Patient-reported outcomes for older adults on CamAPS FX closed loop system.

AIMS: Use of the CamAPS FX hybrid closed loop (CL) system is associated with improved time in range and glycated haemoglobin A1c across the age span, but little is known about its effects on patient-reported outcomes (PROs). METHODS: This open-label, randomized, multi-site study compared CamAPS FX to sensor-augmented pump (SAP) in a sample of older adults (≥60 years) with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Thirty-five older adults completed PROs surveys at the start of the study and after each period of 16 weeks using either CL or SAP. At the end of the study, 19 participated in interviews about their experiences with CL. RESULTS: Results examining the 16 weeks of CL use showed that the overall Diabetes Distress Scale score and two subscales (powerlessness and physician distress) improved significantly along with trust on the Glucose Monitoring Satisfaction Survey. User experience interview responses were consistent in noting benefits of 'improved glycaemic control' and 'worrying less about diabetes'. CONCLUSION: In this sample of older adults with T1D who have previously shown glycaemic benefit, there are indicators of improved PROs and subjective user experience benefits.

Concordance of three point of care testing devices with clinical chemistry laboratory standard assays and patient-reported outcomes of blood sampling methods.

BACKGROUND: Point of care testing (POCT) devices have been developed to facilitate immediate results with the potential to aid screening for new disease and enable patients to self-monitor their disease. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the major cause of mortality globally and are increasing in prevalence as the population ages. Allied health care professionals (AHPs) are skilled in undertaking risk assessment and delivering preventative advice, providing opportunities to access large proportions of the population who may not visit their doctor, within non-traditional community settings. There is evidence of high levels of support from public, patients and health professionals for engaging AHPs in risk-targeted early case detection of certain NCDs. Thus, POCT devices offer a potential alternative to traditional venous blood collection, as novel care pathways for increasing early case detection and access to preventative care. The objectives of this study were to: (i) determine the concordance of the specific POCT devices with laboratory-based standard assays employed within clinical biochemistry laboratories. (ii) compare the sampling experience of both methods via patient-reported experiences. METHODS: A prospective, two-centre study was undertaken involving 158 participants who provided informed consent. Venous blood was collected for traditional assays of HbA1c, creatinine/ estimated Glomerular-Filtration-Rate (eGFR) and vitamin-D. Capillary blood was collected by finger prick test and also assayed for the same biochemical indices (Nova StatSensor (creatinine/eGFR); Siemens DCA-Vantage (HbA1C); CityAssays (vitamin-D)). All users were provided with device training. Participants reported any discomfort experienced by each simultaneously applied method (randomised in order) via a 100 mm Visual-Analogue-Scale. RESULTS: Results for each POCT device and the laboratory standard were analysed by Bland-Altman plots to determine assay concordance. POCT devices demonstrated good concordance with laboratory testing, with at least 95% of all samples being within two standard deviations, for each of the devices tested. The majority of participants reported less discomfort with POCT than venepuncture, with the average reported discomfort being 17/100 mm less for POCT compared to venous blood sample collection on the visual analogue scale. CONCLUSIONS: The POCT devices demonstrated acceptable concordance with laboratory-based assays, and patients reported lower levels of discomfort compared to traditional means of blood collection. This study demonstrates the potential of using these devices as acceptable methods for opportunistic testing of "at-risk" individuals within non-traditional community care settings.

