Web of Science" were used. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020), the studies included in our study were published between 2000 and 2021. In order to extract the required data, all sections of the articles were reviewed. Out of 57 articles we reviewed, 34 articles were related to field studies and 23 articles to clinical studies. Among them, 43 studies dealt with the pathophysiological effects of chemical agents, six studies dealt with the pathophysiological effects of physical factors, and 8 studies dealt with the pathophysiological effects of physicochemical factors on the human reproductive system. Physical (noise, heat, and radiofrequency radiation) and chemical (such as carbamate and organophosphate pesticides, benzene, toluene, xylene, formaldehyde, NO2, CS2, manganese, lead, nickel, and n-hexane) risk factors had pathophysiological effects on the human reproductive system. The presence of these risk factors in the workplace caused damage to the human reproductive system. The rate of these negative pathophysiological effects can be reduced by performing appropriate managerial, technical, and engineering measures in work environments.

Biaxial flexural strength and Weibull characteristics of a resin ceramic material after thermal-cycling.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the flexural strength and Weibull characteristics of 3 different resin-ceramic materials with a zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate material after thermal-cycling. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four different computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing restorative materials (Vita Enamic, Lava Ultimate, Crystal Ultra, and Vita Suprinity) were tested. A total of 40 Ø12×1.2-mm disks were prepared and divided into 4 groups (n = 10). Their flexural strength was evaluated after 5000 thermal-cycles with a 4-point biaxial flexure test using a universal testing machine. The Weibull modulus and probability of failure were also determined from the biaxial flexural strength data. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and the Tukey pairwise comparison test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Significant differences were found among the materials in terms of biaxial flexural strength (p < 0.05). Vita Suprinity had the highest mean ±standard deviation flexural strength (289.1 ± 15.1 MPa), and Vita Enamic had the lowest (100.0 ± 3.2 MPa). The highest Weibull modulus was calculated for Crystal Ultra, followed by Vita Enamic, Lava Ultimate, and Vita Suprinity. CONCLUSION: Vita Suprinity had the highest flexural strength when compared with the other materials tested. Crystal Ultra had the highest flexural strength among the resin-ceramic materials. The highest Weibull modulus was calculated for Crystal Ultra and the lowest for Vita Suprinity.

In vitro release of silver ions and expression of osteogenic genes by MC3T3-E1 cell line cultured on nano-hydroxyapatite and silver/strontium-coated titanium plates.

Attempts are ongoing to improve the surface properties of dental implants by application of different coatings, aiming to enhance osseointegration, and decrease the adverse effects of titanium and its alloys used in dental implants. Coating of implant surface with hydroxyapatite (HA) is one suggested strategy for this purpose due to its high biocompatibility and similar structure to the adjacent bone. This study aimed to quantify the release of silver ions and expression of osteogenic genes by MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on nano-HA and silver/strontium (Ag/Sr)-coated titanium plates via the electrochemical deposition method. Plates measuring 10 × 10 × 0.9 mm were fabricated from Ti-6Al-4 V alloy, and polished with silicon carbide abrasive papers before electrochemical deposition to create a smooth, mirror-like surface. After applying homogenous nano-HA coatings with/without silver/strontium on the surface of the plates, the composition of coatings was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and their morphological properties were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The coated specimens were then immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF), and the concentration of released sliver ions was quantified by spectroscopy at 7-14 days. The MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cell line was cultured in osteogenic medium for 7-14 days, and after RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, the expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osteocalcin (OCN), and osteopontin (OPN); osteogenic genes was quantified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using SYBR Green Master Mix kit. The expression of genes and the released amount of silver ions were compared between the two groups using the Mann-Whitney U test. The two groups were not significantly different regarding silver ion release at 14 days (P > 0.05). However, silver ion release was significantly higher from nano-HA coatings with silver/strontium at 7 days (P = 0.03). The difference in expression of RUNX2 (P = 0.04), OPN (P = 0.04), and OCN (P = 0.03) genes was also significant between nano-HA coating groups with and without silver/strontium at 7 days, and the expressions were higher in nano-HA with silver/strontium group, but this difference was not significant at 14 days. Addition of silver and strontium to specimens coated with nano-HA increased the release of silver ions within the non-toxic range, and enhanced the expression of osteogenic genes particularly after 7 days.

