Brazilian consensus recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune encephalitis in the adult and pediatric populations.

BACKGROUND: Autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) is a group of inflammatory diseases characterized by the presence of antibodies against neuronal and glial antigens, leading to subacute psychiatric symptoms, memory complaints, and movement disorders. The patients are predominantly young, and delays in treatment are associated with worse prognosis. OBJECTIVE: With the support of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology (Academia Brasileira de Neurologia, ABN) and the Brazilian Society of Child Neurology (Sociedade Brasileira de Neurologia Infantil, SBNI), a consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of AIE in Brazil was developed using the Delphi method. METHODS: A total of 25 panelists, including adult and child neurologists, participated in the study. RESULTS: The panelists agreed that patients fulfilling criteria for possible AIE should be screened for antineuronal antibodies in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using the tissue-based assay (TBA) and cell-based assay (CBA) techniques. Children should also be screened for anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glucoprotein antibodies (anti-MOG). Treatment should be started within the first 4 weeks of symptoms. The first-line option is methylprednisolone plus intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or plasmapheresis, the second-line includes rituximab and/or cyclophosphamide, while third-line treatment options are bortezomib and tocilizumab. Most seizures in AIE are symptomatic, and antiseizure medications may be weaned after the acute stage. In anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis, the panelists have agreed that oral immunosuppressant agents should not be used. Patients should be evaluated at the acute and postacute stages using functional and cognitive scales, such as the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and the Clinical Assessment Scale in Autoimmune Encephalitis (CASE). CONCLUSION: The present study provides tangible evidence for the effective management of AIE patients within the Brazilian healthcare system.

ANTECEDENTES: Encefalites autoimunes (EAIs) são um grupo de doenças inflamatórias caracterizadas pela presença de anticorpos contra antígenos neuronais e gliais, que ocasionam sintomas psiquiátricos subagudos, queixas de memória e distúrbios anormais do movimento. A maioria dos pacientes é jovem, e o atraso no tratamento está associado a pior prognóstico. OBJETIVO: Com o apoio da Academia Brasileira de Neurologia (ABN) e da Sociedade Brasileira de Neurologia Infantil (SBNI), desenvolvemos um consenso sobre o diagnóstico e o tratamento da EAIs no Brasil utilizando a metodologia Delphi. MéTODOS: Um total de 25 especialistas, incluindo neurologistas e neurologistas infantis, foram convidados a participar. RESULTADOS: Os especialistas concordaram que os pacientes com critérios de possíveis EAIs devem ser submetidos ao rastreio de anticorpos antineuronais no soro e no líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR) por meio das técnicas de ensaio baseado em tecidos (tissue-based assay, TBA, em inglês) e ensaio baseado em células (cell-based assay, CBA, em inglês). As crianças também devem ser submetidas ao rastreio de de anticorpo contra a glicoproteína da mielina de oligodendrócitos (anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, anti-MOG, em inglês). O tratamento deve ser iniciado dentro das primeiras 4 semanas dos sintomas, sendo as opções de primeira linha metilprednisolona combinada com imunoglobulina intravenosa (IGIV) ou plasmaférese. O tratamento de segunda linha inclui rituximabe e ciclofosfamida. Bortezomib e tocilizumab são opções de tratamento de terceira linha. A maioria das crises epilépticas nas EAIs são sintomáticas, e os fármacos anticrise podem ser desmamadas após a fase aguda. Em relação à encefalite antirreceptor de N-metil-D-aspartato (anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, anti-NMDAR, em inglês), os especialistas concordaram que agentes imunossupressores orais não devem ser usados. Os pacientes devem ser avaliados na fase aguda e pós-aguda mediante escalas funcionais e cognitivas, como Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Modified Rankin Scale (mRS), e Clinical Assessment Scale in Autoimmune Encephalitis (CASE). CONCLUSãO: Esta pesquisa oferece evidências tangíveis do manejo efetivo de pacientes com EAIs no sistema de saúde Brasileiro.

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: from historical landmarks in Brazil to current care perspectives.

Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy, also known as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), traditionally refers to a group of genetic disorders in which neuropathy is the main or sole feature. Its prevalence varies according to different populations studied, with an estimate between 1:2,500 to 1:10,000. Since the identification of PMP22 gene duplication on chromosome 17 by Vance et al., in 1989, more than 100 genes have been related to this group of disorders, and we have seen advances in the care of patients, with identification of associated conditions and better supportive treatments, including clinical and surgical interventions. Also, with discoveries in the field of genetics, including RNA interference and gene editing techniques, new treatment perspectives begin to emerge. In the present work, we report the most import landmarks regarding CMT research in Brazil and provide a comprehensive review on topics such as frequency of different genes associated with CMT in our population, prevalence of pain, impact on pregnancy, respiratory features, and development of new therapies.

A neuropatia sensitivo-motora hereditária, também conhecida como doença de Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT), tradicionalmente se refere a um grupo de doenças genéticas em que a neuropatia é a principal ou única manifestação. Sua prevalência varia de acordo com as diferentes populações estudadas, com estimativa entre 1:2.500 a 1:10.000. Desde a identificação da duplicação do gene PMP22 no cromossomo 17, por Vance et al., em 1989, mais de 100 genes foram relacionados a esse grupo de doenças e temos visto avanços no atendimento aos pacientes, com identificação de condições associadas e melhores tratamentos de suporte, incluindo intervenções clínicas e cirúrgicas. Além disso, com as descobertas no campo da genética, incluindo técnicas de interferência de RNA e de edição genética, novas perspectivas de tratamento começaram a surgir. No presente trabalho, relatamos os marcos mais importantes sobre a pesquisa de CMT no Brasil e fornecemos uma revisão abrangente sobre tópicos como frequência de diferentes genes associados à CMT em nossa população, prevalência de dor, impacto na gravidez, alterações respiratórias e desenvolvimento de novas terapias.

