Lives of Violence and Vengeance: Life Stories of Older Oaxacan Adults.

This qualitative research identifies and analyzes emotions linked to affective experiences and cultural aspects of experiences of violence in 219 older adults of eight Indigenous groups in Oaxaca, Mexico. Life stories are examined from perspectives of cultural gerontology, anthropology of emotions and critical medical anthropology with a gender perspective. Family violence, structural violence in daily life, gendered violence, inter-village and state violence, blood vengeance and the contribution of male alcoholization are examined. An understanding of the experiences of violence in the lives of older adults permits an improved knowledge and understanding of the emotional culture, social problems and the community.

"Something Born of the Heart": Culturally Affiliated Illnesses of Older Adults in Oaxaca.

This qualitative research identifies and analyzes emotions and interventions linked to affective experiences and cultural aspects of health/illness/care processes in 219 older adults of eight Indigenous groups in Oaxaca, Mexico. Life stories are examined from perspectives of cultural gerontology, anthropology of emotions and critical medical anthropology with a gender perspective. Significance and healing of two illnesses of cultural affiliation: tiricia (sadness of the soul) and envidia (rancor against the successful) are examined. Conditions other than diabetes and hypertension are healed by traditional remedies or spiritual cleansings. Examining tiricia and envidia permit improved knowledge and understanding of the emotional culture and the community.

El modelo Tidal: Un alternativo para la enfermería psiquiátrica / The Tidal model: An alternative for psychiatric nursing / O modelo das Marés: Uma alternativa para a enfermagem psiquiátrica

La enfermería ha faltado un modelo teórico específicamente para la especialidad de enfermería psiquiátrica y salud mental. Este falta se da a nivel mundial, no solo en México, y puede limitar el desarrollo de la práctica independiente de la enfermería psiquiátrica. También puede limitar la habilidad de la enfermería a trabajar en el equipo multidisciplinaria en una manera conjunta en condición de igualdad. En el siglo XVI México tuvo un modelo de enfermería psiquiátrica de los Hermanos de la Caridad, basado en el amor al prójimo y respeto a la persona con necesidad de la enfermería. Actualmente existe un modelo teórico específicamente para la enfermería psiquiátrica y salud mental. El Modelo Tidal, con sus metáforas sobre la vida y sus crisis como un barco en el mar, tiene un enfoque sobre el respeto para la historia y la experiencia de la persona con necesidad de la enfermería

Nursing has lacked a theoretical model specifically for the specialty of psychiatric nursing and mental health. This lack occurs worldwide, not only in Mexico, and may limit the development of the independent practice of psychiatric nursing. It can also limit the ability of nursing to work in the multidisciplinary team in a joint manner on an equal basis. In the XVI century Mexico had a model of psychiatric nursing of the Brothers of Charity, based on love for neighbor and respect for the person in need of nursing. Currently there is a theoretical model specifically for psychiatric nursing and mental health. The Tidal Model, with its metaphors about life and its crisis as a ship at sea, focuses on respect for the history and experience of the person in need of nursing

A enfermagem carece de um modelo teórico específico para a especialidade de enfermagem psiquiátrica e saúde mental. Essa falta ocorre em todo o mundo, não apenas no México, e pode limitar o desenvolvimento da prática independente de enfermagem psiquiátrica. Também pode limitar a capacidade de enfermagem de trabalhar na equipe multidisciplinar de maneira conjunta em igualdade de condições. No século XIV, o México tinha um modelo de enfermagem psiquiátrica dos Irmãos da Caridade, baseado no amor ao próximo e no respeito pela pessoa necessitada de enfermagem. Atualmente existe um modelo teórico específico para enfermagem psiquiátrica e saúde mental. O Modelo das Marés, com suas metáforas sobre a vida e sua crise como navio no mar, tem como foco o respeito pela história e experiência da pessoa que necessita de enfermagem

El Inicio de la Enfermería en México: Conflictos de Poder y Genero 1896-1904 / The beginnings of nursing in Mexico: Conflicts of power and gender, 1896-1904 / O início da enfermagem no México: Lutas de poder e de gênero, 1896-1904

