Nutrient Diagnosis of Fertigated "Prata" and "Cavendish" Banana (Musa spp.) at Plot-Scale.

Fertigation management of banana plantations at a plot scale is expanding rapidly in Brazil. To guide nutrient management at such a small scale, genetic, environmental and managerial features should be well understood. Machine learning and compositional data analysis (CoDa) methods can measure the effects of feature combinations on banana yield and rank nutrients in the order of their limitation. Our objectives are to review ML and CoDa models for application at regional and local scales, and to customize nutrient diagnoses of fertigated banana at the plot scale. We documented 940 "Prata" and "Cavendish" plot units for tissue and soil tests, environmental and managerial features, and fruit yield. A Neural Network informed by soil tests, tissue tests and other features was the most proficient learner (AUC up to 0.827). Tissue nutrients were shown to have the greatest impact on model accuracy. Regional nutrient standards were elaborated as centered log ratio means and standard deviations of high-yield and nutritionally balanced specimens. Plot-scale diagnosis was customized using the closest successful factor-specific tissue compositions identified by the smallest Euclidean distance from the diagnosed composition using centered or isometric log ratios. Nutrient imbalance differed between regional and plot-scale diagnoses, indicating the profound influence of local factors on plant nutrition. However, plot-scale diagnoses require large, reliable datasets to customize nutrient management using ML and CoDa models.

Balance design for robust foliar nutrient diagnosis of "Prata" banana (Musa spp.).

The "Cavendish" and "Prata" subgroups represent respectively 47% and 24% of the world banana production. Compared to world average progressing from 10.6 to 20.6 t ha-1 between 1961 and 2016, and despite sustained domestic demand and the introduction of new cultivars, banana yield in Brazil has stagnated around 14.5 t ha-1 mainly due to nutrient and water mismanagement. "Prata" is now the dominant subgroup in N-E Brazil and is fertigated at high costs. Nutrient balances computed as isometric log-ratios (ilr) provide a comprehensive understanding of nutrient relationships in the diagnostic leaf at high yield level by combining raw concentration data. Although the most appropriate method for multivariate analysis of compositional balances may be less efficient due to non-normal data distribution and limited nutrient mobility in the plant, robustness of the nutrient balance approach could be improved using Box-Cox exponents assigned to raw foliar concentrations. Our objective was to evaluate the accuracy of nutrient balances to diagnose fertigated "Prata" orchards. The dataset comprised 609 observations on fruit yields and leaf tissue compositions collected from 2010 to 2016 in Ceará state, N-E Brazil. Raw nutrient concentration ranges were ineffective as diagnostic tool due to considerable overlapping of concentration ranges for low- and high-yielding subpopulations at cutoff yield of 40 Mg ha-1. Nutrient concentrations were combined into isometric log-ratios (ilr) and normalized by Box-Cox corrections between 0 and 1 which may also account for restricted nutrient transfer from leaf to fruit. Despite reduced ilr skewness, Box-Cox coefficients did not improve model robustness measured as the accuracy of the Cate-Nelson partition between yield and the multivariate distance across ilr values. Sensitivity was 94%, indicating that low yields are attributable primarily to nutrient imbalance. There were 148 false-positive specimens (high yield despite nutrient imbalance) likely due to suboptimal nutrition, contamination, or luxury consumption. The profitability of "Prata" orchards could be enhanced by rebalancing nutrients using ilr standards with no need for Box-Cox correction.

Gallstone ileus: monocentric experience looking for the adequate approach.