Molecular mimicry between Zika virus and central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disorders: the role of NS5 Zika virus epitope and PLP autoantigens / Mimetismo molecular entre o vírus Zika e os distúrbios inflamatórios desmielinizantes do sistema nervoso central: o papel do epítopo NS5 do vírus Zika e dos autoantígenos PLP

Abstract Background Evidence indicates a strong link between Zika virus (ZikV) and neurological complications. Acute myelitis, optic neuritis, polyneuropathy, and encephalomyelitis that mimic inflammatory idiopathic demyelination disorders (HDD) after ZikV infection have been reported in Brazil. Objective The present study aims to investigate the possible occurrence of molecular mimicry between ZikV antigens and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) autoantigens, the most frequent HDD of the central nervous system (CNS). Methods A retrospective cohort study with 305 patients admitted due to suspected arbovirus infection in Rio de Janeiro was performed, all subjects were submitted to neurological examination, and a biological sample was collected for serologic and molecular diagnostic. Bioinformatics tools were used to analyze the peptides shared between ZikV antigens and MS autoantigens. Results Of 305 patients, twenty-six were positive for ZikV and 4 presented IDD patterns found in MS cases. Sequence homology comparisons by bioinformatics approach between NS5 ZikV and PLP MS protein revealed a homology of 5/6 consecutive amino acids (CSSVPV/CSAVPV) with 83% identity, deducing a molecular mimicry. Analysis of the 3D structures revealed a similar conformation with alpha helix presentation. Conclusions Molecular mimicry between NS5 Zika virus antigen and PLP MS autoantigens emerge as a possible mechanism for IDD spectrum in genetically susceptible individuals.

Resumo Antecedentes Evidências indicam uma forte ligação entre o vírus Zika (ZikV) e complicações neurológicas. Mielite aguda, neurite óptica, polineuropatia e encefalomielite que mimetizam distúrbios inflamatórios de desmielinização idiopáticos (DDII) após infecção por ZikV têm sido relatadas no Brasil. Obejtivo O presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar a possível ocorrência de mimetismo molecular entre antígenos do ZikV e autoantígenos da Esclerose Múltipla (EM), a DDII mais frequente do sistema nervoso central (SNC). Métodos Foi realizado um estudo de coorte retrospectivo com 305 pacientes internados por suspeita de infecção por arbovirus no Rio de Janeiro, todos os indivíduos foram submetidos a exame neurológico e coleta de amostra biológica para diagnóstico sorológico e molecular. Ferramentas de bioinformática foram usadas para analisar os peptídeos compartilhados entre antígenos do ZikV e autoantígenos da EM. Resultados Dos 305 pacientes, vinte e seis foram positivos para ZikV e 4 apresentaram padrão IDD encontrado em casos de EM. As comparações de homologia de sequência por abordagem de bioinformática entre a proteína NS5 ZikV e PLP EM revelaram uma homologia de 5/6 aminoácidos consecutivos (CSSVPV/CSAVPV) com 83% de identidade, deduzindo um mimetismo molecular. A análise das estruturas 3D revelou uma conformação semelhante com apresentação em alfa-hélice. Conclusões O mimetismo molecular entre o antígeno NS5 do vírus Zika e o autoantígeno PLP da EM surge como um possível mecanismo para o espectro IDD em indivíduos geneticamente suscetíveis.

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: from historical landmarks in Brazil to current care perspectives / Doença de Charcot-Marie-Tooth: dos marcos históricos no Brasil até as perspectivas atuais de cuidado

Abstract Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy, also known as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), traditionally refers to a group of genetic disorders in which neuropathy is the main or sole feature. Its prevalence varies according to different populations studied, with an estimate between 1:2,500 to 1:10,000. Since the identification of PMP22 gene duplication on chromosome 17 by Vance et al., in 1989, more than 100 genes have been related to this group of disorders, and we have seen advances in the care of patients, with identification of associated conditions and better supportive treatments, including clinical and surgical interventions. Also, with discoveries in the field of genetics, including RNA interference and gene editing techniques, new treatment perspectives begin to emerge. In the present work, we report the most import landmarks regarding CMT research in Brazil and provide a comprehensive review on topics such as frequency of different genes associated with CMT in our population, prevalence of pain, impact on pregnancy, respiratory features, and development of new therapies.

Resumo A neuropatia sensitivo-motora hereditária, também conhecida como doença de Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT), tradicionalmente se refere a um grupo de doenças genéticas em que a neuropatia é a principal ou única manifestação. Sua prevalência varia de acordo com as diferentes populações estudadas, com estimativa entre 1:2.500 a 1:10.000. Desde a identificação da duplicação do gene PMP22 no cromossomo 17, por Vance et al., em 1989, mais de 100 genes foram relacionados a esse grupo de doenças e temos visto avanços no atendimento aos pacientes, com identificação de condições associadas e melhores tratamentos de suporte, incluindo intervenções clínicas e cirúrgicas. Além disso, com as descobertas no campo da genética, incluindo técnicas de interferência de RNA e de edição genética, novas perspectivas de tratamento começaram a surgir. No presente trabalho, relatamos os marcos mais importantes sobre a pesquisa de CMT no Brasil e fornecemos uma revisão abrangente sobre tópicos como frequência de diferentes genes associados à CMT em nossa população, prevalência de dor, impacto na gravidez, alterações respiratórias e desenvolvimento de novas terapias.

HIV-associated painful neuropathy: where are we?

BACKGROUND: After the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy, infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ceased to be a devastating disease, but sensory neuropathy resulting from the permanence of the virus and the side effects of treatment have worsened the morbidities of these patients. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the quality of life of 64 HIV-positive patients: 24 with painful neuropathy (case group) and 40 without painful neuropathy (control group). The impact of other factors on quality of life was also assessed. METHODS: To assess painful neuropathy, the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS) scale, Douleur Neuropathique 4 (DN4) questions and Neuropathy Disability Score (NDS) were used. The Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) scale was used to assess quality of life. Factors related or unrelated to HIV were obtained through the medical history and analysis on medical records. RESULTS: The quality of life of patients with neuropathic pain was worse in six of the eight domains of the SF-36 scale. The number of clinical manifestations related to HIV, length of time with detectable viral load since diagnosis, length of time since the diagnosis of HIV infection and length of time of HAART use had a negative impact on quality of life. Higher levels of CD4, education and family income had a positive impact. CONCLUSIONS: Painful neuropathy related to HIV is a factor that worsens the quality of life of patients infected with this virus and should be included in the clinical evaluation.

