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Sickle cell disease (SCD) affects two-thirds of African and Indian children. Understanding the molecular mechanisms contributing to oxidative stress may be useful for therapeutic development in SCD. We evaluated plasma elemental levels of Indian SCD patients, trait, and healthy controls (n = 10 per group) via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. In addition, erythrocyte metabolomics of Indian SCD and healthy (n = 5 per group) was carried out using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Followed by assessment of antioxidant defense enzymes namely glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in erythrocytes and plasma of Indian SCD patients (n = 31) compared with trait (n = 10) and healthy (n = 10). In SCD plasma an elevated plasma 24 Mg, 44Ca, 66Zn, 208Pb, 39K and reduced 57Fe, 77Se, and 85Rb levels indicated higher hemolysis and anemia. Erythrocyte metabolome of SCD patients clustered separately from healthy revealed 135 significantly deregulated metabolic features, including trimethyllysine, pyroglutamate, glutathione, aminolevulinate, and d-glutamine, indicating oxidative stress and membrane fragility. Repressed GR, SOD, and CAT activities were observed in SCD patients of which GR and CAT activities did not change under hypoxia. These findings lead to the hypothesis that SCD-associated metabolic deregulations and a shift to ATP-consuming aberrant γ-glutamyl cycle leads to anemia, dehydration, oxidative stress, and hemolysis driving the biomechanical pathophysiology of erythrocyte of SCD patients.
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The presence of intermittently dispersed insertion sequences and transposases in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) genome makes intra-genome recombination events inevitable. Understanding their effect on the gene repertoires (GR), which may contribute to the development of drug-resistant Mtb, is critical. In this study, publicly available WGS data of clinical Mtb isolates (endemic region n = 2,601; non-endemic region n = 1,130) were de novo assembled, filtered, scaffolded into assemblies, and functionally annotated. Out of 2,601 Mtb WGS data sets from endemic regions, 2,184 (drug resistant/sensitive: 1,386/798) qualified as high quality. We identified 3,784 core genes, 123 softcore genes, 224 shell genes, and 762 cloud genes in the pangenome of Mtb clinical isolates from endemic regions. Sets of 33 and 39 genes showed positive and negative associations (P < 0.01) with drug resistance status, respectively. Gene ontology clustering showed compromised immunity to phages and impaired DNA repair in drug-resistant Mtb clinical isolates compared to the sensitive ones. Multidrug efflux pump repressor genes (Rv3830c and Rv3855c) and CRISPR genes (Rv2816c-19c) were absent in the drug-resistant Mtb. A separate WGS data analysis of drug-resistant Mtb clinical isolates from the Netherlands (n = 1130) also showed the absence of CRISPR genes (Rv2816c-17c). This study highlights the role of CRISPR genes in drug resistance development in Mtb clinical isolates and helps in understanding its evolutionary trajectory and as useful targets for diagnostics development.IMPORTANCEThe results from the present Pan-GWAS study comparing gene sets in drug-resistant and drug-sensitive Mtb clinical isolates revealed intricate presence-absence patterns of genes encoding DNA-binding proteins having gene regulatory as well as DNA modification and DNA repair roles. Apart from the genes with known functions, some uncharacterized and hypothetical genes that seem to have a potential role in drug resistance development in Mtb were identified. We have been able to extrapolate many findings of the present study with the existing literature on the molecular aspects of drug-resistant Mtb, further strengthening the relevance of the results presented in this study.
