Mango-bagasse functional-confectionery: vehicle for enhancing bioaccessibility and permeability of phenolic compounds.

Functional confectionery can be exploited as a vehicle for the protection of phenolic compounds (PCs) and for enhancing absorption during the gastrointestinal (GI) process. In this study, a confection containing 20% of mango bagasse (MB), gelatin and pectin was formulated. The PC profile, antioxidant capacity, in vitro bioaccessibility and apparent permeability (Papp) during mouth-stomach-intestine digestion (15, 30, 60, 120 min) and in vitro colonic fermentation (6, 12, 24 h) were evaluated for MB and the mango bagasse confection (MBC). HPLC-DAD analysis showed that mangiferin (830.69 µg g-1) was the most abundant compound in MBC. Total PCs (4.14 mg g-1), quercetin (244.83 µg g-1), and gallic acid (GA) (285.43 µg g-1) were highly bioaccessible mainly at the intestine at 60-120 min of digestion. GA was the most bioaccessible compound. Total flavonoids (TFs) and condensed tannins (CTs) had the maximum bioaccessibility in the mouth and stomach, respectively. For the permeability studies, PCs showed efflux rather than uptake in the intestine. Those compounds that exhibited intestinal absorption were mangiferin > GA > total PCs > TFs, whereas quercetin and CT absorption was negligible. The antioxidant capacity remained unchanged along the GI, mangiferin and quercetin being the most likely compounds to exert this activity. Overall results indicate that MBC has higher bioaccessibility, absorption and antioxidant capacity than MB, suggesting an effective protective role of gelatin and pectin, giving insight into the potential of MBC as a functional food.

Riesgo toxicológico ambiental y manipulación del mercurio en el consultorio odontológico de dos unidades comunitarias de salud familiar de San Salvador / Environmental toxicological risk and manipulation of mercury in the dental office of two community family health units in San Salvador

Objetivo: Determinar el riesgo toxicológico derivado de la manipulación de mercurio, por el personal de las clínicas odontológicas de las Unidades Comunitarias de Salud Familiar de Mejicanos y Monserrat de San Salvador. Materiales y Métodos: El diseño corresponde a un estudio descriptivo transversal, utilizando una guía de observación y empleando el Método Colorimétrico en vapor frío; para determinar la presencia de vapores mercuriales, producidos durante el proceso de manipulación de la amalgama de plata como material restaurativo dental. Las observaciones y mediciones fueron efectuadas en diferentes horarios de la jornada laboral, en las Unidades Comunitarias de Salud familiar de Mejicanos y Monserrat; durante los meses de Septiembre y Octubre de 2013. Los resultados obtenidos, fueron ingresados a una base de datos y analizados por SPSS 1.8. Los resultados son presentados en tablas de distribución de frecuencias y contingencia Resultados: Al evaluar el manejo de los excedentes de mercurio, se realizó un total de doce guías de observación por cada Unidad Comunitaria de Salud Familiar. En la Unidad Comunitaria de Salud Familiar de Mejicanos se encontró en tres ocasiones, el recipiente con la tapadera enroscada y humedad en su interior. En cinco ocasiones se observó tapado inadecuadamente y siempre con humedad interior. En cuatro se encontró que utilizaban otro tipo de recipientes para el manejo de los excedentes. Con respecto a la cantidad de mercurio empleada durante cuatro semanas, para el consultorio de Mejicanos fue de 2.8 onzas y de 3.5 onzas en el de Monserrat. De un total de dieciséis mediciones, en ambas se encontraron tres valores por arriba del valor límite de 0.05 mg Hg/m³. Uno fue de 0.12 mg Hg /m³ y dos de 0.10 mg Hg/m³. Estos valores exceden al promedio de exposición al cual una persona puede estar expuesta (0.05 mg Hg/m³), sin que presente efectos adversos repetitivos, durante una jornada laboral de 40 horas semanales. Conclusiones: En tres de las dieciséis mediciones, se sobrepasó el límite de saturación de vapores de mercurio, permitido por la NIOSH (0.05 mg Hg /m³). En cuanto al manejo de los excedentes de mercurio, pudo comprobarse que en los consultorios, no se cumple con la Norma Técnica del Ministerio de Salud.

Objective: To determine the toxicological risks associated with handling mercury, by the staff of the dental clinics of the Community Family Health Units of (Unidades Comunitarias de Salud Familiar) Mejicanos and Monserrat of San Salvador. Materials and methods: The design was a descriptive study, using an observation guide and employing the colorimetric method using cold steam to determine the presence of mercury vapor produced during the handling process of silver amalgam as a dental restorative material. The observations and measurements were made at different times of the workday, in the Community Family Health Units of Mejicanos and Montserrat; during September and October 2013. The results obtained, were entered into a database and analyzed by SPSS 1.8. The results are presented in tables of frequency distribution and contingency. Results: In assessing the management of excess of mercury, a total of twelve observation guides were made for each Community Family Health Units (UCSF). In the UCSF of Mejicanos in three separate occasions the container was found with the lid screwed on and humidity in its interior. In five separate occasions the lid was found fastened inadequately and humidity was always found in the inside. Four were found that they utilized a different type of container for the handling of excess. In respect to the amount of mercury used during the four weeks period by the health clinic of Mejicanos the amount was 2.8 ounces, and 3.5 ounces for the health clinic of Montserrat A total of sixteen measurements were taken in total, in both clinics, three positive values were found (method colorimetric cold steam is limited to 0.05 mg Hg /m3 ) the first value of 0.12 mg Hg /m3 and two values of 0.10 mg Hg /m3 each. These values exceed 0.05 mg Hg /m3 which are the average exposure that a worker may be repeatedly exposed to, without adverse effect, over an 8- hour shift and a 40-hour workweek. Conclusions: In three of the sixteen measurements taken, the limit of saturation of mercury vapors allowed by NIOSH (0.05 mg Hg /m³) was exceeded. Regarding the handling of the excess of mercury, it was found that both clinics are not complying with the Technical Regulations of the Ministry of Health.