Influence of Islamic religion and spirituality on the well-being and quality of life of cancer patients: a meta-analysis and a hypothetical model of cerebral mechanisms / Influência da religião e da espiritualidade islâmica no bem-estar e na qualidade de vida de pacientes com câncer: uma metanálise e um modelo hipotético de mecanismos cerebrais

OBJECTIVE: To systematically analyze quantitative data about the effects of religion/spirituality and the well-being/quality of life of cancer patients. The second aim was to hypothesize a neurophysiological model of the association between religion/spirituality and the brain. METHODS: This study met the PRISMA Statement and was registered at PROSPERO database. Randomized and Controlled trials investigating religion/spirituality and well-being/quality of life of cancer patients were included. Based on neuroimaging and neurophysiology studies, a neuroanatomical model was developed to hypothesize the relationship between neuroscience and religion/spirituality. RESULTS: A large effect size was found on the improvement of well-being/quality of life (SMD = 3.90 [2.43-5.38], p < 0.01). Heterogeneity was high among studies (I2 = 98%, p < 0.01). Specific regions of the brain, such as the temporal lobes, amygdalae and hippocampus, regions from the limbic system, were hypothesized to take part in the religion/spirituality phenomena and the well-being/quality of life improvement. CONCLUSION: Religion/spirituality intervention, mainly the Islamic, promotes an improvement on wellbeing/quality of life of cancer patients.

OBJETIVO: Analisar sistematicamente dados quantitativos sobre os efeitos da religião/espiritualidade e o bem-estar/qualidade de vida de pacientes com câncer. O segundo objetivo foi levantar a hipótese de um modelo neurofisiológico da associação entre religião/espiritualidade e o cérebro. MÉTODOS: Este estudo seguiu as recomendações do PRISMA e foi registrado no PROSPERO. Estudos randomizados e controlados investigando religião/espiritualidade e o bem-estar/qualidade de vida de pacientes com câncer foram incluídos. Com base em estudos de neuroimagem e neurofisiologia, um modelo neuroanatômico foi desenvolvido para hipotetizar relações entre neurociência e religião/espiritualidade. RESULTADOS: Um tamanho de efeito grande foi encontrado na melhoria do bem-estar/qualidade de vida (SMD = 3,90 [2,43-5,38], p < 0,01). A heterogeneidade foi alta entre os estudos (I2 = 98%, p < 0,01). Regiões específicas do cérebro, como lobos temporais, amídalas e hipocampo, regiões do sistema límbico, foram hipotetizadas como participantes dos fenômenos religião/espiritualidade e melhoria do bem-estar/qualidade de vida. CONCLUSÃO: A intervenção religiosa/espiritual, principalmente islâmica, promove melhora no bem-estar/qualidade de vida em pacientes com câncer.

HIV-associated painful neuropathy: where are we? / Neuropatia dolorosa associada ao HIV: onde estamos?

ABSTRACT Background: After the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy, infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ceased to be a devastating disease, but sensory neuropathy resulting from the permanence of the virus and the side effects of treatment have worsened the morbidities of these patients. Objective: To investigate the quality of life of 64 HIV-positive patients: 24 with painful neuropathy (case group) and 40 without painful neuropathy (control group). The impact of other factors on quality of life was also assessed. Methods To assess painful neuropathy, the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS) scale, Douleur Neuropathique 4 (DN4) questions and Neuropathy Disability Score (NDS) were used. The Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) scale was used to assess quality of life. Factors related or unrelated to HIV were obtained through the medical history and analysis on medical records. Results: The quality of life of patients with neuropathic pain was worse in six of the eight domains of the SF-36 scale. The number of clinical manifestations related to HIV, length of time with detectable viral load since diagnosis, length of time since the diagnosis of HIV infection and length of time of HAART use had a negative impact on quality of life. Higher levels of CD4, education and family income had a positive impact. Conclusions: Painful neuropathy related to HIV is a factor that worsens the quality of life of patients infected with this virus and should be included in the clinical evaluation.

RESUMO Antecedentes: Após o advento da terapia antirretroviral combinada a infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) deixou de ser uma doença devastadora, porém a neuropatia sensitiva consequente à permanência do vírus e ao efeito colateral do tratamento piora a morbidade desses pacientes. Objetivo: Investigar a qualidade de vida de 64 pacientes com HIV, 24 com neuropatia dolorosa (grupo caso) e 40 sem neuropatia dolorosa (grupo controle). Avaliou-se também o impacto de outros fatores relacionados e não relacionados ao HIV na qualidade de vida. Métodos: Para avaliação da neuropatia dolorosa foram utilizadas as escalas Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS), Douleur Neuropathique 4 (DN4) e Escore de Comprometimento Neuropático (ECN). Para avaliação da qualidade de vida foi utilizada a escala Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Fatores relacionados e não relacionados ao HIV foram obtidos através da anamnese e análise de prontuário. Resultados: A qualidade de vida dos pacientes com dor neuropática foi pior em 6 dos 8 domínios da escala SF-36. O número de manifestações clínicas relacionadas ao HIV, tempo de carga viral detectável desde o diagnóstico, tempo de diagnóstico da infecção pelo vírus e tempo de uso de TARVC impactaram negativamente na qualidade de vida. Maior nível de CD4, da escolaridade e da renda familiar impactaram positivamente. Conclusões: A neuropatia dolorosa relacionada ao HIV é fator de piora da qualidade de vida dos pacientes infectados por esse vírus devendo ser incluída na avaliação clínica desses pacientes.