Accuracy and precision of intraoral scanners for shade matching: A systematic review.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The use of intraoral scanners is rising in prosthetic dentistry; however, systematic analysis of their accuracy and precision for shade matching is scarce. PURPOSE: The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the accuracy and precision of intraoral scanners for shade matching. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In addition to a manual search, an electronic systematic search was conducted on MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Scopus databases. English-language original studies published between January 1, 2010 and March 1, 2022 with intraoral or digital scanners were chosen based on the keywords of tooth color or shade selection or determination, color or shade matching, accuracy, validity, or trueness, and precision, repeatability, or reproducibility as inclusive criteria. Two reviewers independently performed the literature search, selected the studies, collected the data from the studies included, and evaluated the quality of the studies included using a quality assessment method and the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Quasi-Experimental Studies. A third reviewer resolved disagreements. RESULTS: A total of 17 articles concerning the shade matching accuracy and precision of intraoral scanners were selected and reviewed. Among them, 4 articles evaluated only accuracy, 4 articles assessed only precision, and 9 articles investigated both accuracy and precision. Ten articles reported low levels of shade matching accuracy for intraoral scanners, while 11 articles reported high levels of shade matching precision for intraoral scanners. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the current literature, intraoral scanners show acceptable precision but unacceptable accuracy for shade matching.

Oral health outcomes and shift working among male workers: A cross-sectional survey.

Working time outside routine daily working hours is known as shift working. Studies have shown adverse effects of shift working such as stress, obesity, and diabetes on the workers' health. The aim of the present study was to compare aspects of oral health in shift workers and non-shift workers of a cement factory in Shahroud, Iran. Study population comprised of 180 male workers of the factory in the year 2015. Convenience sampling was continued until recruiting 180 subjects of shift- and non-shift workers. Data collection included oral health questionnaire, health and safety executive (HSE) questionnaire, and clinical oral examination. The Chi-square test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and generalized Poisson model were employed for statistical evaluation. Mean age of the workers was 39.19 (±9.48); 53% had educational level of less than diploma. Their mean DMFT was 12.89 (±5.75) which correlated with number of years in shift work schedule (Pearson correlation coefficient: 0.41; p<0.001) but not correlated with job stress (Pearson correlation coefficient: -0.11; p = 0.12). Mean number of deep periodontal pockets among the workers was 5.03 (±1.84) that showed correlation with number of years in shift work schedule (Pearson correlation coefficient: 0.33; p<0.001) but no correlation with job stress (Pearson correlation coefficient: -0.03; p = 0.68). Adherence to various oral health behaviors was reported by less than half of the workers. Positive correlation of dental caries and periodontal diseases with shift working partly signals negative impact of working conditions on oral health among this group of workers which calls for modifications in their working environment to facilitate health practices.

Effect of oral health promotion interventions on pregnant women dental caries: a field trial.

BACKGROUND: Dental caries is a costly and very common disease, especially in pregnant women. Reasons such as not paying attention to oral health, poor diet and also lack of adequate education in this regard cause this to happen. Performing well-designed educational interventions using primary health system's forces, can improve oral health of pregnant women and help control this disease. We conducted this study to evaluate the effectiveness of some oral health interventions on pregnant women dental caries. METHODS: A field trial study was done in comprehensive Health Centers in Varamin, Tehran, Iran to assess 439 mothers' dental health status from pregnancy up to 2 years after delivery in intervention (n = 239) and control groups (n = 200). Mothers in intervention groups received oral health-related education consisted of nutritional and behavioral messages via either of four methods: A: comprehensive method including all following methods together (n = 74), B: group discussion by dentists (n = 59), C: face to face education by primary health care providers (n = 53), and D: social network applications (n = 53); while those in control group only received routine maternal and oral health care. We used a questionnaire to collect mothers' demographic, socioeconomic and dental care behavior data and also performed oral examinations to assess their DMFT at baseline and 24 months after delivery to evaluate the effectiveness of these educational oral health interventions. RESULTS: From 454 mothers participated the examination session, 18 pregnant women discontinued during the follow-ups and 439 were remained with mean age of 27.47. In the intervention group, the frequency of daily brushing among women increased from 64% at baseline to 85.6% at the last follow-up and the mean D significantly decreased nearly 1unit at same period (P < 0.05). Most and least dental caries changes were in comprehensive intervention group and social network intervention group compared to other intervention groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Performing educational interventions during and after pregnancy using various message delivery methods and messengers (oral health professionals and trained PHCPs), could improve oral health status and behaviors of pregnant and lactating mothers in a feasible and applicable manner.

