Caudal duplication syndrome: A rare entity.

The rare caudal duplication syn drome is a spectrum of anomalie s primarily involving par tial or compl ete dupl ication of organ s comp risin g the gastro intest ina l, genitourinary and distal neu ral tube system s. These findings are considered to be a result of aberrant embryogenesis. We hereby report a case of an adult female with comple te duplicat ion o f the genital and ur inary systems (ureth ra and bladder), hindgut a nd lower end of vertebral col umn with no functional impairment. She presented in her first pregnancy at 36 weeks gestation, in labo ur. To the author's knowle dge this is the first case of caudal duplication syn drom e with pregnanc y fro m Pakistan.

Conservative management of primary postpartum haemorrhage.

Severe postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is a serious obstetrical emergency. Two cases of severe PPH due to uterine atony are described which were managed by uterine packing with sterile ribbon gauze by vaginal route under general anesthesia. Along with supportive measures, it resulted in marked improvement in controlling haemorrhage and infectious morbidity. This is an effective treatment for severe PPH and should be practiced at tertiary care level in woman who wishes to preserve fertility.