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Repeticiones Palindrómicas Cortas Agrupadas y Regularmente Espaciadas , Genoma Bacteriano , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculosis Resistente a Múltiples Medicamentos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Tuberculosis Resistente a Múltiples Medicamentos/microbiología , Tuberculosis Resistente a Múltiples Medicamentos/genética , Genoma Bacteriano/genética , Repeticiones Palindrómicas Cortas Agrupadas y Regularmente Espaciadas/genética , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma , Antituberculosos/farmacología , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an emerging global health problem and a potential risk factor for metabolic diseases. The bidirectional interactions between liver and gut made dysbiotic gut microbiome one of the key risk factors for NAFLD. In this study, we reported an increased abundance of Collinsella aerofaciens in the gut of obese and NASH patients living in India. We isolated C. aerofaciens from the fecal samples of biopsy-proven NASH patients and observed that their genome is enriched with carbohydrate metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and pro-inflammatory functions and have the potency to increase ethanol level in blood. An animal study indicated that mice supplemented with C. aerofaciens had increased levels of circulatory ethanol, high levels of hepatic hydroxyproline, triglyceride, and inflammation in the liver. The present findings indicate that perturbation in the gut microbiome composition is a key risk factor for NAFLD.
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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a risk factor for developing active tuberculosis (TB) with a 3-fold increase in susceptibility and a 4-fold higher relapse rate. With increasing DM prevalence in TB endemic regions, understanding pathophysiological changes associated with DM-TB comorbidity is imperative. In this study, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DM C57BL/6 mice were aerosol infected with low dose (100-120 CFU) Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. At 3 weeks post infection (w.p.i.), multiple tissue mycobacterial load and metabolites were profiled. The liver proteome of DM-TB and controls were analyzed using quantitative proteomics, and multi-omics data were integrated. DM-TB mice showed dysregulated multi-tissue (lungs, liver, brain, kidney and thigh muscle) metabolism. In contrast, the mycobacterial burden in the lung, spleen and liver was similar at 3 w.p.i. in DM-TB and TB groups. Enrichment analysis of deregulated liver metabolites (n = 20; log2DM-TB/TB>±1.0) showed significant perturbation in cysteine-methionine, glycine-serine, BCAA and fatty acid metabolism. 60 out of 1660 identified liver proteins showed deregulation (log2DM-TB/TB>±1.0) and contributed from perturbed cysteine-methionine metabolism corroborating metabolomics data. In addition, amino acid biosynthesis, retinol metabolism and polyol biosynthetic process were also differentially enriched in the livers of DM-TB groups. Global correlation analysis of liver metabolome and proteome data showed a strong association between aspartic acid, pyruvic acid, leucine and isoleucine with CYP450 enzymes involved in retinol metabolism, while iminodiacetic acid, isoleucine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) strong positive correlation involved in cysteine metabolism. Targeting perturbed cysteine metabolism using micro molecules, like DL-Propargylglycine, might help prevent liver damage in DM-TB comorbid conditions.
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Diabetes Mellitus Experimental , Tuberculosis , Animales , Ratones , Cisteína , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/complicaciones , Isoleucina , Hígado , Metionina , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Proteoma , Tuberculosis/complicaciones , Vitamina A , FemeninoRESUMEN
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has evolved sophisticated surveillance mechanisms to neutralize the ROS-induces toxicity which otherwise would degrade a variety of biological molecules including proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. In the present study, we find that Mtb lacking the Rv0495c gene (ΔRv0495c) is presented with a highly oxidized cytosolic environment. The superoxide-induced lipid peroxidation resulted in altered colony morphology and loss of membrane integrity in ΔRv0495c. As a consequence, ΔRv0495c demonstrated enhanced susceptibility when exposed to various host-induced stress conditions. Further, as expected, we observed a mutant-specific increase in the abundance of transcripts that encode proteins involved in antioxidant defence. Surprisingly, despite showing a growth defect phenotype in macrophages, the absence of the Rv0495c enhanced the pathogenicity and augmented the ability of the Mtb to grow inside the host. Additionally, our study revealed that Rv0495c-mediated immunomodulation by the pathogen helps create a favorable niche for long-term survival of Mtb inside the host. In summary, the current study underscores the fact that the truce in the war between the host and the pathogen favours long-term disease persistence in tuberculosis. We believe targeting Rv0495c could potentially be explored as a strategy to potentiate the current anti-TB regimen.