En el inicio de la enfermería secular en México, la carrera se vio involucrada en conflictos de poder, rol y género con la medicina. Objetivo: Este artículo explora los hechos que dieron inicio a la educación en enfermería en México con un perspectivo histórico y epistemológico con enfoque en poder, rol y género. Método: Se han empleado fuentes primarias del Archivo Histórica de la Secretaría de Salud de México y de la Universidad Columbia de Nueva York y revistas mexicanas de la enfermería, entre otros. Resultados: Las primeras directores-profesores de enfermería en México de 1896 a 1904, norteamericanas y británico-estadounidenses, no fueron tan sumisas a los médicos, esto resultó en conflictos. La escuela de enfermería y el hospital ha tenido un ambiente patriarcal donde la enfermera "buena" ha promovido los valores femeninos de piedad, pureza, sumisión y domesticidad, resultando en la sumisión de la enfermera y la exclusión de los hombres. Conclusiones: La medicina mexicana organizada solo se permiten aceptar a quienes saben cómo obedecer y ser sometidas. El resultado fue la segregación de la enfermera a una posición subordinada. Estos conflictos y sus resultados fueron definitivos en los caminos que tomaría la enfermería mexicana

At the beginning of secular nursing in Mexico the career was involved in conflicts of power, role and gender with medicine. Objective: This article explores the beginnings of nursing education in Mexico from a historical and epistemological perspective with a focus on power, role and gender. Method: Primary sources have been used from the Historical Archive of the Ministry of Health of Mexico and Columbia University of New York and Mexican nursing journals, among others. Results: The first directors-nurses in Mexico from 1896 to 1904, North American and British-American, were not submissive to doctors, which resulted in conflicts. The nursing school and the hospital have had a patriarchal environment where the "good" nurse has promoted the feminine values of piety, purity, submission and domesticity, resulting in the submission of the nurse and the exclusion of men. Conclusions: Organized Mexican medicine only accepted those who know how to obey and submit. The result was the segregation of the nurse to a subordinate position. These conflicts and their results were definitive in the path that Mexican nursing would take

No início da enfermeira secular no México, a corrida foi envolvido em conflitos de poder, os papéis de gênero e da medicina. Objetivo: Este artigo explora os acontecimentos que iniciaram o ensino da enferma-gem no México, com uma perspectiva histórica e epistemológica com foco em papéis de poder e de gênero. Método: Foram utilizadas fontes primárias do Arquivo Histórico do Ministério da Saúde do México e da Universidade de Columbia em Nova York e de revistas mexicanas de enfermagem, entre outros. Resultados: A primeira faculdade diretores-enfermagem no México 1896-1904, americanos e britânicos-americanos não eram tão submissa aos médicos, isso resultou em conflitos. A escola de enfermagem e o hospital tinham um ambiente patriarcal, onde uma "bom" enfermeira promoveu valores femininos de piedade, pureza, submissão e domesticidade, resultando na apresentação da enfermeira e a exclusão dos homens. Conclusões: Na medicina organizada mexicana só estão autorizados a aceitar aqueles que sabem como obedecer e ser apresentadas. O resultado foi a segregação da enfermeira para uma posição subordinada. Estes conflitos e seus resultados foram definitivos nos caminhos que ele executaria na enfermagem do México

Faith, Work, and Reciprocity: Listening to Mexican Men Caregivers of Elderly Family Members.

The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the role of Mexican men caregivers of older adults. Studies investigating male caregiving practice in Mexico are lacking. Listening events for older adults and family caregivers were held in six cities, obtaining an ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample of 121 participants-81 older adults and 57 primary caregivers (including 17 older adults). Focus groups discussed end-of-life issues and challenges of care. Discussions were audio recorded and field notes were made. Framework Analysis was used to analyze data. Nationally, 37% of the caregivers were men. In the metropolitan area of Mexico City, 57% of caregivers were men. The men caregivers discussed their roles and experiences. The results were categorized into three themes: (a) reciprocity in family caregiving, (b) a practical work-oriented attitude toward caregiving, and (c) strong religious faith. Caregiving formed an important part of their masculine role. Stereotypes related to gender and care should be reexamined. Further research is needed to explore gender variations in caregiving, evolving gender roles, and needs for support and services.

Terapia grupal con adultos mayores / Nurse-led group therapy for older adults

Resumen

Introducción: en México, recientemente las prácticas en enfermería psiquiátrica y salud mental se están aplicando, como también se está definiendo el papel de liderazgo de las enfermeras en la terapia grupal con adultos mayores. Este artículo es el primer trabajo de terapia de grupo en México dirigido por enfermeras.

Objetivo: examinar los efectos de terapia grupal cognitivo-conductual para adultos mayores deprimidos.

Metodología: implementación de una terapia grupal cognitivo-conductual, una vez a la semana durante 12 semanas. 41 adultos mayores con depresión, con una edad media de 71 años.