Common complications of biliary lithiasis are cholecystitis, bile duct lithiasis, and acute biliary pancreatitis. Gallstone ileus is uncommon complications often requiring surgical approach. It is a mechanical bowel obstruction caused by a biliary calculus usually originating from a bilioenteric fistula. Because of the limited number of reported cases, the optimal surgical method of treatment has been the subject of ongoing debate. A retrospective, observational, descriptive study was conduct on patients diagnosed with non-neoplastic bowel occlusion. For each case of gallstone ileus, the following variables were revised: personal and clinical data, mean time of onset of symptoms, length of pre- and postoperative stay, imaging studies, biochemical tests, site of the bilioenteric fistula and occlusion, surgical strategy, postoperative course, follow-up, and mortality. Of the 290 cases of non-neoplastic bowel obstruction from 2008 to 2015, 11 (3.7%) were due to gallstone ileus. The majority of patients were elderly women (F 9/M 2) with high average age (82.4; 76-88) and significant comorbidities. Five cases of small-bowel occlusions were treated with solely enterolithotomy. For the remaining six cases, digestive resection and cholecystectomy were performed. Complications rate (20 vs. 80%) and postoperative stay (12.4 vs. 25.3 days) were lower in the group of enterolithotomy with respect to the group treated with other procedures. In-hospital mortality was nil. Gallstone ileus is an uncommon bowel occlusion affecting mainly the elderly female population. Enterotomy with stone extraction alone is associated with better outcomes than more invasive techniques.

Phosphorus Over-Fertilization and Nutrient Misbalance of Irrigated Tomato Crops in Brazil.

Over the past 20 years, the use of center-pivot irrigation has increased tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) yields in Brazil from 42 Mg ha-1 to more than 80 Mg ha-1. In the absence of field trials to support fertilizer recommendations, substantial amounts of phosphorus (P) have been applied to crops. Additional P dosing has been based on an equilibrated nutrient P budget adjusted for low-P fertilizer-use efficiency in high-P fixing tropical soils. To document nutrient requirements and prevent over-fertilization, tissue samples and crop yield data can be acquired through crop surveys and fertilizer trials. Nevertheless, most tissue diagnostic methods pose numerical difficulties that can be avoided by using the nutrient balance concept. The objectives of this study were to model the response of irrigated tomato crops to P fertilization in low- and high-P soils and to provide tissue diagnostic models for high crop yield. Three P trials, arranged in a randomized block design with six P treatments (0-437 kg P ha-1) and three or four replications, were established on a low-P soil in 2013 and high-P soils in 2013 and 2014, totaling 66 plots in all. Together with crop yield data, 65 tissue samples were collected from tomato farms. We found no significant yield response to P fertilization, despite large differences in soil-test P (coefficient of variation, 24%). High- and low-yield classes (cutoff: 91 Mg fruits ha-1) were classified by balance models with 78-81% accuracy using logit and Cate-Nelson partitioning models. The critical Mahalanobis distance for the partition was 5.31. Tomato yields were apparently not limited by P but were limited by calcium. There was no evidence that P fertilization should differ between center-pivot-irrigated and rain-fed crops. Use of the P budget method to arrive at the P requirement for tomato crops proved to be fallacious, as several nutrients should be rebalanced in Brazilian tomato cropping systems.

Guava Waste to Sustain Guava (Psidium guajava) Agroecosystem: Nutrient "Balance" Concepts.

The Brazilian guava processing industry generates 5.5 M Mg guava waste year(-1) that could be recycled sustainably in guava agro-ecosystems as slow-release fertilizer. Our objectives were to elaborate nutrient budgets and to diagnose soil, foliar, and fruit nutrient balances in guava orchards fertilized with guava waste. We hypothesized that (1) guava waste are balanced fertilizer sources that can sustain crop yield and soil nutrient stocks, and (2) guava agroecosystems remain productive within narrow ranges of nutrient balances. A 6-year experiment was conducted in 8-year old guava orchard applying 0-9-18-27-36 Mg ha(-1) guava waste (dry mass basis) and the locally recommended mineral fertilization. Nutrient budgets were compiled as balance sheets. Foliar and fruit nutrient balances were computed as isometric log ratios to avoid data redundancy or resonance due to nutrient interactions and the closure to measurement unit. The N, P, and several other nutrients were applied in excess of crop removal while K was in deficit whatever the guava waste treatment. The foliar diagnostic accuracy reached 93% using isometric log ratios and knn classification, generating reliable foliar nutrient and concentration ranges at high yield level. The plant mined the soil K reserves without any significant effect on fruit yield and foliar nutrient balances involving K. High guava productivity can be reached at lower soil test K and P values than thought before. Parsimonious dosage of fresh guava waste should be supplemented with mineral K fertilizers to recycle guava waste sustainably in guava agroecosystems. Brazilian growers can benefit from this research by lowering soil test P and K threshold values to avoid over-fertilization and using fresh guava waste supplemented with mineral fertilizers, especially K. Because yield was negatively correlated with fruit acidity and Brix index, balanced plant nutrition and fertilization diagnosis will have to consider not only fruit yield targets but also fruit quality to meet requirements for guava processing.