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculosis , Humanos , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Tuberculosis/microbiología , Oxidación-Reducción , Homeostasis/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Dendritic cells (DCs) undergo rapid metabolic reprogramming to generate signal-specific immune responses. The fine control of cellular metabolism underlying DC immune tolerance remains elusive. We have recently reported that NCoR1 ablation generates immune-tolerant DCs through enhanced IL-10, IL-27 and SOCS3 expression. In this study, we did comprehensive metabolic profiling of these tolerogenic DCs and identified that they meet their energy requirements through enhanced glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), supported by fatty acid oxidation-driven oxygen consumption. In addition, the reduced pyruvate and glutamine oxidation with a broken TCA cycle maintains the tolerogenic state of the cells. Mechanistically, the AKT-mTOR-HIF-1α-axis mediated glycolysis and CPT1a-driven ß-oxidation were enhanced in these tolerogenic DCs. To confirm these observations, we used synthetic metabolic inhibitors and found that the combined inhibition of HIF-1α and CPT1a using KC7F2 and etomoxir, respectively, compromised the overall transcriptional signature of immunological tolerance including the regulatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-27. Functionally, treatment of tolerogenic DCs with dual KC7F2 and etomoxir treatment perturbed the polarization of co-cultured naïve CD4+ T helper (Th) cells towards Th1 than Tregs, ex vivo and in vivo. Physiologically, the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection model depicted significantly reduced bacterial burden in BMcDC1 ex vivo and in CD103+ lung DCs in Mtb infected NCoR1DC-/-mice. The spleen of these infected animals also showed increased Th1-mediated responses in the inhibitor-treated group. These findings suggested strong involvement of NCoR1 in immune tolerance. Our validation in primary human monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) showed diminished NCOR1 expression in dexamethasone-derived tolerogenic moDCs along with suppression of CD4+T cell proliferation and Th1 polarization. Furthermore, the combined KC7F2 and etomoxir treatment rescued the decreased T cell proliferative capacity and the Th1 phenotype. Overall, for the first time, we demonstrated here that NCoR1 mediated control of glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation fine-tunes immune tolerance versus inflammation balance in murine and human DCs.
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Interleucina-10 , Interleucina-27 , Humanos , Ratones , Animales , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Interleucina-27/metabolismo , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Tolerancia Inmunológica , Glucólisis , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Diferenciación Celular , Células Cultivadas , Co-Represor 1 de Receptor Nuclear/metabolismoRESUMEN
A mobile phone is now a commonly used device for digital media and communication among all age groups. Young adolescents use it for longer durations, which exposes them to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR). This exposure can lead to neuropsychiatric changes. The underlying cellular mechanism behind these changes requires detailed investigation. In the present study, we investigated the effect of RF-EMR emitted from mobile phones on young adolescent rat brains. Wistar rats (5 weeks, male) were exposed to RF-EMR signal (2115 MHz) at a head average specific absorption rate (SAR) of 1.51 W/kg continuously for 8 h. Higher level of lipid peroxidation, carbon-centered lipid radicals, and single-strand DNA damage was observed in the brain of rat exposed to RF-EMR. The number of BrdU-positive cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) decreased in RF-EMR-exposed rats, indicating reduced neurogenesis. RF-EMR exposure also induced degenerative changes and neuronal loss in DG neurons but had no effect on the CA3 and CA1 neurons of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. The activity of Pro-caspase3 did not increase upon exposure in any of the brain regions, pointing out that degeneration observed in the DG region is not dependent on caspase activation. Results indicate that short-term acute exposure to RF-EMR induced the generation of carbon-centered lipid radicals and nuclear DNA damage, both of which likely played a role in the impaired neurogenesis and neuronal degeneration seen in the young brain's hippocampus region. The understanding of RF-EMR-induced alteration in the brain at the cellular level will help develop appropriate interventions for reducing its adverse impact.