Potential risk of brain damage and poor developmental outcomes in children prenatally exposed to sars-cov-2: a systematic review / Risco potencial de danos cerebrais e de alterações de desenvolvimento em crianças expostas ao sars-cov-2 no período pré-natal: uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Objective: To perform a systematic literature review to analyze existing data on the neurological effects of coronavirus on newborns. Data sources: We followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P), and searched the PubMed and Embase platforms for the keywords [brain damage OR pregnancy OR developmental outcomes] and [coronavirus OR SARS-CoV-2 OR SARS-CoV OR MERS-CoV] between January 1, 2000 and June 1, 2020. Data synthesis: Twenty-three reports described the course of pregnant women exposed to SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, or MERS-CoV during the gestational period, eight to SARS-CoV-2, eight to SARS-CoV, and seven to MERS-CoV. No data were found on abnormalities in brain development or on a direct link between the virus and neurological abnormalities in the human embryo, fetus, or children. Spontaneous miscarriage, stillbirth, and termination of pregnancy were some complications connected with SARS/MERS-CoV infection. SARS-CoV-2 is not currently associated with complications in the gestational period. Conclusions: The literature has no data associating exposure to coronavirus during pregnancy with brain malformations and neurodevelopmental disorders. However, despite the lack of reports, monitoring the development of children exposed to SARS-CoV-2 is essential given the risk of complications in pregnant women and the potential neuroinvasive and neurotropic properties found in previous strains.

RESUMO Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura para analisar os dados existentes sobre os efeitos neurológicos do coronavírus em recém-nascidos. Fontes de dados: Esta revisão seguiu as diretrizes dos Principais Itens para Relatar Revisões Sistemáticas e Meta-Análises (Preferred Reported Items for Systematic Review - PRISMA) e dos Protocolos dos Principais Itens para Relatar Revisões Sistemáticas e Meta-Análises (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols - PRISMA-P), pesquisando as plataformas PubMed e Embase pelas palavras-chave [brain damage (dano cerebral) OU pregnancy (gravidez) OU developmental outcomes (alterações de desenvolvimento)] e [coronavirus (coronavírus) OU SARS-CoV-2 OU SARS-CoV OU MERS-CoV] entre 1º de janeiro de 2000 e 1º de junho de 2020. Síntese dos dados: Vinte e três relatos descreveram a evolução de mulheres grávidas expostas ao SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV ou MERS-CoV durante o período gestacional, oito ao SARS-CoV-2, oito ao SARS-CoV e sete ao MERS-CoV. Não foram encontrados dados sobre anormalidades no desenvolvimento cerebral ou sobre uma ligação direta entre o vírus e alterações neurológicas no embrião, feto ou crianças. Abortamento espontâneo, morte fetal e interrupção da gravidez foram algumas das complicações relacionadas à infecção por SARS/MERS-CoV. Até o momento, o SARS-CoV-2 não está associado a complicações no período gestacional. Conclusões: Não há dados na literatura que associem a exposição ao coronavírus durante a gravidez com malformações cerebrais e distúrbios do neurodesenvolvimento. No entanto, apesar da falta de relatos, o monitoramento do desenvolvimento de crianças expostas ao SARS-CoV-2 é essencial devido ao risco de complicações em gestantes e às potenciais propriedades neuroinvasivas e neurotrópicas encontradas em cepas anteriores.

Recommendations by the Scientific Department of Neuroimmunology of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology (DCNI/ABN) and the Brazilian Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunological Diseases (BCTRIMS) on vaccination in general and specifically against SARS-CoV-2 for patients with demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system / Recomendações do Departamento Científico de Neuroimunologia da Academia Brasileira de Neurologia (DCNI/ABN) e do Comitê Brasileiro de Tratamento e Pesquisa em Esclerose Múltipla e Doenças Neuroimunológicas (BCTRIMS) sobre vacinação em geral e contra a SARS-CoV-2 para pacientes com doenças desmielinizantes do sistema nervoso central

ABSTRACT The Scientific Department of Neuroimmunology of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology (DCNI/ABN) and Brazilian Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunological Diseases (BCTRIMS) provide recommendations in this document for vaccination of the population with demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) against infections in general and against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19. We emphasize the seriousness of the current situation in view of the spread of COVID-19 in our country. Therefore, reference guides on vaccination for clinicians, patients, and public health authorities are particularly important to prevent some infectious diseases. The DCNI/ABN and BCTRIMS recommend that patients with CNS demyelinating diseases (e.g., MS and NMOSD) be continually monitored for updates to their vaccination schedule, especially at the beginning or before a change in treatment with a disease modifying drug (DMD). It is also important to note that vaccines are safe, and physicians should encourage their use in all patients. Clearly, special care should be taken when live attenuated viruses are involved. Finally, it is important for physicians to verify which DMD the patient is receiving and when the last dose was taken, as each drug may affect the induction of immune response differently.

RESUMO O DC de Neuroimunologia da ABN e o BCTRIMS trazem, nesse documento, as recomendações sobre vacinação da população com doenças desmielinizantes do sistema nervoso central (SNC) contra infecções em geral e contra o coronavírus da síndrome respiratória aguda grave 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causador da COVID-19. Destaca-se a gravidade do atual momento frente ao avanço da COVID-19 em nosso País, o que torna mais evidente e importante a criação de guia de referência para orientação aos médicos, pacientes e autoridades de saúde pública quanto à vacinação, meio efetivo e seguro no controle de determinadas doenças infecciosa. O DCNI/ABN e o BCTRIMS recomendam que os pacientes com doenças desmielinizantes do SNC (ex., EM e NMOSD) sejam constantemente monitorados, quanto a atualização do seu calendário vacinal, especialmente, no início ou antes da mudança do tratamento com uma droga modificadora de doença (DMD). É importante também salientar que as vacinas são seguras e os médicos devem estimular o seu uso em todos os pacientes. Evidentemente, deve ser dada especial atenção às vacinas com vírus vivos atenuados. Por fim, é importante que os médicos verifiquem qual DMD o paciente está em uso e quando foi feita a sua última dose, pois cada fármaco pode interagir de forma diferente com a indução da resposta imune.

POTENTIAL RISK OF BRAIN DAMAGE AND POOR DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES IN CHILDREN PRENATALLY EXPOSED TO SARS-COV-2: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW.