Flash glucose monitoring with the FreeStyle Libre 2 compared with self-monitoring of blood glucose in suboptimally controlled type 1 diabetes: the FLASH-UK randomised controlled trial protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Optimising glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains challenging. Flash glucose monitoring with FreeStyle Libre 2 (FSL2) is a novel alternative to the current standard of care self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). No randomised controlled trials to date have explored the potential benefits of FSL2 in T1D. We aim to assess the impact of FSL2 in people with suboptimal glycaemic control T1D in comparison with SMBG. METHODS: This open-label, multicentre, randomised (via stochastic minimisation), parallel design study conducted at eight UK secondary and primary care centres will aim to recruit 180 people age ≥16 years with T1D for >1 year and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) 7.5%-11%. Eligible participants will be randomised to 24 weeks of FSL2 (intervention) or SMBG (control) periods, after 2-week of blinded sensor wear. Participants will be assessed virtually or in-person owing to the COVID-19 pandemic. HbA1c will be measured at baseline, 12 and 24 weeks (primary outcome). Participants will be contacted at 4 and 12 weeks for glucose optimisation. Control participants will wear a blinded sensor during the last 2 weeks. Psychosocial outcomes will be measured at baseline and 24 weeks. Secondary outcomes include sensor-based metrics, insulin doses, adverse events and self-report psychosocial measures. Utility, acceptability, expectations and experience of using FSL2 will be explored. Data on health service resource utilisation will be collected. ANALYSIS: Efficacy analyses will follow intention-to-treat principle. Outcomes will be analysed using analysis of covariance, adjusted for the baseline value of the corresponding outcome, minimisation factors and other known prognostic factors. Both within-trial and life-time economic evaluations, informed by modelling from the perspective of the National Health Service setting, will be performed. ETHICS: The study was approved by Greater Manchester West Research Ethics Committee (reference 19/NW/0081). Informed consent will be sought from all participants. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03815006. PROTOCOL VERSION: 4.0 dated 29 June 2020.

Guidelines for the management of diabetes services and patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The UK National Diabetes Inpatient COVID Response Group was formed at the end of March 2020 to support the provision of diabetes inpatient care during the COVID pandemic. It was formed in response to two emerging needs. First to ensure that basic diabetes services are secured and maintained at a time when there was a call for re-deployment to support the need for general medical expertise across secondary care services. The second was to provide simple safe diabetes guidelines for use by specialists and non-specialists treating inpatients with or suspected of COVID-19 infection. To date the group, comprising UK-based specialists in diabetes, pharmacy and psychology, have produced two sets of guidelines which will be continually revised as new evidence emerges. It is supported by Diabetes UK, the Association of British Clinical Diabetologists and NHS England.

The mobilisation of early mature CD56dim-CD16bright NK cells is blunted following a single bout of vigorous intensity exercise in Type 1 Diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell mediated autoimmune disease that targets and destroys insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cells. Although T cell mediated, a number of other immune cells are also critically involved in coordinating the events leading to T1D. Specifically, innate subsets play an important role in the pathogenesis of T1D. NK cells are one of the first cell types to infiltrate the pancreas, causing damage and release of beta cell antigens. Previous work in our group has shown differential mobilisation of highly differentiated CD8+ T cells during vigorous intensity exercise in T1D compared to a control cohort. Here, we aimed to explore exercise-induced mobilisation of other cell types involved in T1D pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated the effects of a single bout of vigorous (80% predicted VO2max) intensity exercise on innate cell mobilisation in T1D and control participants. T1D (N=12, mean age 33.2yrs, predicted VO2max 32.2 ml.kg.min⁻¹, BMI 25.3 kg.m⁻²) and control (N=12, mean age 29.4yrs, predicted VO2 max 38.5 ml.kg.min⁻¹, BMI 23.7 kg.m⁻² male participants completed a 30-minute bout of cycling at 80% predicted VO2 max in a fasted state. Peripheral blood was collected at baseline, immediately post-exercise, and 1 hour post-exercise. NK cell subsets mobilised during vigorous intensity exercise in both control and T1D participants. However, mature NK cells, defined as the CD56dimCD16bright subset, displayed a lower percentage increase following vigorous intensity exercise in T1D participants (Control: 185.12%, T1D: 97.06%). This blunted mobilisation was specific to early mature NK cells (KIR+) but not later differentiated NK cells (KIR+CD57+). Myeloid lineage subsets mobilised to a similar extent in both control and T1D participants. In conclusion, vigorous exercise mobilises innate immune cells in people with T1D albeit to a different extent to those without T1D. This mobilisation of innate immune cells provides a mechanistic argument to support exercise in people with T1D where it has the potential to improve surveillance for infection and to modulate the autoimmune response to the beta cell.

Development of a group structured education programme to support safe exercise in people with Type 1 diabetes: the EXTOD education programme.