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Campos Electromagnéticos , Internet , Ratas , Masculino , Animales , Ratas Wistar , Campos Electromagnéticos/efectos adversos , Radiación Electromagnética , Neuronas , Encéfalo/efectos de la radiación , Daño del ADN , LípidosRESUMEN
Phytochemicals with potential to competitively bind to the host receptors or inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, may prove to be useful as adjunct therapeutics for COVID-19. We profiled and investigated the phytochemicals of Rhododendron arboreum petals sourced from Himalayan flora, undertook in vitro studies and found it as a promising candidate against SARS-CoV-2. The phytochemicals were reported in various scientific investigations to act against a range of virus in vitro and in vivo, which prompted us to test against SARS-CoV-2. In vitro assays of R. arboreum petals hot aqueous extract confirmed dose dependent reduction in SARS-CoV-2 viral load in infected Vero E6 cells (80% inhibition at 1 mg/ml; IC50 = 173 µg/ml) and phytochemicals profiled were subjected to molecular docking studies against SARS CoV-2 target proteins. The molecules 5-O-Feruloyl-quinic acid, 3-Caffeoyl-quinic acid, 5-O-Coumaroyl-D-quinic acid, Epicatechin and Catechin showed promising binding affinity with SARS-CoV-2 Main protease (MPro; PDB ID: 6LU7; responsible for viral replication) and Human Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE2; PDB ID: 1R4L; mediate viral entry in the host). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of 5-O-Feruloyl-quinic acid, an abundant molecule in the extract complexed with the target proteins showed stable interactions. Taken together, the phytochemical profiling, in silico analysis and in vitro anti-viral assay revealed that the petals extract act upon MPro and may be inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 replication. This is the first report highlighting R. arboreum petals as a reservoir of antiviral phytochemicals with potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity using an in vitro system.
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COVID-19 , Rhododendron , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2/metabolismo , Rhododendron/metabolismo , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Ácido Quínico , Sitios de Unión , Proteínas no Estructurales Virales/química , Antivirales/farmacología , Antivirales/química , Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Fitoquímicos/químicaRESUMEN
Troxerutin (TXR) is a phytochemical reported to possess anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects. In this study, we aimed to exploit the antiarthritic properties of TXR using an adjuvant-induced arthritic (AIA) rat model. AIA-induced rats showed the highest arthritis score at the disease onset and by oral administration of TXR (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight), reduced to basal level in a dose-dependent manner. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitative (iTRAQ) proteomics tool were employed to identify deregulated joint homogenate proteins in AIA and TXR-treated rats to decipher the probable mechanism of TXR action in arthritis. iTRAQ analysis identified a set of 434 proteins with 65 deregulated proteins (log2 case/control≥1.5) in AIA. Expressions of a set of important proteins (AAT, T-kininogen, vimentin, desmin, and nucleophosmin) that could classify AIA from the healthy ones were validated using Western blot analysis. The Western blot data corroborated proteomics findings. In silico protein-protein interaction study of tissue-proteome revealed that complement component 9 (C9), the major building blocks of the membrane attack complex (MAC) responsible for sterile inflammation, get perturbed in AIA. Our dosimetry study suggests that a TXR dose of 200 mg/kg body weight for 15 days is sufficient to bring the arthritis score to basal levels in AIA rats. We have shown the importance of TXR as an antiarthritic agent in the AIA model and after additional investigation, its arthritic ameliorating properties could be exploited for clinical usability.
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Worldwide, the number of mobile phone users has increased from 5.57 billion in 2011 to 6.8 billion in 2019. However, short- and long-term impact of the electromagnetic radiation emitting from mobile phones on tissue homeostasis with particular to brain proteome composition needs further investigation. In this study, we attempted a global proteome profiling study of rat hippocampus exposed to mobile phone radiation for 20 weeks (for 3 h/day for 5 days/week) to identify deregulated proteins and western blot analysis for validation. As a result, we identified 358 hippocampus proteins, of which 16 showed deregulation (log2 (exposed/sham) ≥ ±1.0, p-value <.05). Majority of these deregulated proteins grouped into three clusters sharing similar molecular pathways. A set of four proteins (Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase: Aldh5a1, Na+ K+ transporting ATPase: Atp1b2, plasma membrane calcium transporting ATPase: PMCA and protein S100B) presenting each functional pathway were selected for validation. Western blot analysis of these proteins, in an independent sample set, corroborated the mass spectrometry findings. Aldh5a1 involve in cellular energy metabolism, both Atp1b2 and PMCA responsible for membrane transport and protein S100B have a neuroprotective role. In conclusion, we present a deregulated hippocampus proteome upon mobile phone radiation exposure, which might influence the healthy functioning of the brain.