OBJECTIVE: To perform a systematic literature review to analyze existing data on the neurological effects of coronavirus on newborns. DATA: sources: We followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P), and searched the PubMed and Embase platforms for the keywords [brain damage OR pregnancy OR developmental outcomes] and [coronavirus OR SARS-CoV-2 OR SARS-CoV OR MERS-CoV] between January 1, 2000 and June 1, 2020. DATA: synthesis: Twenty-three reports described the course of pregnant women exposed to SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, or MERS-CoV during the gestational period, eight to SARS-CoV-2, eight to SARS-CoV, and seven to MERS-CoV. No data were found on abnormalities in brain development or on a direct link between the virus and neurological abnormalities in the human embryo, fetus, or children. Spontaneous miscarriage, stillbirth, and termination of pregnancy were some complications connected with SARS/MERS-CoV infection. SARS-CoV-2 is not currently associated with complications in the gestational period. CONCLUSIONS: The literature has no data associating exposure to coronavirus during pregnancy with brain malformations and neurodevelopmental disorders. However, despite the lack of reports, monitoring the development of children exposed to SARS-CoV-2 is essential given the risk of complications in pregnant women and the potential neuroinvasive and neurotropic properties found in previous strains.

Multimorbidity and associated outcomes among older adult inpatients with neurological disorders.

BACKGROUND: Multimorbidity is common among adults and associated with socioeconomic deprivation, polypharmacy, poor quality of life, functional impairment, and mortality. OBJECTIVES: To identify the frequency of multimorbidity among older adults inpatients with neurological disorders (NDs), stratify clusters of chronic comorbidities associated with NDs in degrees, and verify whether multimorbidity was associated with demographic data, readmission, long length of hospital stay (LOS), and hospital mortality in this population. METHODS: We enrolled patients aged ≥60 years successively admitted to a tertiary medical center with NDs between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2010. RESULTS: Overall, 1,154 NDs and 2,679 comorbidities were identified among 798 inpatients aged ≥60 years (mean: 75.76±9.12). Women comprised 435 (54.51%) of patients. Multimorbidity was detected in 92.61% (739) of patients, with a mean of 3.88±1.67 (median: 4.0), ranging from 2 to 10 chronic diseases. Patients with epilepsy, dementia, and movement disorders had the highest degrees of clusters of chronic morbidities (>50% of them with ≥5 chronic disorders), followed by those with cerebrovascular and neuromuscular disorders. Multimorbidity was associated with long LOS (p<0.001) and readmission (p=0.039), but not with hospital mortality (p=0.999). CONCLUSIONS: Multimorbidity was preponderant among older adults inpatients with NDs, and NDs had a high degree of associated chronic comorbidities. Multimorbidity, but not isolated NDs, was associated with readmission and long LOS. These results support ward-based, neurohospitalist-directed, interdisciplinary care for older adults inpatients with NDs to face multimorbidity.

Multimorbidity and associated outcomes among older adult inpatients with neurological disorders / Multimorbidade e desfechos associados entre idosos hospitalizados com doenças neurológicas

ABSTRACT Background: Multimorbidity is common among adults and associated with socioeconomic deprivation, polypharmacy, poor quality of life, functional impairment, and mortality. Objectives: To identify the frequency of multimorbidity among older adults inpatients with neurological disorders (NDs), stratify clusters of chronic comorbidities associated with NDs in degrees, and verify whether multimorbidity was associated with demographic data, readmission, long length of hospital stay (LOS), and hospital mortality in this population. Methods: We enrolled patients aged ≥60 years successively admitted to a tertiary medical center with NDs between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2010. Results: Overall, 1,154 NDs and 2,679 comorbidities were identified among 798 inpatients aged ≥60 years (mean: 75.76±9.12). Women comprised 435 (54.51%) of patients. Multimorbidity was detected in 92.61% (739) of patients, with a mean of 3.88±1.67 (median: 4.0), ranging from 2 to 10 chronic diseases. Patients with epilepsy, dementia, and movement disorders had the highest degrees of clusters of chronic morbidities (>50% of them with ≥5 chronic disorders), followed by those with cerebrovascular and neuromuscular disorders. Multimorbidity was associated with long LOS (p<0.001) and readmission (p=0.039), but not with hospital mortality (p=0.999). Conclusions: Multimorbidity was preponderant among older adults inpatients with NDs, and NDs had a high degree of associated chronic comorbidities. Multimorbidity, but not isolated NDs, was associated with readmission and long LOS. These results support ward-based, neurohospitalist-directed, interdisciplinary care for older adults inpatients with NDs to face multimorbidity.

RESUMO Introdução: A multimorbidade é comum entre idosos e está associada a privação socioeconômica, polifarmácia, má qualidade de vida, déficit funcional e mortalidade. Objetivos: Identificar a frequência da multimorbidade entre pacientes idosos hospitalizados com doenças neurológicas (DN), estratificar combinações de comorbidades crônicas associadas às DN em graus e verificar se a multimorbidade foi associada a dados demográficos, readmissão, longo tempo de internação (TDI) e mortalidade hospitalar nessa população. Métodos: Foram incluídos pacientes com ≥60 anos sucessivamente admitidos com DN em um centro médico terciário entre 1º de janeiro de 2009 e 31 de dezembro de 2010. Resultados: Um total de 1.154 DN e 2.679 comorbidades foram identificados entre 798 pacientes com idade ≥60 anos (média: 75,76±9,12). Mulheres representaram 435 (54,51%) dos pacientes. A multimorbidade foi detectada em 92,61% (739) dos pacientes (média de 3,88±1,67; mediana de 4), variando de 2 a 10 doenças crônicas. Pacientes com epilepsia, demência e distúrbios do movimento apresentaram os maiores graus de morbidades crônicas (>50% deles com ≥5 doenças crônicas), seguidos por doenças cerebrovasculares e neuromusculares. A multimorbidade foi associada com longo TDI (p<0,001) e readmissão (p=0,039), mas não com mortalidade hospitalar (p=0,999). Conclusões: A multimorbidade foi preponderante entre os pacientes idosos internados com DN, as quais tiveram altos graus de comorbidades crônicas. A multimorbidade, mas não as DN isoladas, foi associada a readmissões e longo TDI. Esses resultados respaldam uma assistência interdisciplinar para idosos hospitalizados com DN em enfermarias lideradas por neurologistas hospitalistas para enfrentar a multimorbidade.