AIM: To develop a structured education programme for individuals with Type 1 diabetes who are engaging in regular exercise. METHOD: A multidisciplinary team of experts in supporting exercise and physical activity for people with Type 1 diabetes, alongside researchers with experience of developing self-management education, developed an exercise programme using the Medical Research Council framework. The programme was informed by a review of the evidence relating to Type 1 diabetes and exercise, the behaviour change literature (including the behaviour change taxonomy), and qualitative interviews with stakeholders. The programme and supporting resources were refined using an iterative process of testing, delivery and collecting feedback from participants and the wider development team. RESULTS: The outcome of the intervention development was the design of a feasible and acceptable intervention for people with Type 1 diabetes to support safe exercise. The pilot allowed refinement of the intervention prior to testing in a two-site feasibility randomized controlled trial. Key findings from the pilot informed minor restructuring of the timetable (timings and order) and adaptation of supporting educational materials (participant handbook and teaching materials). CONCLUSION: The 'EXercise in people with Type One Diabetes' (EXTOD) education programme has been developed using robust methodology for the generation of educational interventions. It now needs testing in a randomized controlled trial.

The increased risk of microvascular complications in South Asians with type 1 diabetes is influenced by migration.

AIM: We aimed to explore the association between South Asian ethnicity and complications of type 1 diabetes, and whether this is affected by migration. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, data on diabetes control and complications were obtained for South Asians in India (South AsiansIndia , n = 2592) and the UK (South AsiansUK , n = 221) and white Europeans in the UK (n = 1431). Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify associations between ethnicity and diabetic kidney disease, retinopathy and neuropathy adjusting for age, sex, BMI, disease duration, HbA1c , blood pressure (BP) and cholesterol. RESULTS: South AsiansIndia had significantly greater adjusted odds of diabetic kidney disease [odds ratio (OR) 5.0, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 3.6-7.1] and retinopathy (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.5), but lower odds of neuropathy (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.4-0.6) than white Europeans. South AsiansIndia had significantly greater adjusted odds of diabetic kidney disease (OR 3.0, 95% 1.8-5.3) than South AsiansUK , but there was no significant difference in the odds of other complications. CONCLUSIONS: In this hypothesis-generating study, we report that South Asian ethnicity is associated with greater risk of diabetic kidney disease and retinopathy, and lower risk of neuropathy than white European ethnicity. Part of the excess diabetic kidney disease risk is reduced in South AsiansUK . These associations cannot be accounted for by differences in vascular risk factors. Our findings in South Asians with type 1 diabetes mirror previous findings in type 2 diabetes and now need to be validated in a study of the effect of ethnicity on type 1 diabetes complications where healthcare is provided in the same setting.

Exercise-induced hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes.

NEW FINDINGS: What is the topic of this review? Hypoglycaemia is a commonly cited barrier to exercise in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). Knowledge of approaches to prevent or manage exercise-induced hypoglycaemia can support patients to exercise and help clinicians to give advice. This review presents evidence-based strategies to prevent exercise-induced hypoglycaemia in T1D. What advances does it highlight? This review highlights approaches that can be used before, during and after exercise to mitigate the risk of hypoglycaemia. The approaches include the timing of exercise, the type of exercise, adjustments to insulin and carbohydrate, use of novel technology and education. ABSTRACT: Exercise is a key component for the management of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) and is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, decreased daily insulin requirements and improved quality of life. Owing to these benefits, people with T1D are recommended to undertake regular physical activity, 150 min per week for adults and 60 min per day for children and adolescents. Despite the recommendations, many people do not meet these targets. One of the commonly cited barriers to exercise is fear of hypoglycaemia along with limited knowledge of effective preventative strategies. Hypoglycaemia can be difficult to predict, and symptoms are often masked during exercise or stress of competition. For athletes with T1D, hypoglycaemia can also limit sporting success. Hypoglycaemia before an event increases the risks of hypoglycaemia during competition and can reduce performance. To avoid hypoglycaemia, people with T1D may avoid exercise altogether or consume excessive amounts of carbohydrates, which mitigates many of the health benefits of exercise. Increased understanding of approaches to prevent or manage hypoglycaemia is therefore important to help increase levels of physical activity in people with T1D and to support athletes with T1D to compete at the highest level. This review outlines the prevalence of exercise-related hypoglycaemia, its underlying physiology and the strategies that can be used to prevent and manage exercise-induced hypoglycaemia in T1D. Our hope is that this knowledge will be used by people with T1D and their clinicians to find individual approaches to manage exercise-related hypoglycaemia.

