RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The relationship between substance use and sleep is bidirectional. Substance use directly causessleep disturbances, and sleep problems are a critical factor in substance-use relapse. METHODS: This study evaluated sleep disorders in 65 methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) patients, and61 opium-dependent patients who did not receive any treatment between September 2011 and July 2012 inKermanshah, Iran. Both groups filled out the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Global SleepAssessment Questionnaire (GSAQ). FINDINGS: Sleep disorders were remarkably similar in both groups: 78.5% of MMT patients and 87.7% ofopium-dependent patients suffered from sleep problems. Sleep disorders in the opium-dependent groupwere remarkably higher and more prominent. CONCLUSION: Compared to opium, MMT does not have as many negative effects on sleep and is more effectivein mitigating sleep problems.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Up to 8% of women in their reproductive years are affected by Premenstral Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD). Sleep disturbances such as insomnia or hypersomnia are one of the DSM-IV-TR's defining criteria for the diagnosis of PMDD and are found in about 70% of women with the disorder. However, studies are lacking that specifically address the effects of PMDD on quality of sleep. AIM: This study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of Premenstrual DysphoricDisorder (PMDD) and its impact on sleep quality in female university students. METHODS: We developed an 18-item PMDD scale based on The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) to diagnose PMDD in female university studentswho ranged in age from 18 to 30 years and had regular menstrual cycles.Participants were categorized into a PMDD group or a No/PMDD group and sleep quality was compared between the two groups. The evaluation tool used to measure sleep quality was the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). RESULTS: The prevalence of PMDD in female universitystudents was 25.5%. Analysis of the PSQI demonstrated that 80.5% of those in PMDD group had a PSQI that scored >5; however, only 56.4% in the No/PMDD grouphad a PSQI that scored >5 (χ2 =12.459, p<0.001). The mean PSQI score was 8.2(3.4) in the PMDD group and was 6.5(3.1) in the No/PMDD group (t=3.648, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Female university students who experience PMDD are deeply affected by sleep problems. Lower sleep quality, daytime dysfunction, and sleep disturbance are common sleep problems among female university students with PMDD.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Sleep disturbance is a common self-reported complaint by PTSD patients. However, there are controversies in documenting objective indices of disrupted sleep in these patients. The aim of the present study was to assess sleep disturbances in veterans with chronic PTSD, using both subjective and objective assessments. METHODS: Thirty two PTSD patients with complaints of insomnia were evaluated using the Clinician Administrated PTSD Scale version 1 (CAPS) and completed the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) for subjective evaluation of their sleep. For objective evaluation, participants underwent two consecutive overnight actigraphic assessments. Total Sleep Time (TST), Sleep Latency (SL), Sleep Efficiency (SE) and Number of Awakening (NWAK) were measured in all participants. RESULTS: Participants underestimated TST (p less than 0.0001), SE (p less than 0.0001) as well as NASO (0.03) in the questionnaire compared to the actigraphic assessment and overestimated SL (p less than 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Objective sleep parameters do not adversely affect veterans with chronic PTSD. Self-reported sleep disturbance in these patients is not reliable and objective sleep assessments are necessary.