Plant ionome diagnosis using sound balances: case study with mango (Mangifera Indica).

Plant ionomes and soil nutrients are commonly diagnosed in agronomy using concentration and nutrient ratio ranges. However, both diagnoses are biased by redundancy of information, subcompositional incoherence and non-normal distribution inherent to compositional data, potentially leading to conflicting results and wrong inferences. Our objective was to present an unbiased statistical approach of plant nutrient diagnosis using a balance concept and mango (Mangifera indica) as test crop. We collected foliar samples at flowering stage in 175 mango orchards. The ionomes comprised 11 nutrients (S, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe). Traditional multivariate methods were found to be biased. Ionomes were thus represented by unbiased balances computed as isometric log ratios (ilr). Soil fertility attributes (pH and bioavailable nutrients) were transformed into balances to conduct discriminant analysis. The orchards differed more from genotype than soil nutrient signatures. A customized receiver operating characteristic (ROC) iterative procedure was developed to classify tissue ionomes between balanced/misbalanced and high/low-yielders. The ROC partitioning procedure showed that the critical Mahalanobis distance of 4.08 separating balanced from imbalanced specimens about yield cut-off of 128.5 kg fruit tree(-1) proved to be a fairly informative test (area under curve = 0.84-0.92). The [P | N,S] and [Mn | Cu,Zn] balances were found to be potential sources of misbalance in the less productive orchards, and should thus be further investigated in field experiments. We propose using a coherent pan balance diagnostic method with median ilr values of top yielders centered at fulcrums of a mobile and the critical Mahalanobis distance as a guide for global nutrient balance. Nutrient concentrations in weighing pans assisted appreciating nutrients as relative shortage, adequacy or excess in balances.

The plant ionome revisited by the nutrient balance concept.

Tissue analysis is commonly used in ecology and agronomy to portray plant nutrient signatures. Nutrient concentration data, or ionomes, belongs to the compositional data class, i.e., multivariate data that are proportions of some whole, hence carrying important numerical properties. Statistics computed across raw or ordinary log-transformed nutrient data are intrinsically biased, hence possibly leading to wrong inferences. Our objective was to present a sound and robust approach based on a novel nutrient balance concept to classify plant ionomes. We analyzed leaf N, P, K, Ca, and Mg of two wild and six domesticated fruit species from Canada, Brazil, and New Zealand sampled during reproductive stages. Nutrient concentrations were (1) analyzed without transformation, (2) ordinary log-transformed as commonly but incorrectly applied in practice, (3) additive log-ratio (alr) transformed as surrogate to stoichiometric rules, and (4) converted to isometric log-ratios (ilr) arranged as sound nutrient balance variables. Raw concentration and ordinary log transformation both led to biased multivariate analysis due to redundancy between interacting nutrients. The alr- and ilr-transformed data provided unbiased discriminant analyses of plant ionomes, where wild and domesticated species formed distinct groups and the ionomes of species and cultivars were differentiated without numerical bias. The ilr nutrient balance concept is preferable to alr, because the ilr technique projects the most important interactions between nutrients into a convenient Euclidean space. This novel numerical approach allows rectifying historical biases and supervising phenotypic plasticity in plant nutrition studies.