Pharmacological treatment of central neuropathic pain: consensus of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology.

BACKGROUND: Central neuropathic pain (CNP) is often refractory to available therapeutic strategies and there are few evidence-based treatment options. Many patients with neuropathic pain are not diagnosed or treated properly. Thus, consensus-based recommendations, adapted to the available drugs in the country, are necessary to guide clinical decisions. OBJECTIVE: To develop recommendations for the treatment of CNP in Brazil. METHODS: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and specialists opinions considering efficacy, adverse events profile, cost, and drug availability in public health. RESULTS: Forty-four studies on CNP treatment were found, 20 were included in the qualitative analysis, and 15 in the quantitative analysis. Medications were classified as first-, second-, and third-line treatment based on systematic review, meta-analysis, and expert opinion. As first-line treatment, gabapentin, duloxetine, and tricyclic antidepressants were included. As second-line, venlafaxine, pregabalin for CND secondary to spinal cord injury, lamotrigine for CNP after stroke, and, in association with first-line drugs, weak opioids, in particular tramadol. For refractory patients, strong opioids (methadone and oxycodone), cannabidiol/delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, were classified as third-line of treatment, in combination with first or second-line drugs and, for central nervous system (CNS) in multiple sclerosis, dronabinol. CONCLUSIONS: Studies that address the treatment of CNS are scarce and heterogeneous, and a significant part of the recommendations is based on experts opinions. The CNP approach must be individualized, taking into account the availability of medication, the profile of adverse effects, including addiction risk, and patients' comorbidities.

Predictors of long length of hospital stay among elders admitted with seizures in a tertiary centre: a prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: Population ageing is a global phenomenon, and life expectancy in Brazil is growing fast. Epilepsy is the third most important chronic neurological disorder, and its incidence is higher among elderly patients than in any other segment of the population. The prevalence of epilepsy is greater among inpatients than in the general population and it is related to long length of hospital stay (LOS), which is associated with hospital mortality and higher healthcare costs. Despite these facts, reports of elderly inpatients admitted with seizures and associated outcomes are scarce. To identify predictors of long LOS among elderly inpatients admitted with seizures. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled elders admitted with epileptic seizures or who experienced seizures throughout hospitalization between November 2015 and August 2019. We analysed demographic data, neurological disorders, clinical comorbidities, and seizure features to identify risk factors. RESULTS: The median LOS was 11 days, with an interquartile range (IQR) of 5-21 days. The frequency of long LOS (defined as a period of hospitalization ≥12 days) was 47%. Multivariate analysis showed there was an exponential increase in long LOS if a patient showed any of the following conditions: intensive care unit (ICU) admission (OR=4.562), urinary tract infection (OR=3.402), movement disorder (OR=5.656), early seizure recurrence (OR=2.090), and sepsis (OR=4.014). CONCLUSION: Long LOS was common among elderly patients admitted with seizures, and most predictors of long LOS found in this cohort might be avoidable; these findings should be confirmed with further research.

Pharmacological treatment of central neuropathic pain: consensus of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology / Tratamento farmacológico da dor neuropática central: consenso da Academia Brasileira de Neurologia

ABSTRACT Background: Central neuropathic pain (CNP) is often refractory to available therapeutic strategies and there are few evidence-based treatment options. Many patients with neuropathic pain are not diagnosed or treated properly. Thus, consensus-based recommendations, adapted to the available drugs in the country, are necessary to guide clinical decisions. Objective: To develop recommendations for the treatment of CNP in Brazil. Methods: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and specialists opinions considering efficacy, adverse events profile, cost, and drug availability in public health. Results: Forty-four studies on CNP treatment were found, 20 were included in the qualitative analysis, and 15 in the quantitative analysis. Medications were classified as first-, second-, and third-line treatment based on systematic review, meta-analysis, and expert opinion. As first-line treatment, gabapentin, duloxetine, and tricyclic antidepressants were included. As second-line, venlafaxine, pregabalin for CND secondary to spinal cord injury, lamotrigine for CNP after stroke, and, in association with first-line drugs, weak opioids, in particular tramadol. For refractory patients, strong opioids (methadone and oxycodone), cannabidiol/delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, were classified as third-line of treatment, in combination with first or second-line drugs and, for central nervous system (CNS) in multiple sclerosis, dronabinol. Conclusions: Studies that address the treatment of CNS are scarce and heterogeneous, and a significant part of the recommendations is based on experts opinions. The CNP approach must be individualized, taking into account the availability of medication, the profile of adverse effects, including addiction risk, and patients' comorbidities.

RESUMO Introdução: A dor neuropática central (DNC) é frequentemente refratária às estratégias terapêuticas disponíveis e há poucas opções de tratamento baseado em evidência. Muitos pacientes com dor neuropática não são diagnosticados ou tratados adequadamente. Desse modo, recomendações baseadas em consenso, adaptadas à disponibilidade de medicamentos no país, são necessárias para guiar decisões clínicas. Objetivo: Desenvolver recomendações para o tratamento da DNC no Brasil. Métodos: Revisão sistemática, metanálise e discussão dos resultados entre especialistas e pesquisadores da área, considerando eficácia, perfil de eventos adversos, custo e disponibilidade do fármaco na saúde pública. Resultados: Foram encontrados 44 estudos sobre tratamento da DNC, dos quais 20 foram incluídos na análise qualitativa e 15, na quantitativa. Classificaram-se as medicações em primeira, segunda e terceira linhas de tratamento, baseando-se em revisão sistemática, meta-análise e opinião de especialistas. Como primeira linha, foram incluídos gabapentina, duloxetina e antidepressivos tricíclicos. Como segunda, venlafaxina, pregabalina para DNC secundária à lesão medular, lamotrigina para DNC pós-acidente vascular cerebral e, em associação aos fármacos de primeira linha, opioides fracos, em particular tramadol. Para os pacientes refratários, opioides fortes (metadona e oxicodona) e canabidiol/delta-9-tetrahidrocanabinol foram classificados como terceira linha de tratamento, em associação com drogas de primeira ou segunda linha, e, para DNC na esclerose múltipla, dronabinol. Conclusões: Os estudos que abordam o tratamento da DNC são escassos e heterogêneos, e parte significativa das recomendações é baseada em opiniões de especialistas. A abordagem da DNC deve ser individualizada, levando em conta a disponibilidade de medicação, o perfil de efeitos adversos, incluindo risco de dependência e as comorbidades do paciente.