Impact of glycaemic control on fracture risk in 5368 people with newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetes: a time-dependent analysis.

AIMS: To assess whether glycaemic control is associated with a lifelong increased risk of fracture in people with newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetes. METHODS: People with newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetes between 1 January 1995 and 10 May 2016 were identified in The Health Improvement Network database. Longitudinal HbA1c measurements from diagnosis to fracture or study end or loss to follow-up were collected. A Cox proportional hazards model with HbA1c included as a time-dependent variable was fitted to these data. RESULTS: Some 5368 people with newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetes were included. The estimated adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for HbA1c was statistically significant [aHR 1.007; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.002-1.011 (mmol/mol) and aHR 1.07; 95% CI 1.03-1.12 (%)]. An incremental higher risk of fracture was observed with increasing levels of HbA1c . CONCLUSIONS: In people with newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetes, higher HbA1c is associated with an increased risk for fractures.

Carbohydrate restriction for glycaemic control in Type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIM: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of carbohydrate restriction on glycaemic control in Type 2 diabetes. METHODS: We searched Medline, EMBASE and CINAHL for the period between 1976 and April 2018. We included randomized controlled trials comparing carbohydrate restriction with a control diet which aimed to maintain or increase carbohydrate intake, and that reported HbA1c as an outcome and reported the amount of carbohydrate consumed during or at the end of the study, with outcomes reported at ≥3 months. RESULTS: We identified 1402 randomized controlled trials, 25 of which met the inclusion criteria, incorporating 2132 participants for the main outcome. Definitions of low carbohydrate varied among the studies. The pooled effect estimate from meta-analysis was a weighted mean difference of -0.09% [95% CI -0.27, 0.08 (P = 0.30); I2 72% (P <0.001)], suggesting no effect on HbA1c of restricting the quantity of carbohydrate. A subgroup analysis of diets containing 50-130 g carbohydrate resulted in a pooled effect estimate of -0.49% [95% CI -0.75, -0.23 (P <0.001); I2 0% (P = 0.56)], suggesting a clinically and statistically significant effect on HbA1c in favour of low-carbohydrate diets in studies of ≤6 months' duration. CONCLUSIONS: There was no overall pooled effect on HbA1c in favour of restricting carbohydrate; however, restriction of carbohydrate to 50-130 g per day had beneficial effects on HbA1c in trials up to 6 months. Future randomized controlled trials should be of >12 months' duration, assess pre-study carbohydrate intake, use recognized definitions of low-carbohydrate diets and examine reasons for non-adherence to prescribed diets in greater detail.

Influence of pH on wet-synthesis of silver decorated hydroxyapatite nanopowder.

Here, effect of solution pH on precipitation of silver decorated hydroxyapatite (Ag-HAp) nano powder during its wet-synthesis was systematically studied. XRD pattern of Ag-HAp nano powder synthesised at pH ranging from 5 to 10 shows that calcium hydrogen phosphate was formed as dominating phase when the solution pH was between 5 and 9 and this phase was gradually transformed into a stable HAp above pH 9. A quantitative analysis of silver amount in Ag-HAp nano powder synthesised at different pH showed that silver can be precipitated to its maximum amount at pH 8 and the further addition of ammonia leads to the formation of a silver-ammonium complex, thereby remaining in the solution. HR-TEM and XPS analysis further confirmed the presence of silver in HAp nanocrystals, synthesised at an optimum pH 9. This trace amount of silver in HAp nano powder showed effective antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In addition, the cytocompatibility studies carried out on MG63 cells further confirmed the present optimised silver concentration of the Ag-HAp nano powder is well within the toxic limit to be useful in various biomedical applications.

Exercise to preserve ß-cell function in recent-onset Type 1 diabetes mellitus (EXTOD) - a randomized controlled pilot trial.