Faixas de suficiência para a cultura do algodão no centro-oeste do Brasil: I. macronutrientes / Sufficiency range for cotton cropped in Brazil midwest: I. macronutrients

A cultura do algodoeiro possui informações para a diagnose foliar estabelecidas para o Brasil, entretanto, esses valores de referência foram obtidos em sistemas produtivos distintos dos atualmente praticados no país, necessitando atualização destas referências. O trabalho objetivou estabelecer faixas de suficiência para macronutrientes na cultura do algodoeiro por meio do método da chance matemática. O trabalho foi realizado no período de 2000 a 2003 nos municípios de Costa Rica (MS), Diamantino e Sapezal (MT), totalizando 152 amostras de tecido vegetal (folha completa na quinta posição da haste principal, coletada no início do florescimento) e produtividade (em kg ha-1 de algodão em caroço) de lavouras comerciais de algodão. Foram determinados os teores de macronutrientes (N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S) e os dados foram submetidos ao método da chance matemática, utilizando-se de produtividades diferentes (4.000 e 4.500kg ha-1) para o cálculo das faixas de suficiência na população estudada. A utilização de produtividades diferentes para o cálculo da chance matemática (4.000 e 4.500kg ha-1), na população estudada, não apresenta diferença entre as faixas de suficiência para os macronutrientes. As faixas encontradas para os macronutrientes com o método da chance matemática foram, em g kg-1, de 33-45; 3,8-5,3; 15-21; 20-36; 4,0-7,2 e 2,8-8,6 para N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos não diferem de outros trabalhos, mas podem ser utilizados para uma região em específico.

The cotton growth occupies about 1.1 million hectares in Brazil and the midwest, especially the state of Mato Grosso, is the largest producer in the country. This work aimed to establish the sufficiency ranges for macronutrients in cotton crops by the method of mathematical chance. The work was carried out from 2000 to 2003 in the cities of Costa Rica (MS), Diamantino and Sapezal (MT), totaling 152 samples of plant tissue and yield. The chance mathematics method was adequate for to establish cotton macronutrients references values, can be to help parameters were the conventional research cannot to prove in the small time space. The use of different yields for the calculation of mathematical chance (4,000 and 4,500kg ha-1) in the population studied, no difference between the sufficiency ranges for macronutrients. The macronutrients sufficiency range was, in the mg kg-1, 33-45; 3,8-5,3; 15-21; 20-36; 4,0-7,2 e 2,8-8,6 for N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S, respectly. The indicated range, however to similar with the recommendations published, they demonstrate improvement about to obtainment of increases productivities.

Faixa de suficiência para a cultura do algodão no centro-oeste do Brasil: II. micronutrientes / Sufficiency range for cotton cropped in Brazil midwest: II. micronutrients

Com o objetivo de estabelecer a faixa de suficiência dos micronutrientes para o algodoeiro, foi utilizado o método da chance matemática para dados de monitoramento nutricional de três localidades produtoras de algodão no cerrado brasileiro, avaliando 152 áreas. O método da chance matemática foi adequado para estabelecer padrões de referência nutricional no algodoeiro, podendo subsidiar parâmetros que a pesquisa convencional não alcançaria em curto espaço de tempo. As faixas encontradas para os micronutrientes com o método da chance matemática tendo como referência a produtividade de 4000kg ha-1 foram, em mg kg-1, de 41-89; 4-14; 90-230; 23-110 e 25-50 para B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn, respectivamente, enquanto para a produtividade de 4500kg ha-1 foram, em mg kg-1, de 53-83; 4-12; 110-440; 40-60 e 25-50 para B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn, respectivamente. As faixas indicadas, embora semelhantes às recomendações existentes, demonstram aperfeiçoamento para obtenção de altas produtividades. As limitações do método poderão ser atenuadas com a ampliação do sistema de monitoramento nutricional nas lavouras de algodoeiro.

For to establish the micronutrients sufficiency range for the cotton, was used the method of mathematical chance for nutritional monitory data of three cotton growth locations in the Midwest of the Brazil, evaluating 152 areas. The method of mathematical chance was adequate for to establish cotton micronutrients references values, can be to help parameters were the conventional research cannot to prove in the short time. The micronutrients sufficiency range for productivity of 4000kg ha-1 were, in the mg kg-1, 41-89; 4-14; 90-230; 23-100; 25-50, and for 4500kg ha-1 was 53-83; 4-12; 110-440; 40-60 e 25-50 for B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn, respectively. The sufficiency ranges indicated was similar to the existing official recommendations, however, is indicated the approach for to supply the specifics of the systems. The limitations of the method can be minimized with the expansion of the nutritional monitoring system in the cotton crops.