Psychosocial impacts, perceived stress, and learning effects during the transition from preclinical to clinical dental education: Validation and translation of a questionnaire.

Background: During the first experiences of clinical treatment, dental students face various challenges. The purpose of the study is to standardize the questionnaire as a suitable tool for quantitative and qualitative evaluation of psychosocial impact, stress levels, and learning effect of dental students during the transition from preclinical to clinical education in Persian. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study a questionnaire including three areas of psychosocial impact, perceived stress, and learning effect was systematically translated. In the group of experts, face validity was examined. Then, the content validity ratio (CVR) and the content validity index (CVI) were determined. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined by the test-retest method and the Cohen's Kappa coefficient. In a cross-sectional study, the psychosocial impact, stress levels, and learning effect of all students newly admitted to the endodontic, prosthetics, periodontics, and restorative dentistry departments of Shahid Beheshti Dental School (128 people) were measured. Mann-Whitney and Spearman-Rho were used for statistical analysis (P = 0.05). Results: During the CVR and CVI evaluation, 12 statements were removed from the questionnaire, and one statement was changed. All valid statements of the questionnaire were considered reliable. The initial questionnaire was finally developed in the form of 27 items. Interest in clinical treatment and collaboration between students and faculty had the greatest psychosocial effects. The highest level of stress among students was seen in the endodontic ward (mean = 3.8). The greatest effect of learning was seen in different sections in infection control (mean >4). Conclusion: This study provided a standardized tool in Persian to evaluate the psychosocial impacts, perceived stress, and learning effect of dental students during the transition to clinical education and focused on the first clinical treatment experiences. One important psychosocial factor was collegiality between teachers and students. The ability to communicate well with the patient is thought to reduce stress.

The Relationship between Oral and Dental Health Self-care and Hemoglobin A1c in Adults with Diabetes.

Statement of the Problem: Due to the mutual relationship between periodontal diseases and diabetes, it seems that adopting oral self-care in a way to prevent and control the progress of periodontal diseases, improves the oral health of diabetic patients as well as their general health. Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the oral self-care behaviors and the hemoglobin A1c (Hb A1c) levels in adults with diabetes. Materials and Method: In this cross-sectional study with convenience sampling, 120 adults between 18 to 50 years old, who had at least two healthy functional teeth, were selected from private endocrinology offices in Tehran in August 2019. The exclusion criteria were illiterate individuals and pregnant women. A standard questionnaire was used which included the information about demographic, diabetes, and self-care behaviors. The outcome variable was the latest Hb A1c rate. Results: The mean age of participants was 35.8±10.5 years. The average Hb A1c was 7.4± 1.55%. 35.0% of participants brushed their teeth twice a day or more and 60.8% flossed rarely. The proportion of Hb A1c <7% was higher in three groups including the participants who had information about the effect of periodontal disease on diabetes (p= 0.032), participants who brushed twice a day or more (p= 0 .014), and those who used dental floss once a day or more (p< 0.001). The likelihood of having Hb A1c <7% in participants who had information about the effect of periodontal disease on diabetes was about three times more than those who had no information (OR= 3.05, p= 0.036). Furthermore, it was about six times higher in participants who used dental floss once a day or more than those who used rarely (OR= 5.66, p= 0.001). Conclusion: Results of the present study show that people who had better oral health self-care behaviors had better Hb A1c and diabetes control.