AIM: Residual ß-cell function is present at the time of diagnosis with Type 1 diabetes. Preserving this ß-cell function reduces complications. We hypothesized that exercise preserves ß-cell function in Type 1 diabetes and undertook a pilot trial to address the key uncertainties in designing a definitive trial to test this hypothesis. METHODS: A randomized controlled pilot trial in adults aged 16-60 years diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes within the previous 3 months was undertaken. Participants were assigned to control (usual care) or intervention (exercise consultation every month), in a 1 : 1 ratio for 12 months. The primary outcomes were recruitment rate, drop out, exercise adherence [weeks with ≥ 150 min of self-reported moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA)], and exercise uptake in the control group. The secondary outcomes were differences in insulin sensitivity and rate of loss of ß-cell function between intervention and control at 6 and 12 months. RESULTS: Of 507 individuals who were approached, 58 (28 control, 30 intervention) entered the study and 41 completed it. Participants were largely white European males, BMI 24.8 ± 3.8 kg/m2 , HbA1c 75 ± 25 mmol/mol (9 ± 2%). Mean level of objectively measured MVPA increased in the intervention group (mean 243 to 273 min/week) and 61% of intervention participants reached the target of ≥ 150 min/week of self-reported MVPA on at least 42 weeks of the year. Physical activity levels fell slightly in the control group (mean 277 to 235 min of MVPA/week). There was exploratory evidence that intervention group became more insulin sensitive and required less insulin. However, the rate of loss of ß-cell function appeared similar between the groups, although the change in insulin sensitivity may have affected this. CONCLUSION: We show that it is possible to recruit and randomize people with newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetes to a trial of an exercise intervention, and increase and maintain their exercise levels for 12 months. Future trials need to incorporate measures of greater adherence to exercise training targets, and include more appropriate measures of ß-cell function. (Clinical Trials Registry No; ISRCTN91388505).

All-cause mortality in patients with diabetes under glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists: A population-based, open cohort study.

AIM: The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP1a) liraglutide has been described to benefit patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) at high cardiovascular risk. However, there are still uncertainties relating to these cardiovascular benefits: whether they also apply to an unselected diabetic population that includes low-risk patients, represent a class-effect, and could be observed in a real-world setting. METHODS: We conducted a population-based, retrospective open cohort study using data derived from The Health Improvement Network database between Jan 2008 to Sept 2015. Patients with T2DM exposed to GLP1a (n=8345) were compared to age, gender, body mass index, duration of T2DM and smoking status-matched patients with T2DM unexposed to GLP1a (n=16,541). RESULTS: Patients with diabetes receiving GLP1a were significantly less likely to die from any cause compared to matched control patients with diabetes (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR]: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.56-0.74, P-value<0.0001). Similar findings were observed in low-risk patients (aIRR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.53-0.76, P -value=0.0001). No significant difference in the risk of incident CVD was detected in the low-risk patients (aIRR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.83-1.12). Subgroup analyses suggested that effect is persistent in the elderly or across glycated haemoglobin categories. CONCLUSIONS: GLP1a treatment in a real-world setting may confer additional mortality benefit in patients with T2DM irrespective of their baseline CVD risk, age or baseline glycated haemoglobin and was sustained over the observation period.

Left ventricular filling patterns and its relation to left ventricular untwist in patients with type 1 diabetes and normal ejection fraction.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated young patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) who had normal left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction and used speckle tracking echocardiography to assess changes in LV untwisting. We used cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess the LV filling patterns in these subjects. METHODS: We recruited 33 T1DM patients and 32 age-matched healthy controls (HC) into the study. Study participants underwent echocardiography, cardiac MRI and metabolic exercise testing. RESULTS: The early peak LV untwisting rate (E) was similar in T1DM and HC (-11.9 ± 4.6 0/cm/s vs -11.3 ± 4.7 0/cm/s, P=0.29) but the late peak LV untwisting rate (A) was significantly increased in T1DM (-6.2 ± 3 0/cm/s vs -4.9 ± 3.9 0/cm/s, P<0.05). The time to early peak untwisting rate was not different (50.9 ± 9.6% vs 48.4 ± 7.3%, P=0.12) but the time to late peak untwisting rate was significantly delayed in T1DM patients (80.4 ± 12.5% vs 72.7 ± 14.6%, P<0.05). The LV filling patterns demonstrated a significantly increased left atrial (LA) contribution to LV filling in T1DM. On linear regression peak late filling rate (r=0.60, P<0.000), trans-mitral A wave (r=0.25, P<0.05) and A' (r=0.30, P<0.01) were predictors of LA contribution to LV filling. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate for the first time using speckle tracking that LV untwisting rate E is preserved and untwisting rate A is increased and delayed in young patients with uncomplicated T1DM. The LA contribution to LV filling is increased in these patients and is directly related to increases in other indices of LA function like peak late filling rate, trans-mitral A wave and A'.