Viabilidade econômica do uso do calcário na implantação de pomar de goiabeiras / Economical viability of the use of limestone for the establishment of guava orchard

Com o objetivo de estudar a relação entre doses de calcário e produção de goiabas, um ensaio de campo foi conduzido em solo Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, no município de Bebedouro-SP, no período de 1999 a 2006. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. O calcário foi aplicado uma única vez em 1999, nas doses de: zero; 1,85; 3,71; 5,56 e 7,41 t ha-1. A produção das goiabeiras aumentou em resposta à aplicação do corretivo de acidez. As produções acumuladas de frutos, nos anos sucessivos 2003, 2004, 2005 e 2006 estiveram associadas às doses mais econômicas de calcário de 1,6; 4,4; 7,2 e 7,2 t ha-1, respectivamente.

With the objective of studying the relationship between limestone doses and guava production, a field experiment was conducted on Oxisol soil in the town of Bebedouro-SP, from 1999 to 2006. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications. The limestone was used only once in 1999, at doses from zero, 1.85; 3.71; 5.56 and 7.41 t ha-1. The guava production increased in response to the application of the acidity corrective. The accumulated production of fruits in successive years 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006 were associated with economical doses of limestone of 1.6; 4.4; 7.2 and 7.2 t ha-1 respectively.

Influência do cultivar, do tipo de folha e do tempo de cultivo na medida indireta da clorofila (spad) em mudas de goiabeira / Influence of cultivars, type of leaf, and cultivation time in the indirect measurement of chlorophyll (SPAD) in guava (psidium guajava l) seedlings

A análise foliar de nitrogênio, comumente empregada em laboratórios de rotina, é destrutiva e nem sempre rápida, obstante para a tomada de decisão. Objetivou-se com a pesquisa estudar as medidas SPAD, em mudas de goiabeira (Psidium guajava L.) cultivada em solução nutritiva completa, observando-se as diferenças entre cultivares, épocas de amostragem e tipos de folhas avaliadas. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em parcelas sub-subdivididas. Assim, foi utilizada como parcela as duas cultivares de goiabeira (Paluma e Século XXI), como subparcelas os tipos de folhas (+1, +2 e +3) e, cinco épocas de amostragem ao longo do período experimental (60, 75, 90, 105 e 120 dias, após o transplantio de mudas) Concluiu-se que a leitura SPAD em mudas de goiabeira é influenciada pela cultivar, tipo de folha e época de amostragem. O terceiro par de folhas mostrou-se mais adequado para avaliar o estado nutricional do nitrogênio nas mudas de goiabeira a partir da leitura SPAD. As cultivares de goiabeira apresentaram diferença na leitura SPAD apenas aos 60 e 90 dias após o transplantio, independentemente do tipo de folha.

Foliar nitrogen analysis, also used in routine laboratories, is destructive and not always fast enough for decision making. The objective of this research was to study SPAD measurements, in guava seedlings (Psidium guajava L.) cultivated in a complete nutritive solution, observing the differences between cultivation, times of sampling, and types of evaluated leaves. The experimental design was a completely randomized scheme, with four repetitions, in split lots. The lots consisted of two guava cultivars (Paluma and Século XXI), as sub-lots, the types of leaves (+1, +2 ,and +3), and five sampling times throughout the experimental period (60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 days). It was concluded that the SPAD measurements in guava seedlings are influenced by cultivation, type of leaf, and time of sampling. The third pair of leaves was shown to be more adequate for evaluating the nutritional status of nitrogen in the guava seedlings from the SPAD reading. The guava cultivars presented differences in SPAD readings only at 60 and 90 days, regardless of the type of leaf.

Nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio na nutrição e no crescimento de mudas de laranjeiravalência, enxertadas sobre limoeiro cravo / Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium levels on nutrition and production of seedlings of 'Valencia' sweet orange grafted on 'cravo' lemon rootstock

O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação telada na FCAV/Unesp campus Jaboticabal-SP, durante o período de novembro de 2005 a janeiro de 2007. Conduziu-se este estudo, com o objetivo de avaliar componentes do desenvolvimento e do estado nutricional de mudas de laranjeira Valência (Citrus sinensis Osbeck), enxertadas sobre limoeiro Cravo (Citrus limonia Osbeck), em função de doses de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3³ + 1, sendo 3 fatores (nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio - NPK), 3 doses e uma testemunha (sem adubação), com 3 repetições. A unidade experimental foi representada por uma muda de laranjeira por sacola com 5 dm³ com 2,5 kg de substrato casca de Pinus spp. e vermiculita. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela metade, uma vez e duas vezes a dose padrão recomendada, de 4.590; 920 e 4.380 mg sacola-1, de N, P e K, respectivamente. As adubações com N e K foram realizadas via fertirrigações três vezes por semana e o P foi adicionado ao substrato antes do replantio das mudas. Aos 424 dias após o transplantio, as plantas foram subdivididas em raízes e parte aérea para determinação da massa da matéria seca, altura, área foliar, diâmetro do caule e conteúdo de nutrientes. A adubação com N, P e K proporcionou maior desenvolvimento e maior acúmulo desses macronutrientes na parte aérea e nas raízes das mudas de laranjeira Valência, sobre limoeiro Cravo. Houve adequado desenvolvimento das plantas com a metade da dose recomendada de N, P e K pela literatura, aproximadamente de 918, 184 e 876 mg dm-3, respectivamente.

The experiment was carried out in greenhouse at the FCAV/Unesp, Jaboticabal-SP during the period of November 2005 to January 2007. The objective of this study was to evaluate development components and nutritional status of seedlings of 'Valencia' (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) sweet orange grafted on 'Cravo' lemon rootstock (Citrus limonia Osbeck), in response to Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium levels. The experimental design was entirely randomized, in factorial scheme 3³ + 1, being 3 factors (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium -NPK), 3 levels and a control (without fertilization) with 3 replications. The experimental unit constituted of a 'Valencia' sweet orange grafted on 'Cravo' lemon rootstock in a plastic bag with 2,5 kg of substratum. The treatments consisted of half, one, and two times the standard recommended dose for production of orange seedlings (4,590, 920, and 4,380 mg bag-1 of N, P, and K, respectively). Fertilization with N and K was carried out by three weekly fertirrigations, and the P was added to the substratum of Pinus spp. bark and vermiculite before sowing. After 424 days, the plants were subdivided in roots and aerial parts for determination of dry matter, height, leaf area, diameter of stem, and nutrient content. Fertilization with N, P, and K provided for greater development and greater accumulation of these macronutrients in the aerial part and root of the 'Valencia' sweet orange grafted on 'Cravo' lemon rootstock. There was adequate development of the plants with half the recommended dose of N, P, and K according to literature, approximately of 918, 184, and 876 mg dm-3 of N, P, and K, respectively. Satisfactory development was obtained with half the recommended dose of N, P and K, in general. Slightly greater development occurred in the recommended dose of 4,590, 920, and 4,380 mg bag-1 or 918, 184, and 876 mg dm-3 of substratum, respectively.

Eficiência de absorção, transporte e utilização de macronutrientes por porta-enxertos de caramboleira, cultivados em soluções nutritivas / Up take, transportat and use of macronutrients in rootstock for star fruit tree cultivated in nutrient solutions

O estado nutricional de plantas cultivadas em solução nutritiva pode ser influenciado pelo tipo de solução utilizada, afetando desta forma seu adequado crescimento. Com este trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a exigência nutricional de porta-enxertos de caramboleira, cultivados em quatro diferentes soluções nutritivas. O delineamento experimental empregado foi inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições, tendo como tratamentos as quatro soluções. Como solução padrão foi utilizada a de Hoagland & Arnon, comparada à outras três soluções. O experimento foi conduzido em condições de casa-de-vegetação, em recipientes plásticos com 8 L de capacidade. Após 150 dias do transplantio, foram determinados a matéria seca e o teor de nutrientes, inferindo-se o conteúdo dos macronutrientes na planta. Com esses resultados calculou-se os índices: eficiência de absorção; eficiência de transporte e eficiência de utilização dos nutrientes. As soluções nutritivas de Sarruge, de Castellane & Araújo e de Furlani foram semelhantes na produção de matéria seca das plantas de caramboleira. O uso da solução nutritiva de Hoagland & Arnon resultou em menor produção de matéria seca das caramboleiras, e, também, menor eficiência de utilização de Ca e Mg pelas plantas. A eficiência de transporte dos nutrientes foi a mais afetada pelas soluções nutritivas utilizadas, enquanto a eficiência de utilização dos nutrientes sofreu pouca variação em função das soluções empregadas.