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Teléfono Celular , Campos Electromagnéticos , Animales , Campos Electromagnéticos/efectos adversos , Radiación Electromagnética , Hipocampo , Proteoma , RatasRESUMEN
Tuberculosis (TB) patients show dysregulated immunity, iron metabolism, and anemia. In this study, circulatory cytokines, trace metals, and iron-related proteins (hepcidin, ferroportin, transferrin, Dmt1, Nramp1, ferritin, ceruloplasmin, hemojuvelin, aconitase, and transferrin receptor) were monitored in case (active tuberculosis patients: ATB) and control (non-tuberculosis: NTB and healthy) study populations (n = 72, male: 100%, mean age, 42.94 years; range, 17-83 years). Using serum elemental and cytokine levels, a partial least square discriminate analysis model (PLS-DA) was built, which clustered ATB patients away from NTB and healthy controls. Based on the PLS-DA variable importance in projection (VIP) score and analysis of variance (ANOVA), 13 variables were selected as important biosignatures [IL-18, IL-10, IL-13, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-5, IL-12 (p70), IL-1ß, copper, zinc, selenium, iron, and aluminum]. Interestingly, low iron and selenium levels and high copper and aluminum levels were observed in ATB subjects. Low circulatory levels of transferrin, ferroportin, and hemojuvelin with higher ferritin and ceruloplasmin levels observed in ATB subjects demonstrate an altered iron metabolism, which partially resolved upon 6 months of anti-TB therapy. The identified biosignature in TB patients demonstrated perturbed iron homeostasis with anemia of inflammation, which could be useful targets for the development of host-directed adjunct therapeutics.
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Anemia , Selenio , Tuberculosis , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Aluminio , Ceruloplasmina , Cobre , Citocinas , Ferritinas , Interleucina-10 , Interleucina-6 , Hierro , Transferrina , Adolescente , Adulto Joven , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más AñosRESUMEN
Zinc deficiency is linked to poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients while clinical trials with zinc demonstrate better clinical outcomes. The molecular targets and mechanistic details of the anti-coronaviral activity of zinc remain obscure. We show that zinc not only inhibits the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) with nanomolar affinity, but also viral replication. We present the first crystal structure of the Mpro-Zn2+ complex at 1.9 Å and provide the structural basis of viral replication inhibition. We show that Zn2+ coordinates with the catalytic dyad at the enzyme active site along with two previously unknown water molecules in a tetrahedral geometry to form a stable inhibited Mpro-Zn2+ complex. Further, the natural ionophore quercetin increases the anti-viral potency of Zn2+. As the catalytic dyad is highly conserved across SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and all variants of SARS-CoV-2, Zn2+ mediated inhibition of Mpro may have wider implications.