Resultados: los participantes experimentaron resultados positivos en el crecimiento personal, cambios de pensamientos negativos y en sus relaciones familiares. Un factor importante terapéutico fue el apoyo de otros miembros del grupo. Las enfermeras líderes experimentaron un crecimiento positivo, profesional y personal. Las dificultades consistieron en la resistencia de los médicos hacia el proyecto y en seguir un modelo rígido de terapia grupal cognitiva-conductual.

Conclusiones: se recomienda una combinación de terapia cognitivo-conductual y terapia grupal de apoyo.

Abstract

Introduction: this is the first study of nurse-led group therapy in México.

Objective: examine the effects of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on depressed older adults.

Methodology: forty-one depressed older adults, with an average age of 71, participated in nurse-led cognitive behavioral group therapy once a week for 12 weeks.

Results: participants experienced positive results in personal growth, changing negative thoughts, and relationships with family. An important therapeutic factor was the support of fellow group members. The nurses experienced positive personal and professional growth. Difficulties included physician resistance and a too-rigid cognitive behavioral group therapy model.

Conclusions: a combination of cognitive behavioral therapy and supportive group therapy is recommended.

Pains, joys, and secrets: nurse-led group therapy for older adults with depression.

This is the first study of nurse-led group therapy in Mexico. Forty-one depressed older adults with a median age of 71 participated in nurse-led cognitive behavioral group therapy once a week for 12 weeks. Participants' scores on the Patient Health Questionaire-9 showed mild to moderate improvement. Participants experienced positive results in personal growth, changing negative thoughts, and relationships with family. An important therapeutic factor was the support of fellow group members. The nurses experienced positive personal and professional growth. Difficulties included physician resistance and a too-rigid cognitive behavioral group therapy model. A combination of cognitive behavioral therapy and supportive group therapy is recommended.

En busca de la modernidad: el inicio de la enfermería en México / In search of modernity: the beginnings of nursing in Mexico

Resumen

El proyecto del Dr. Liceaga para instituir el nuevo Hospital General de México a finales del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX sufrió de varios altibajos. El mayor reto fue conformar una Escuela de Enfermería moderna. Desde la primera profesora estadounidense de enfermería, que llegó en 1897, hasta la inauguración de la escuela en las instalaciones del Hospital General en 1907, la historia de los inicios de la profesión se caracterizó por sus vínculos internacionales, pero también por conflictos derivados del machismo de los médicos mexicanos.

Abstract

Dr. Liceaga’s project to build the new General Hospital of Mexico at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century suffered from various delays. The greatest challenge was to open a modern school of nursing. From the first American professor of nursing in 1897, to the inauguration of the school in the installations of the General Hospital in 1907, the history of the beginnings of the profession were characterized by its international links, and by conflicts derived from the machismo of the mexican doctors.

Adela Vásquez Schiaffino: una enfermera en la Revolución Mexicana / Adela Vásquez Schiaffino: A nurse in the Mexican Revolution

Resumen

Adela Vásquez Schiaffino fue una enfermera mexicana y periodista en 1911, durante la revolución. Fue una de las enfermera de la generación de 1902, escritora para el periódico de la Ciudad de México El Diario, y enfermera voluntaria en El Paso, Texas, atendiendo a los heridos civiles y revolucionarios. Su reportaje sobre la atención a los heridos es una crónica detallada y viva. Pionera de la enfermería mexicana y del periodismo, cien años después, su reportaje es una inspiración y un registro dramático de los costos humano de la Revolución.

Summary

Adela Vásquez Schiaffino was a Mexican nurse and reporter in 1911, during the Mexican Revolution. A nurse who graduated from the class of 1902, a writer for the Mexico City newspaper El Diario, she volunteered as a nurse in El Paso, Texas, caring for the wounded revolutionaries and civilians from Mexico. Her reporting of her nursing of the wounded is immediate, heart-felt, and alive. A pioneer in Mexican nursing and journalism, one hundred years later, her writing is still an inspiration and a dramatic record of the human cost of the Revolution.

Depression, alcohol abuse, and generational differences in Mazahua women in a rural Mexican village.

This first study of depression and alcohol abuse in indigenous women in Mexico focuses on Mazahua women in a rural village. Women between the ages of 15 and 55 were interviewed using the Beck Depression Inventory, an Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse survey, and a socioeconomic survey. Unexpected results showed that although alcohol abuse was absent, these women experience depression a generation earlier than the international and national averages for women, with an overall incidence about twice as great. Depression was associated with spouse's emigration, infidelity, or alcoholism. Sharp intergenerational differences were found in identity and socioeconomic status.