The nutritional status of plants cultivated in nutrient solutions way be influenced by the solution which would affect its growth plants. The present essay was undergone to assess the nutritional demands of root stock for star fruit trees, cultivated in four different nutritional solutions. An completely experimental design was used with three repetitions, with four different nutrient solutions as treatments. The Hoagland & Arnon solution was used as standard and was the control wich was with compared three other solutions. The experiment was carrie out under green house conditions, using 8 L pot. After 150 days of transplantation, dry material and macro nutrient levels were determined. The following indicators were calculated: absorption efficiency; transportation efficiency, and efficiency of nutrient use. The Sarruge, the Castellane & Araújo, and the Furlani nutrient solutions were similar to accumulation of dry material in the star fruit plants. The use of the Hoagland & Arnon solution resulted in lower material dry production in and also lower of Ca and Mg use. Nutrient transportation efficiency was the indicator most affected by the different nutritional solutions used, while efficiency of nutrient use showed small variation when comparing the solutions.

Fontes de zinco aplicado via semente na nutrição e crescimento inicial do milho cv. Fort / Applied zinc sources way seed in the nutrition and initial growth of the corn cv. Fort

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de zinco em sementes de milho cv. Fort, sobre a nutrição das plantas durante o crescimento inicial, cultivado em areia. Para isto, foi realizado um experimento em condições de casa de vegetação, na FCAV/Unesp, em Jaboticabal-SP. O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualizado, sendo cinco doses de Zn (0; 5; 10; 20 e 40 g kg-1 de sementes), duas fontes de Zn (sulfato de zinco, 22% de Zn e óxido de zinco, 50% de Zn) com três repetições. A unidade experimental foi uma bandeja de polietileno preenchida com 5 L de areia grossa lavada, com 50 sementes de milho cv. Fort. Aos 25 dias após a emergência, avaliou-se a matéria seca das plantas e o teor de Zn na parte aérea e nas raízes e calculando-se a eficiência de absorção, transporte e utilização do nutriente pelas plantas. A utilização de doses de zinco em sementes influenciam o teor de Zn da planta e o crescimento inicial do milho cv. Fort. O óxido de zinco aplicado em sementes favorece o crescimento inicial do milho cv. Fort, em comparação a utilização do sulfato de zinco.

The present work had as objective evaluates the effects of the application of sources of zinc in seeds of corn cv. FORT about the absorption, transport and use of Zn. For this, an experiment was accomplished in conditions of vegetation house, in FCAV/Unesp, in Jaboticabal-SP. The adopted experimental delineamento was casualizado entirely, being five doses of Zn (0; 5; 10; 20 and 40 g / kg of seeds), two sources of Zn (sulfate of zinc, 22% of Zn and oxide of zinc, 50% of Zn) with three repetitions. The experimental unit was a tray of polyethylene filled out with 5 L of washed thick sand, with 50 seeds of corn cv. FORT. To the 25 days after the emergency, the matter was evaluated dries of the plants and the tenor of Zn in the aerial part and in the roots and being calculated the absorption efficiency, transport and use of the nutrient by the plants. The use of doses of zinc in seeds influences the text of Zn of the plant and the initial growth of the corn cv. Fort. The zinc oxide applied in seeds favors the growth initial of the maize cv. Fort, incomparison the use of zinc sulphate.