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Proteasas 3C de Coronavirus/antagonistas & inhibidores , Inhibidores de Proteasas/química , SARS-CoV-2/enzimología , Zinc/química , Animales , Sitios de Unión , COVID-19/patología , Dominio Catalítico , Chlorocebus aethiops , Complejos de Coordinación/química , Complejos de Coordinación/metabolismo , Proteasas 3C de Coronavirus/metabolismo , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Humanos , Iones/química , Cinética , Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Inhibidores de Proteasas/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Proteasas/farmacología , SARS-CoV-2/aislamiento & purificación , Resonancia por Plasmón de Superficie , Termodinámica , Células Vero , Replicación Viral/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Chemoresistance is one of the major factors for treatment failure in OSCC. Identifying key resistance triggering molecules will be useful strategy for developing novel treatment methods. METHODS: To identify the causative factors of chemoresistance, we performed RNA sequencing and global proteomic profiling of human OSCC lines presenting with sensitive, early and late cisplatin-resistance patterns. RESULTS: From the common set of dysregulated genes from both the analysis, RRBP1 was identified to be upregulated in both early and late cisplatin-resistant cells with respect to the sensitive counterpart. Analysis of OSCC patient sample indicates that RRBP1 expression is upregulated in chemotherapy-non-responder tumours as compared to chemotherapy-responder tumours. Genetic (knockout) or pharmacological (Radezolid, represses expression of RRBP1) inhibition of RRBP1 restores cisplatin-mediated cell death in chemo-resistant OSCC. Mechanistically, RRBP1 regulates Yes-associated protein1 (YAP1), a key protein in the Hippo pathway to induce chemoresistance. The PDC xenograft data suggests that knockout of RRBP1 induces cisplatin-mediated cell death and facilitates a significant reduction of tumour burden. CONCLUSION: Overall, our data suggests that (I) RRBP1 is a major driver of cisplatin-resistance in OSCC, (II) RRBP1 regulates YAP1 expression to mediate cisplatin-resistance, (III) Radezolid represses RRBP1 expression and (IV) targeting RRBP1 reverses cisplatin-induced chemoresistance in advanced OSCC.
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Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/tratamiento farmacológico , Proteínas Portadoras/fisiología , Cisplatino/uso terapéutico , Resistencia a Antineoplásicos/genética , Neoplasias de la Boca/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patología , Proteínas Portadoras/genética , Línea Celular Tumoral , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/genética , Técnicas de Inactivación de Genes , Células HEK293 , Vía de Señalización Hippo/efectos de los fármacos , Vía de Señalización Hippo/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Desnudos , Neoplasias de la Boca/genética , Neoplasias de la Boca/patología , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de XenoinjertoRESUMEN
Rewiring tumor cells to undergo drug-induced apoptosis is a promising way to overcome chemoresistance. Therefore, identifying causative factors for chemoresistance is of high importance. Unbiased global proteome profiling of sensitive, early, and late cisplatin-resistant oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) lines identified CMTM6 as a top-ranked upregulated protein. Analyses of OSCC patient tumor samples demonstrated significantly higher CMTM6 expression in chemotherapy (CT) nonresponders as compared with CT responders. In addition, a significant association between higher CMTM6 expression and poorer relapse-free survival in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and lung squamous cell carcinoma was observed from Kaplan-Meier plot analysis. Stable knockdown (KD) of CMTM6 restored cisplatin-mediated cell death in chemoresistant OSCC lines. Upon CMTM6 overexpression in CMTM6-KD lines, the cisplatin-resistant phenotype was rescued. The patient-derived cell xenograft model of chemoresistant OSCC displaying CMTM6 depletion restored the cisplatin-induced cell death and tumor burden substantially. The transcriptome analysis of CMTM6-KD and control chemoresistant cells depicted enrichment of the Wnt signaling pathway. We demonstrated that CMTM6 interaction with membrane-bound Enolase-1 stabilized its expression, leading to activation of Wnt signaling mediated by AKT-glycogen synthase kinase-3ß. CMTM6 has been identified as a stabilizer of programmed cell death ligand 1. Therefore, as CMTM6 facilitates tumor cells for immune evasion and mediates cisplatin resistance, it could be a promising therapeutic target for treating therapy-resistant OSCC.