Hypoglycaemia is associated with increased length of stay and mortality in people with diabetes who are hospitalized.

AIM: To study the length of stay and inpatient mortality of patients with diabetes who had an episode of hypoglycaemia in a non critical care setting at University Hospital Birmingham, UK. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of routinely available electronic data of 6374 admissions with a recording of either laboratory or point-of-care blood glucose value. Based on the lowest recorded blood glucose values, patients were categorized into a group without hypoglycaemia (> 3.9 mmol/l), a group with mild to moderate hypoglycaemia (2.3-3.9 mmol/l) and a group with severe hypoglycaemic (≤ 2.2 mmol/l). Length of stay and inpatient mortality were compared between the three groups, adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity, deprivation, admission type, use of insulin and modified Charlson co-morbidity score. RESULTS: There were 148 admissions (2.3%) with severe hypoglycaemia (≤ 2.2 mmol/l), 500 admissions (7.8%) with mild to moderate hypoglycaemia (2.2-3.9 mmol/l) and 5726 admissions with no recorded hypoglycaemic episode (> 3.9 mmol/l). After adjustment, length of stay, when compared with those without a recorded hypoglycaemic episode, was 1.51 (95% CI 1.35-1.68) times higher in the group with blood glucose values of 2.3-3.9 mmol/l and 2.33 (95% CI 1.91-2.84) higher in the group with blood glucose values ≤ 2.2 mmol/l. Adjusted odds ratio of inpatient mortality when compared with the group without hypoglycaemia was 1.62 (95% CI 1.16-2.27) in the group with blood glucose values of 2.3-3.9 mmol/l and 2.05 (95% CI 1.24-3.38) in the group with blood glucose values ≤ 2.2 mmol/l. CONCLUSION: Hypoglycaemia is associated with increased length of stay and inpatient mortality. Whilst causative evidence is lacking, our data are consistent with the need to avoid hypoglycaemia in our current and continued approach for optimal glycaemic control in people with diabetes admitted to hospital.

Inpatient electronic prescribing data can be used to identify 'lost' discharge codes for diabetes.

AIM: Accurate assessment of missed discharge codes for diabetes is critical for effective planning of hospital diabetes services. We wished to estimate the frequency of missed discharge diagnostic codes for diabetes and the impact missed codes would have on diabetes-related payments to the hospital. METHODS: We linked Patient Administration System data to the Prescribing Information and Communication System. We defined diabetes as those having a discharge code for diabetes in the Patient Administration System and those on anti-diabetic medication in the Prescribing Information and Communication System. Based on the two sources, we calculated the estimated missed discharge codes for diabetes using the capture-recapture technique. We generated the Healthcare Resource Group for a given admission before and after correction for the missed code to estimate the impact that correction would make on payments to the hospital. RESULTS: Among the 171 067 admissions linked, 22 412 (13.1%) had a code for diabetes at discharge. An additional 2706 admissions were classified as having diabetes based on prescription data. The capture-recapture technique estimated there were 4588 (2.7% of all admissions) admissions with diabetes missed by current coding, of which 2706 (60%) would be obtained from prescription data. After adding a diabetes diagnostic code, 12.8% of the missed admissions with diabetes resulted in a change to the Healthcare Resource Group tariff code and payment. CONCLUSION: The use of electronic prescription data is a simple solution to correct for missed discharge diagnostic codes.