Predictors of long length of hospital stay among elders admitted with seizures in a tertiary centre: a prospective study / Preditores de longo tempo de internação hospitalar entre idosos admitidos com crises epilépticas em um centro terciário: um estudo prospectivo

ABSTRACT Population ageing is a global phenomenon, and life expectancy in Brazil is growing fast. Epilepsy is the third most important chronic neurological disorder, and its incidence is higher among elderly patients than in any other segment of the population. The prevalence of epilepsy is greater among inpatients than in the general population and it is related to long length of hospital stay (LOS), which is associated with hospital mortality and higher healthcare costs. Despite these facts, reports of elderly inpatients admitted with seizures and associated outcomes are scarce. Objective: To identify predictors of long LOS among elderly inpatients admitted with seizures. Methods: We prospectively enrolled elders admitted with epileptic seizures or who experienced seizures throughout hospitalization between November 2015 and August 2019. We analysed demographic data, neurological disorders, clinical comorbidities, and seizure features to identify risk factors. Results: The median LOS was 11 days, with an interquartile range (IQR) of 5-21 days. The frequency of long LOS (defined as a period of hospitalization ≥12 days) was 47%. Multivariate analysis showed there was an exponential increase in long LOS if a patient showed any of the following conditions: intensive care unit (ICU) admission (OR=4.562), urinary tract infection (OR=3.402), movement disorder (OR=5.656), early seizure recurrence (OR=2.090), and sepsis (OR=4.014). Conclusion: Long LOS was common among elderly patients admitted with seizures, and most predictors of long LOS found in this cohort might be avoidable; these findings should be confirmed with further research.

RESUMO O envelhecimento populacional é um fenômeno global e o crescimento da expectativa de vida no Brasil tem sido rápido. A epilepsia é a terceira doença neurológica crônica mais importante e sua incidência em idosos é maior do que em qualquer outro segmento populacional. A prevalência de epilepsia é maior entre pacientes internados e está relacionada a longo tempo de internação (TDI), o qual está associado a custos elevados e mortalidade hospitalar. Apesar disso, são escassos os relatos de desfechos de pacientes idosos internados com crises epilépticas e resultados associados. Objetivo: Identificar fatores de risco de longo TDI em idosos admitidos com crises epilépticas. Métodos: Recrutamos prospectivamente pacientes idosos admitidos com crises epilépticas ou que tiveram crises durante a internação hospitalar entre novembro de 2015 e agosto de 2019. Analisamos dados demográficos, distúrbios neurológicos, comorbidades clínicas e tipos de crise epiléptica para identificar fatores de risco. Resultados: A mediana do TDI foi 11 dias, com intervalo interquartil (IIQ) de 5-21 dias. A frequência de longo TDI (definido como TDI≥12 dias) foi 47%. A análise multivariada mostrou que houve um aumento exponencial de TDI quando o paciente apresentou algumas dessas condições: admissão em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) (OR=4,562), infecção urinária (OR=3,402), transtorno do movimento (OR=4,562), recorrência precoce de crise epiléptica (OR=2,090) e sepse (OR=4,014). Conclusão: Longo TDI é um desfecho desfavorável importante e foi comum entre idosos admitidos com crises epilépticas. Muitos dos preditores de longo TDI encontrados nessa coorte podem ser evitados, o que deve ser confirmado com pesquisas futuras.

The Xbox/Kinect use in poststroke rehabilitation settings: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Active games based on virtual reality have been widely used in the rehabilitation of many clinical conditions. However, studies on the use of Xbox/Kinect are rare, and technology application in stroke treatment is not clear yet. OBJECTIVE: To verify the outcomes (O) analyzed in randomized controlled trials (C; S) that investigated the use of Xbox/Kinect (I) in patients with stroke (P). METHODS: This is a systematic literature review that meets PRISMA standards and the eligibility criteria according to the PICOS strategy. The search procedure was performed by two researchers. The research strategy was repeated in case of divergence. Effect size was calculated by Cohen's formula and Hopkins rank. The risk of individual bias was assessed using PEDro Score and Higgins Classification. RESULTS: The main outcomes were postural balance and activities of daily living, with four studies addressing these variables. However, only one study showed the effect of Xbox/Kinect intervention on balance as large, as in two other studies evaluating manual dexterity and depression, respectively. CONCLUSION: The greater use of Xbox/Kinect in treating patients after stroke is in recovery of balance and motor function, and the evidence support its application. These findings enable the use of virtual reality technology through Xbox/Kinect in rehabilitation programs, focusing on postural balance and motor skills. However, conclusive results are still not possible. Therefore, caution in the use of this technology is required.

The Xbox/Kinect use in poststroke rehabilitation settings: a systematic review / A utilização do Xbox/Kinect na reabilitação pós-acidente vascular cerebral: uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Background: Active games based on virtual reality have been widely used in the rehabilitation of many clinical conditions. However, studies on the use of Xbox/Kinect are rare, and technology application in stroke treatment is not clear yet. Objective: To verify the outcomes (O) analyzed in randomized controlled trials (C; S) that investigated the use of Xbox/Kinect (I) in patients with stroke (P). Methods: This is a systematic literature review that meets PRISMA standards and the eligibility criteria according to the PICOS strategy. The search procedure was performed by two researchers. The research strategy was repeated in case of divergence. Effect size was calculated by Cohen's formula and Hopkins rank. The risk of individual bias was assessed using PEDro Score and Higgins Classification. Results: The main outcomes were postural balance and activities of daily living, with four studies addressing these variables. However, only one study showed the effect of Xbox/Kinect intervention on balance as large, as in two other studies evaluating manual dexterity and depression, respectively. Conclusion: The greater use of Xbox/Kinect in treating patients after stroke is in recovery of balance and motor function, and the evidence support its application. These findings enable the use of virtual reality technology through Xbox/Kinect in rehabilitation programs, focusing on postural balance and motor skills. However, conclusive results are still not possible. Therefore, caution in the use of this technology is required.