Adubação nitrogenada e potássica no desenvolvimento de mudas de maracujazeiro / Nitrogen and potassic fertilization on development of passion fruit seedlings

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos da adubação com N e K no desenvolvimento de mudas de maracujazeiro-amarelo (Passiflora edulis) cultivadas em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições, num esquema fatorial 4 x 4, com 4 doses de N (zero, 150, 300 e 600mg de N dm-3) e quatro de K (zero, 75, 150 e 300mg de K dm-3), parceladas em quatro vezes. A unidade experimental foi constituída por vasos de 3,3L. Após 84 dias da germinação, foram avaliados: altura da planta, o diâmetro do caule, o número de folhas e a área foliar. O melhor desenvolvimento das mudas de maracujazeiro ocorreu com as doses de 150mg de N dm-3 e de 300mg de K dm-3.

Liming and postharvest quality of carambola fruits

Tendo como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de doses crescentes de calcário ao solo, na qualidade de frutos de caramboleira pela avaliação das alterações físico-químicas dos frutos após a colheita, foi instalado um experimento em Bebedouro-SP,Brasil, sobre um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, ácido. Os tratamentos foram doses crescentes de calcário, em pré-plantio, como segue: D0 = zero; D1 = metade da dose; D2 = a dose; D3 = 1,5 vez a dose; e D4 = 2 vezes a dose para elevar V= 70%. No florescimento da caramboleira, avaliou-se o teor de cálcio na folha. Após a colheita dos frutos, determinou-se o teor de cálcio na polpa, o peso dos frutos, diâmetro transversal, comprimento, peso da polpa, % de polpa, ºBrix, acidez titulável e Ratio dos frutos. Diariamente, durante sete dias de armazenamento em condições ambiente, determinou-se a perda de massa fresca e a firmeza dos frutos. A calagem proporcionou um aumentou linear de cálcio nas folhas e nos frutos da caramboleira. A nutrição adequada da planta com cálcio melhorou a qualidade dos frutos pós-colheita, permitindo um período de armazenamento mais longo ( 2 days), em condições ambiente.

Endometriosis in an episiotomy scar: a case report.

Endometriosis is defined as the presence of functioning endometrial tissue in an anatomical location other than the uterine cavity. The episiotomy scar is a fairly rare site for endometriosis. The authors present the case of a 42-year-old woman referred 7 years ago for the development of a tender perianal mass at the episiotomy site associated with perianal pain and pruritus which varied in relation to menses, becoming most intense just before and immediately after the onset of menstrual bleeding. Anal endosonography performed with a B&K mechanical probe rotating through 360 degrees with a frequency of 7 and 10 Mhz showed a hypoechoic area with a diameter of 3 cm not involving the external sphincter and extending from the perianal skin to the mid third of the anal canal. Proctosigmoidoscopy findings were normal. A complete local excision was performed. Complete surgical excision of perineal endometriomas should be curative. Recurrence, supposedly due to incomplete removal, usually appears within one year.

Influência da Adubação Fosfatada: Potássica na Ocorrência de Pragas na Cultura da Soja / Influence of Phosphate-Potassic Fertilization on the Occurrence of Soybean Insect Pests

This study was developed to determine the effect of phosphate-potassic fertilization on the occurrence of soybean insect pests. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design in a 4 by 4 factorial experiment (four phosphate levels and four potassic levels) with three replications. The levels of phosphorus and potassic tested were, respectively: 0, 80, 120 and 160 kg/ha of P2O5 and 0, 40, 60 and 80 kg/ha of K2O. The insect population survey was carried out on a weekly-basis starting from the V2 stage, using ground-cloth. The results showed a tendency of population growth of Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) for the highest levels of nutrients. Some leaf nutrients were correlated with Diabrotica speciosa (Germar).

O estudo foi desenvolvido para se determinar o efeito da adubação fosfatada-potássica da soja sobre a ocorrência de insetos-praga. Os tratamentos constituíram um fatorial 4 x 4 (quatro doses de fósforo e quatro doses de potássio) com três repetições. Os níveis de fósforo utilizados foram, respectivamente (0, 80, 120 e 160 kg/ha) de P2O5 e (0, 40, 60 e 80 kg/ha) de K2O. Foram realizadas amostragens semanais a partir do estádio V2 da cultura, utilizando-se pano de amostragem. Os resultados indicaram uma tendência de aumento populacional de Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) para as maiores doses dos nutrientes. A ocorrência de Diabrotica speciosa (Germar) foi correlacionada com alguns nutrientes das folhas.