The improvement of riboflavin production in Ashbya gossypii via disparity mutagenesis and DNA microarray analysis.

We generated a high riboflavin-producing mutant strain of Ashbya gossypii by disparity mutagenesis using mutation of DNA polymerase δ in the lagging strand, resulting in loss of DNA repair function by the polymerase. Among 1,353 colonies generated in the first screen, 26 mutants produced more than 3 g/L of riboflavin. By the second screen and single-colony isolation, nine strains that produced more than 5.2 g/L of riboflavin were selected as high riboflavin-producing strains. These mutants were resistant to oxalic acid and hydrogen peroxide as antimetabolites. One strain (W122032) produced 13.7 g/L of riboflavin in a 3-L fermentor using an optimized medium. This represents a ninefold improvement on the production of the wild-type strain. Proteomic analysis revealed that ADE1, RIB1, and RIB5 proteins were expressed at twofold higher levels in this strain than in the wild type. DNA microarray analysis showed that purine and riboflavin biosynthetic pathways were upregulated, while pathways related to carbon source assimilation, energy generation, and glycolysis were downregulated. Genes in the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway were significantly overexpressed during both riboflavin production and stationary phases, for example, RIB1 and RIB3 were expressed at greater than sixfold higher levels in this strain compared to the wild type. These results indicate that the improved riboflavin production in this strain is related to a shift in carbon flux from ß-oxidation to the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway.

Isolation of an oxalate-resistant Ashbya gossypii strain and its improved riboflavin production.

An oxalate-resistant strain of Ashbya gossypii was naturally isolated from spores grown on an oxalate-containing medium, and its medium was optimized to improve riboflavin production. Riboflavin production by the resistant strain was three-fold higher than that by the wild-type organism when grown in flask cultures. Medium optimization increased the riboflavin production by the resistant strain to 5 g l(-1), which was five-fold higher than that obtained by the wild-type strain. The productivity was reproduced in a 3-l bioreactor. During the early growth phase, the specific activity of isocitrate lyase in the oxalate-resistant strain was slightly higher than that in the wild-type strain. Proteomic analysis of the oxalate-resistant strain revealed that the expression of aldose reductase and cobalamin-independent methionine synthase decreased significantly. This is the first report that describes the natural isolation of a riboflavin producer using an antimetabolite-containing medium to enhance the riboflavin production level. This method should also be useful for improving the productivity of other bioproducts since it does not require any mutations or genetic modifications of the microorganism.