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Cisplatino/farmacología , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/metabolismo , Resistencia a Antineoplásicos/efectos de los fármacos , Glucógeno Sintasa Quinasa 3 beta/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Mielina/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Vía de Señalización Wnt/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patología , Muerte Celular , Línea Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias Esofágicas/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Esófago/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Esófago/genética , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Glucógeno Sintasa Quinasa 3 beta/genética , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/genética , Humanos , Proteínas con Dominio MARVEL , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Desnudos , Neoplasias de la Boca/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Boca/patología , Proteínas de la Mielina/genética , Fosfopiruvato Hidratasa/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeza y Cuello/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeza y Cuello/genética , Proteínas Supresoras de Tumor/metabolismo , Regulación hacia Arriba/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Aerobic metabolism in night migratory songbirds exhibit seasonal plasticity, which depends not only on annual life history stages (LHSs), viz., migratory/nonmigratory or breeding/nonbreeding, but also on the time of the day. Initially, we studied daily changes in behavior/physiology alongside aerobic metabolism intermediates using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based chemometric analyses of serum of migratory male redheaded buntings during low-energy wintering, that is, the nonmigrating LHS. Then, the metabolic phenotype of nonmigrating birds was compared with that of photostimulated migrating buntings, the latter representing the high-energy LHS. Diurnal changes such as daytime feeding and activity were reflected by increased fatty acid (FA, viz., palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids) levels and protein catabolites, whereas higher night-time levels of short-chain FAs indicated lipolysis in night-fasted birds. High night-time levels of taurine, a sulfur amino acid, suggested the endogenous metabolite rendering an adaptive advantage to hyperglycaemic night migratory songbirds during the LHS with low daily energy expenditure. Conversely, migrating birds, largely night-active, exhibited higher circulatory FA, its mobilization, and increased aerobic catabolism, and the adipocyte-secreted lipid, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), capable of activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α-PGCα axis, showed elevated levels throughout the day. PEA is known for anti-inflammatory and cannabinomimetic properties, and we show, for the first time, circadian changes in PEA levels in any migrating bird. Significantly higher levels of pyridoxal phosphate also suggested the bird's protective ability to combat metabolic stress through high aerobic capacity during migration. This study elucidates putative "serum biomarkers" with a protective role in stress accrued by enhanced aerobic capacity requirements at the organismal level.
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BACKGROUND: Asthma-COPD overlap (ACO) refers to a group of poorly studied and characterised patients reporting with disease presentations of both asthma and COPD, thereby making both diagnosis and treatment challenging for the clinicians. They exhibit a higher burden in terms of both mortality and morbidity in comparison to patients with only asthma or COPD. The pathophysiology of the disease and its existence as a unique disease entity remains unclear. The present study aims to determine whether ACO has a distinct metabolic and immunological mediator profile in comparison to asthma and COPD. METHODS: Global metabolomic profiling using two different groups of patients [discovery (D) and validation (V)] were conducted. Serum samples obtained from moderate and severe asthma [n = 34(D); n = 32(V)], moderate and severe COPD [n = 30(D); 32(V)], ACO patients [n = 35(D); 40(V)] and healthy controls [n = 33(D)] were characterized using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Multiplexed analysis of 25 immunological markers (IFN-γ (interferon gamma), TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor alpha), IL-12p70 (interleukin 12p70), IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-10, IL-1α, IL-1ß, TGF-ß (transforming growth factor), IL-6, IL-17E, IL-21, IL-23, eotaxin, GM-CSF (granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor), IFN-α (interferon alpha), IL-18, NGAL (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin), periostin, TSLP (thymic stromal lymphopoietin), MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein- 1), YKL-40 (chitinase 3 like 1) and IL-8) was also performed in the discovery cohort. RESULTS: Eleven metabolites [serine, threonine, ethanolamine, glucose, cholesterol, 2-palmitoylglycerol, stearic acid, lactic acid, linoleic acid, D-mannose and succinic acid] were found to be significantly altered in ACO as compared with asthma and COPD. The levels and expression trends were successfully validated in a fresh cohort of subjects. Thirteen immunological mediators including TNFα, IL-1ß, IL-17E, GM-CSF, IL-18, NGAL, IL-5, IL-10, MCP-1, YKL-40, IFN-γ, IL-6 and TGF-ß showed distinct expression patterns in ACO. These markers and metabolites exhibited significant correlation with each other and also with lung function parameters. CONCLUSIONS: The energy metabolites, cholesterol and fatty acids correlated significantly with the immunological mediators, suggesting existence of a possible link between the inflammatory status of these patients and impaired metabolism. The present findings could be possibly extended to better define the ACO diagnostic criteria, management and tailoring therapies exclusively for the disease.