Effect of surface treatment and surface region on the color stainability of a cemented high-translucency monolithic zirconia ceramic after coffee thermocycling.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Restorations should show low color stainability after clinical and laboratory procedures; however, the impacts of surface treatment and surface region on the color stainability of zirconia restorations are unclear. PURPOSE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of surface treatment and surface region on the color stainability of a cemented high-translucency monolithic zirconia ceramic after coffee thermocycling. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty high-translucency Ø10×0.5-mm monolithic zirconia disk specimens were divided into 3 groups based on the surface treatment applied: adjusting (A), polishing (P), and glazing (G). Specimens were cemented to composite resin backings and given 10 000 thermocycles in a coffee solution. CIELab values were measured with a spectrophotometer before and after thermocycling in central and marginal surface regions. ΔE00 values were calculated and compared with perceptibility (ΔE00=0.8) and acceptability (ΔE00=1.8) thresholds to interpret the color changes due to coffee thermocycling. Repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni tests were used for data analysis (α=.05). RESULTS: Mean ΔE00 values ranged between 0.72 and 1.26. The surface treatment significantly affected the ΔE00 (P=.005); however, the surface region (P=.499) and the interaction of surface treatment and surface region (P=.998) did not affect the ΔE00. The mean ΔE00 values were less than 0.8 for group G, but greater than 0.8 and less than 1.8 for groups A and P. CONCLUSIONS: Glazing provides the lowest color stainability for cemented high-translucency monolithic zirconia, inducing imperceptible color changes after coffee thermocycling.

Are there any color match and color correlation between maxillary anterior teeth?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the color match and color correlation between maxillary anterior teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CIELab values of 1182 intact maxillary anterior teeth in 197 human specimens were measured through spectrophotometry. ∆E00 color differences between similar regions of the same and different type teeth were calculated and compared with perceptibility and acceptability thresholds using 1-sample t test to evaluate color matches. Regression analyses assessed linear relationships between the color coordinates of similar regions of different type teeth. Percentages of different modes of the color match between the same specimen's teeth (2-tooth/3-tooth color match or color mismatch) were determined. RESULTS: Mean ∆E00 values for the same type teeth were less than 1.8 (p = 1). Mean ∆E00 values for different type teeth were mostly greater than 1.8 (p < 0.001), except for central and lateral teeth in middle (p = 0.29) and incisal (p = 0.75) regions and for lateral and canine teeth in cervical regions (p = 0.33). The 2-tooth color match showed the highest percentage (>50%). CONCLUSIONS: The same type teeth indicated color matches. Central and lateral teeth showed color matches in middle and incisal regions, while lateral and canine teeth disclosed color matches in cervical regions. The corresponding color coordinates of mismatched regions were linearly correlated. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: In order to predict and determine the shade of maxillary anterior teeth and create natural colors for corresponding restorations, some tooth color relationships and equations are presented in this study.

Community-based interventions to reduce dental caries among 24-month old children: a pilot study of a field trial.

BACKGROUND: Early childhood caries (ECC) is the most common dental disease among children worldwide, leading to many difficulties on child's growth. As WHO mentioned, educational interventions in addition to interprofessional collaboration are needed to achieve proper ECC prevention. In present study we've aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of some oral health promotion interventions to reduce dental caries among 24-month old children. METHODS: A field trial study was conducted amongst 439 mothers from pregnancy up to 24 months after delivery in Public Health Centers in Varamin, Tehran, Iran. Participants were allocated to intervention (n = 239) and control groups (n = 200). Demographic, socioeconomic status and dental care behavior data were collected using a questionnaire. The content of our study intervention consisted of nutritional and behavioral oral health-related messages. Mothers received messages via either of four methods (A: comprehensive method including all other methods together (n = 74), B: group discussion by dentists (n = 59), C: face to face education by primary health care providers (n = 53), and D: social network (n = 53). The control group received routine maternal and oral health care. To assess the effectiveness of interventions on promoting children's oral health, the oral health-related behaviors data, the number of decayed teeth (d), and being caries free at the age of two were considered. RESULTS: Among the 436 examined children, with a mean age of 23.7 months, 48.2% were male. The frequency of using finger toothbrush increased from 53.4% to 89.8% in all intervention groups. The mean (SD) of decayed teeth at 24 months in intervention and control group were 0.36 (0.93) and 1.61 (2.61), respectively. All the four intervention groups, except social network, had more chance of being caries free compared to control group (P value < 0.05). Analysis showed that children in comprehensive intervention group had a higher chance of being caries free compared to all other groups, after adjustment for covariates. CONCLUSIONS: Performing oral health interventions could help the prevention of dental caries in newborn children. Also, using a combination of different methods of sending messages can have the best results in promoting oral health.