RESUMO Introdução: Jogos ativos baseados em realidade virtual têm sido amplamente utilizados na reabilitação de muitas condições clínicas. No entanto, estudos sobre a utilização do Xbox/Kinect são raros, e não está clara a aplicabilidade da tecnologia no tratamento de pacientes que tiveram acidente vascular cerebral. Objetivo: Verificar os desfechos (O) analisados em ensaios clínicos randomizados e controlados (C; S), que investigaram a utilização do Xbox/Kinect (I) em pacientes que tiveram acidente vascular cerebral (P). Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática da literatura que atende aos padrões do PRISMA e aos critérios de elegibilidade, de acordo com a estratégia PICOS. O procedimento de busca foi realizado por dois pesquisadores e, em caso de divergência, a estratégia de busca foi repetida. O tamanho do efeito foi calculado por meio da fórmula de Cohen e da escala de Hopkins. O risco de viés individual foi analisado utilizando o escore PEDro e a classificação de Higgins. Resultados: Os principais desfechos foram o equilíbrio postural e as atividades de vida diária, com quatro estudos abordando essas variáveis. No entanto, apenas um estudo mostrou o efeito da intervenção com Xbox/Kinect sobre o equilíbrio como sendo grande, assim como em dois outros artigos que avaliaram destreza manual e depressão, respectivamente. Conclusão: A utilização mais comum do Xbox/Kinect no tratamento de pacientes que tiveram acidente vascular cerebral acontece na recuperação do equilíbrio e da função motora, e as evidências apoiam o seu uso. Esses achados permitem o uso da tecnologia de realidade virtual por meio do Xbox/Kinect em programas de reabilitação, com foco no equilíbrio postural e nas habilidades motoras. Porém, resultados conclusivos ainda não são possíveis, o que exige cautela no uso dessa tecnologia.

Neurologic Complications Associated With the Zika Virus in Brazilian Adults.

Importance: There are no prospective cohort studies assessing the incidence and spectrum of neurologic manifestations secondary to Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in adults. Objective: To evaluate the rates of acute ZIKV infection among patients hospitalized with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), meningoencephalitis, or transverse myelitis. Design, Setting, and Participants: A prospective, observational cohort study was conducted at a tertiary referral center for neurological diseases in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between December 5, 2015, and May 10, 2016, among consecutive hospitalized adults (>18 years of age) with new-onset acute parainfectious or neuroinflammatory disease. All participants were tested for a series of arbovirosis. Three-month functional outcome was assessed. Interventions: Samples of serum and cerebrospinal fluid were tested for ZIKV using real-time reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and an IgM antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clinical, radiographic (magnetic resonance imaging), electrophysiological, and 3-month functional outcome data were collected. Main Outcomes and Measures: The detection of neurologic complications secondary to ZIKV infection. Results: Forty patients (15 women and 25 men; median age, 44 years [range, 22-72 years]) were enrolled, including 29 patients (73%) with GBS (90% Brighton level 1 certainty), 7 (18%) with encephalitis, 3 (8%) with transverse myelitis, and 1 (3%) with newly diagnosed chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Of these, 35 patients (88%) had molecular and/or serologic evidence of recent ZIKV infection in the serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid. Of the patients positive for ZIKV infection, 27 had GBS (18 demyelinating, 8 axonal, and 1 Miller Fisher syndrome), 5 had encephalitis (3 with concomitant acute neuromuscular disease), 2 had transverse myelitis, and 1 had chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Admission to the intensive care unit was required for 9 patients positive for ZIKV infection (26%), and 5 (14%) required mechanical ventilation. Compared with admission during the period from December 5, 2013, to May 10, 2014 (before the Brazilian outbreak of ZIKV), admissions for GBS increased from a mean of 1.0 per month to 5.6 per month, admissions for encephalitis increased from 0.4 per month to 1.4 per month, and admissions for transverse myelitis remained constant at 0.6 per month. At 3 months, 2 patients positive for ZIKV infection (6%) died (1 with GBS and 1 with encephalitis), 18 (51%) had chronic pain, and the median modified Rankin score among survivors was 2 (range, 0-5). Conclusions and Relevance: In this single-center Brazilian cohort, ZIKV infection was associated with an increase in the incidence of a diverse spectrum of serious neurologic syndromes. The data also suggest that serologic and molecular testing using blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples can serve as a less expensive, alternative diagnostic strategy in developing countries, where plaque reduction neutralization testing is impractical.

Ankle-brachial index and diabetic neuropathy: study of 225 patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate neuropathic pain and peripheral vascular disease in diabetics and compare this with the length of time since diagnosis in type 1, and type 2 diabetes. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with 225 diabetics chosen from their responses on the DN4 questionnaire, who were then evaluated with the ankle-brachial index (ABI), separating type 1 diabetes from type 2 diabetes. RESULTS: A higher incidence of neuropathic pain in those over 60 years of age showed an ABI > 1.3. Neuropathic pain was related to an abnormal ABI in 144 patients (64.2%). A statistically significant value was obtained in type 2 diabetes patients with more than 10 years from disease onset, 69 with altered ABI and 25 with normal ABI. There was an altered ABI (< 0.9) observed in 33% of type 1 diabetes patients and in 67% of type 2 diabetes patients. CONCLUSION: The ABI test in type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes patients is important even in those who are asymptomatic. A diagnosis of more than 10 years prior, regardless of the presence of neuropathic pain or ischemic signs, altered the ABI.