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Asma/metabolismo , Dermatoglifia del ADN/métodos , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica/métodos , Mediadores de Inflamación/metabolismo , Metabolómica/métodos , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/metabolismo , Adulto , Asma/genética , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proyectos Piloto , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/genética , Distribución AleatoriaRESUMEN
Over the past decades, drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains have presented a significant challenge, with inadequate diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) cases. Here, we report the draft whole-genome sequence of drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strain S7, which was isolated from a patient from Tripura, India, who was diagnosed with pulmonary TB.
RESUMEN
PURPOSE: Detailed understanding of host pathogen interaction in tuberculosis is an important avenue for identifying novel therapeutic targets. Small extracellular vesicles (EVs) like exosomes that are rich in proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, act as messengers and may show altered composition in disease conditions. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: In this case control study, small EVs are isolated from serum of 58 subjects (all male, 33 (15-70) in years) including drug naïve active tuberculosis (ATB: n = 22), non-tuberculosis (NTB: n = 18), and healthy subjects (n = 18). Serum small EVs proteome analysis is carried out using isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) experiments and an independent sample (n = 36) is used for validation. RESULTS: A set of 132 and 68 proteins are identified in iTRAQ-I (ATB/Healthy) and iTRAQ-II (ATB/NTB) experiments, respectively. Four proteins (KYAT3, SERPINA1, HP, and APOC3) show deregulation (log2 -fold change > ±0.48, p < 0.05) in ATB with respect to healthy controls and Western blot data corroborated mass spectrometry findings. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These important proteins, involved in neutrophil degranulation, plasma heme scavenging, kynurenine, and lipid metabolism, show deregulation in ATB patients. Identification of such a protein panel in circulating small EVs besides providing novel insights into their role in tuberculosis may prove to be useful targets to develop host-directed therapeutic intervention.
Asunto(s)
Biomarcadores/sangre , Vesículas Extracelulares/genética , Proteoma/genética , Tuberculosis/sangre , Adulto , Cromatografía Liquida , Exosomas/genética , Exosomas/inmunología , Vesículas Extracelulares/inmunología , Vesículas Extracelulares/patología , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunidad Celular/genética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proteoma/inmunología , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Tuberculosis/inmunología , Tuberculosis/patologíaRESUMEN
The widespread availability and use of modern synthetic therapeutic agents have led to a massive decline in ethnomedical therapies. However, these synthetic agents often possess toxicity leading to various adverse effects. For instance, anti-tubercular treatment (ATT) is toxic, lengthy, and severely impairs host immunity, resulting in posttreatment vulnerability to reinfection and reactivation of tuberculosis (TB). Incomplete ATT enhances the risk for the generation of multidrug- or extensively drug-resistant (MDR or XDR, respectively) variants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), the TB-causing microbe. Therefore, a new therapeutic approach that minimizes these risks is urgently needed to combat this deadly disease and prevent future TB epidemics. Previously, we have shown that the phytochemical bergenin induces T helper 1 (Th1)- and Th17 cell-based protective immune responses and potently inhibits mycobacterial growth in a murine model of M. tb infection, suggesting bergenin as a potential adjunct agent to TB therapy. Here, we combined ATT therapy with bergenin and found that this combination reduces immune impairment and the length of treatment in mice. We observed that co-treatment with the anti-TB drug isoniazid and bergenin produces additive effects and significantly reduces bacterial loads compared with isoniazid treatment alone. The bergenin co-treatment also reduced isoniazid-induced immune impairment; promoted long-lasting, antigen-specific central memory T cell responses; and acted as a self-propelled vaccine. Of note, bergenin treatment significantly reduced the bacterial burden of a multidrug-resistant TB strain. These observations suggest that bergenin is a potent immunomodulatory agent that could be further explored as a potential adjunct to TB therapy.