Are there any relationships between personality type, salivary total antioxidant level and academic stress?

BACKGROUND: Stress is one of the most important determinants of total antioxidant capacity (TAC). OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess alterations in salivary TAC following academic stress according to the personality type. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This descriptive study evaluated 53 dental students at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, who were divided into type A (n = 25) and type B (n = 28) personality groups using the Bortner questionnaire. Saliva samples were collected during the 1st week of the semester (a low-stress period) and during the 1st week of the final exams (a high-stress period). Salivary TAC was measured using a specific kit. The data was analyzed using the repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), the χ2 tests, the independent t tests, and the Bonferroni adjustments. RESULTS: Overall, salivary TAC in the high-stress period was significantly lower than that in the low-stress period (0.27 vs 0.31 mM) (p = 0.016). The comparison of salivary TAC between the type A and type B personality groups in the low-stress period showed no significant difference (p = 0.450). During the highstress period, a reduction in salivary TAC was recorded in both groups, which was borderline significant in the type A personality group (p = 0.050), but non-significant in the type B personality group (p = 0.140). The comparison of salivary TAC between the type A and B personality groups in the high-stress period also revealed no significant difference (p = 0.780). CONCLUSIONS: Academic stress can decrease salivary TAC, and the personality type has no significant effect on this relationship.

Comparison of the failure rate, bonding time and ARI score of two orthodontic bonding systems: Self-Etch Primer and Conventional Etching Primer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the failure incidence of brackets with at least six months follow-up between self-etch primer and conventional etch/primer, as well as to investigate the clinical duration of the bonding process and the amount of adhesive remnant index (ARI). METHODS: Electronic search was conducted in databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, ClinicalTrials.gov, and ICTRP (International Clinical Trials Registry Platform). The electronic search targeted only randomized clinical trials and was limited from January 2000 to June 2021. Delphi list is used to evaluate the risk of bias and Stata Version14.2 software was used. This systematic review was conducted according to the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) and recorded on the Ethics Committee of Research Institute of Dental Sciences, SBMU (IR.SBMU.DRC.REC.1398.240). RESULTS: Out of 2288 extracted studies, 30 of them entered the full-text evaluation process. According to the inclusion criteria, 15 studies entered this systematic review. Containing 607 participants and 10,563 brackets/teeth. All the included studies were of randomized clinical trials (RCT) design with either parallel or split-mouth design. Comparing the two groups, the risk difference effect (RD)=0.007 CI 95% (-0.004,0.018) indicated a neglectable difference in the risk of bracket failure during treatment between the two groups. The index I2=53.9% indicated moderate heterogeneity in the results. Furthermore, the P-value=0.007 indicated statistical insignificance between the two interventions in terms of failure rate. The clinical duration of bonding time analysis were equal to SMD _Cohen=-2.67 CI95% (-3.49, -1.85), which indicated a statistically significant reduction in clinical process time, using the self-etch primer. Data synthesis for adhesive remnant index could not be conducted due to heterogeneity among included studies. CONCLUSIONS: There was no difference between the self-etch primer and conventional etch/primer in bracket debonding at a medium level of evidence, However, there was statistically significant reduction in clinical bonding time using self-etch primer.