The association of age with the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of colorectal cancer: a UK single-centre retrospective study.

INTRODUCTION: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is uncommon in patients under the age of 40 years and its association with poor histological features and survival is uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate age-related differences in clinicopathological features and prognosis in patients diagnosed with CRC. METHOD: A single-centre retrospective review of all patients diagnosed with CRC between 2004 and 2013 was performed. Patients were stratified into three age groups: (1) 18-40 years, (2) 41-60 years and (3)> 60 years. Clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes were compared between the three groups. RESULTS: A total of 1328 patients were included, of whom 57.2% were men. There were 28 (2.1%) patients in group 1, 287 (21.6%) in group 2 and 1013 (76.3%) in group 3. Group 1 had the highest proportion of rectal tumours (57.1% in group 1, 50.2% in group 2 and 31.9% in group 3; P < 0.001). Tumour histology and disease stage were comparable between the groups. Group 1 had significantly worse disease-free survival (DFS) than the two older groups (44%, 78% and 77%, respectively; P = 0.022). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that age was not an independent prognostic factor whereas Stage III disease [hazard ratio (HR) 4.42; 95% CI 2.81-6.94; P < 0.001] and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (HR 1.65; 95% CI 1.06-2.58; P = 0.026) were associated with increased risk of recurrence. CONCLUSION: Patients under the age of 40 are more likely to present with rectal cancer and have comparable histological features than the older groups. Despite higher rates of adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatment, the young group were found to have worse DFS.

Laparoscopic management of a migrated intragastric balloon causing mechanical small bowel obstruction: a case report and review of the literature.

Intragastric balloons have been used as an invasive non-surgical treatment for obesity for over 30 years. Within the last 37 years, we have found only 27 cases reported in the literature of intestinal obstruction caused by a migrated intragastric balloon. We report the laparoscopic management of such a case and make observations from similar case presentations published in the literature. A 26-year-old woman had an intragastric balloon placed endoscopically for weight control 13 months previously. She presented to the emergency department with a four-day history of intermittent abdominal cramps and vomiting. Contrast enhanced computed tomography confirmed the presence of the intragastric balloon within the small bowel. At laparoscopic retrieval, the deflated intragastric balloon was found impacted in the terminal ileum approximately 15 cm from the ileocaecal valve. The balloon was retrieved by enterotomy and primary closure of the ileum without event. The risk of balloon deflation and subsequent migration increases over time but several published cases demonstrate that this complication can occur within six months of insertion. The initial approach to the treatment of migrated intragastric balloons causing small bowel obstruction should be determined by the location of impaction, severity of obstruction and the available skill set of the attending radiologist, endoscopist and/or surgeon. Balloons causing obstruction in the duodenum are likely amenable to endoscopic retrieval whereas impaction within the jejunum or ileum could be managed by percutaneous needle aspiration (in selected cases), endoscopy (double-balloon enteroscopy), laparoscopy or open surgery.

The modified 'Jo'burg' technique for securing intercostal chest drains.

Insertion of an intercostal chest drain (ICD) is a common intervention in the management of either blunt or penetrating thoracic trauma. It is frequently performed by junior medical personnel as an emergency procedure during the initial resuscitation period and often within a stressful environment. Approximately one-fifth of all ICD insertions are associated with complications. In a retrospective review of over 1000 ICD insertions, 7% of the complications observed were due to inadequate fixation, resulting in dislodgement. The risk of dislodgement is greatest during transit or transfer of a casualty. In a military setting, this may involve movement of a casualty in a non-permissive environment and includes transfer on and off rotary wing, fixed wing, road vehicle and maritime transport platforms as well as between stretchers and hospital beds. While ICD insertion follows a standard technique in accordance with the Advanced Trauma Life Support guidelines, the method of securing ICDs has not been standardised across the Defence Medical Services (DMS). The aim of this paper is to first propose a modified version of a tried and tested technique of securing ICDs with alternative steps described for medical staff unfamiliar with surgical knot tying by hand. Second, we present the results from a pilot validation study of this technique when introduced to candidates on a trauma surgical skills course. We describe and demonstrate a robust, easily teachable and reproducible technique for securing ICDs. We would advocate the use of this technique among both surgically and non-surgically trained medical personnel and suggest that this should become the standardised technique for securing ICDs across the DMS. This could be easily implemented by introducing this technique into the various military trauma courses, for example the Military Operational Surgical Training, Medical Emergency Response Team and Critical Care Air Support Team courses.

The Management of Locally Invasive Primary Thyroid Paraganglioma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Paragangliomas (PG) are very rare neuroendocrine tumours, arising from neural crest derived paraganglia of the autonomic nervous system. Primary thyroid paraganglioma (PTPG) is a rare site of PG and only 45 cases have been previously reported. The preoperative diagnosis of PTPGs presents a challenge as the clinical, cytological and histological features overlap with more common primary thyroid cancers. A 55 year old male was found to have significant enlargement of the left lobe of his thyroid. Following lobectomy, the thyroid lobe showed unencapsulated tumour which was positive for synaptophysin, CD56 and S100 (sustentacular cells). Post-operative imaging demonstrated incomplete resection. There was no post-operative radiotherapy and monitoring was by 6-12 monthly MRI. 48 months after his surgery he is alive and well with no evidence of disease progression. The diagnosis of PTPG was only made postoperatively, and although rare should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a hypervascular thyroid nodule.

Inhibition of cell death results in hyperganglionosis: implications for enteric nervous system development.

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is derived from vagal and sacral neural crest cells (NCC) that delaminate from the neural tube and undergo extensive migration and proliferation in order to colonize the entire length of the gut and differentiate into many millions of neurons and glial cells. Although apoptotic programmed cell death is an essential physiological process during development of the majority of the vertebrate nervous system, apoptosis within early ENS development has not been comprehensively investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the presence and extent of apoptosis within the vagal NCC population that gives rise to most of the ENS in the chick embryo. We demonstrated that apoptotic cells, as shown by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labelling and active caspase-3 immunoreactivity, are present within an electroporated green fluorescent protein (GFP) and human natural killer-1 (HNK-1) immunopositive NCC population migrating from the vagal region of the neural tube to the developing foregut. Inhibition of caspase activity in vagal NCC, by electroporation with a dominant-negative form of caspase-9, increased the number of vagal NCC available for ENS formation, as shown by 3-dimensional reconstruction of serial GFP or HNK-1 labelled sections, and resulted in hyperganglionosis within the proximal foregut, as shown by NADPH-diaphorase whole gut staining. These findings suggest that apoptotic cell death may be a normal process within the precursor pool of pre-enteric NCC that migrates to the gut, and as such it may play a role in the control of ENS formation.