Tumor Protein p53 and K-ras Gene Mutations in Peruvian Patients with Gallbladder Cancer

Background: Recent studies have shown that genetic alterations are associated with the effect of patient geographic location on gallbladder cancer development. Peru has a high incidence of gallbladder cancer, but causative factors have not yet been identified. We examined the frequency of mutations in TP53 and K-ras genes in Peruvian patients with gallbladder cancer, and compared this with data from Bolivia, Hungary, Chile, and Japan, which have a high gallbladder cancer incidence. Methods: DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded gallbladder tissue sections of 30 gallbladder cancer patients (9 men and 21 women) obtained using microdissection. Mutations in exons 5 to 8 of TP53 and codons 12, 13, and 61 of K-ras were examined using direct sequencing. Results: TP53 mutations were observed in 10 (33.3%) of patients, but K-ras mutations were absent. Nine (90%) TP53 mutations were point mutations (7 missense and 2 silent mutations), and the most frequent substitution was a G:C to A:T transition. G:C to A:T transitions at the CpG site or G:C to T:A transversions were found in one patient each. No significant differences were found in the frequency of TP53 and K-ras mutations among patients in the 5 countries. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that endogenous mechanisms and exogenous carcinogens may affect the carcinogenic process in Peruvian gallbladder cancer patients, similar to that in Bolivian patients. Further studies with a larger sample size are needed to clarify these findings.

The implementation of the Plan Esperanza and response to the imPACT Review.

Following the implementation of the National Cancer Prevention and Control Results-based Budget Programme (PpR Cancer-024) in 2011, the Peruvian Government approved the Plan Esperanza-a population-based national cancer control plan-in 2012. Legislation that ensured full government-supported funding for people who were otherwise unable to access or afford care and treatment accompanied the Plan. In 2013, the Ministry of Health requested an integrated mission of the Programme of Action for Cancer Therapy (imPACT) report to strengthen cancer control in Peru. The imPACT Review, which was executed in 2014, assessed Peru's achievements in cancer control, and areas for improvement, including cancer control planning, further development of population-based cancer registration, increased prevention, early diagnosis, treatment and palliative care, and the engagement and participation of civil society in the health-care system. This Series paper gives a brief history of the development of the Plan Esperanza, describes the innovative funding model that supports it, and summarises how funds are disseminated on the basis of disease, geography, and demographics. An overview of the imPACT Review, and the government's response in the context of the Plan Esperanza, is provided. The development and execution of the Plan Esperanza and the execution of and response to the imPACT Review demonstrates the Peruvian Government's commitment to fighting cancer across the country, including in remote and urban areas.

[The role of the National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases in the control of cancer in Peru]. / El Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas en el control del cáncer en el Perú.

With a mortality rate that constitutes the second nationwide, the estimated incidence of cancer in Peru is 150 cases x 100 000 inhabitants. Around 75% of the cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage and mainly in Lima. In this context, the National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases (INEN) has promoted the decentralization of oncological care creating regional institutes of neoplastic diseases, oncological units and prevention centers. In addition, INEN has designed, developed and implemented the Budgetary Program for Cancer Prevention and Control, which, since 2011, has allowed for more than 7000 centers around the country to allocate resources to the prevention, promotion and early detection of the most frequent cancers in Peru. With the financial support of the state's health insurance system, the basic strategic central points were integrated to provide low-income cancer patients with comprehensive medical care. Through this way, and within the framework of a state policy integrated to and articulated with the health sector, the National Plan for Comprehensive Medical Care for Cancer Patients and the Improvement in the Access to Oncological Services in Peru, known as "The Hope Plan", was born. This article elaborates on the role that INEN plays in the control of cancer as a public health issue, highlighting the importance of the Strategic Budgetary Program for Cancer Prevention and Control and its role in the "The Hope Plan".

El Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas en el control del cáncer en el Perú / The role of the National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases in the control of cancer in Peru

La incidencia estimada de cáncer en el Perú es de 150 casos x 100 000 habitantes. Este ocupa el segundo lugar de las causas mortalidad a nivel nacional y se estima que el 75% de los casos se diagnostican en etapa avanzada y principalmente en Lima. En ese contexto, el Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas (INEN) ha promovido la descentralización de la atención oncológica con la creación de los institutos regionales de enfermedades neoplásicas, las unidades oncológicas y los preventorios. Asimismo ha diseñado, desarrollado e implementado el Programa Presupuestal de Prevención y Control de Cáncer, por lo que desde el año 2011, más de 7000 establecimientos del país asignan recursos para la prevención, promoción y detección precoz de los cánceres más frecuentes en el Perú. Con el financiamiento del seguro estatal, se integraron los ejes estratégicos básicos para una atención integral del cáncer en la población de menores recursos. De esta manera y dentro de una política de estado integradora y articulada con el sector salud, nace el Plan Nacional para la Atención Integral del Cáncer y el Mejoramiento del Acceso a los Servicios Oncológicos en el Perú, denominado “Plan Esperanza”. En este artículo, desarrollamos el papel que viene cumpliendo el INEN en el control del cáncer como problema de salud pública, destacando la importancia del Programa Estratégico Presupuestal de Prevención y Control del Cáncer y de su papel en el “Plan Esperanza”.

With a mortality rate that constitutes the second nationwide, the estimated incidence of cancer in Peru is 150 cases x 100 000 inhabitants. Around 75% of the cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage and mainly in Lima. In this context, the National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases (INEN) has promoted the decentralization of oncological care creating regional institutes of neoplastic diseases, oncological units and prevention centers. In addition, INEN has designed, developed and implemented the Budgetary Program for Cancer Prevention and Control, which, since 2011, has allowed for more than 7000 centers around the country to allocate resources to the prevention, promotion and early detection of the most frequent cancers in Peru. With the financial support of the state’s health insurance system, the basic strategic central points were integrated to provide low-income cancer patients with comprehensive medical care. Through this way, and within the framework of a state policy integrated to and articulated with the health sector, the National Plan for Comprehensive Medical Care for Cancer Patients and the Improvement in the Access to Oncological Services in Peru, known as “The Hope Plan”, was born. This article elaborates on the role that INEN plays in the control of cancer as a public health issue, highlighting the importance of the Strategic Budgetary Program for Cancer Prevention and Control and its role in the “The Hope Plan”.

El Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas en el control del cáncer en el Perú / The role of the National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases in the control of cancer in Peru

La incidencia estimada de cáncer en el Perú es de 150 casos x 100 000 habitantes. Este ocupa el segundo lugar de las causas mortalidad a nivel nacional y se estima que el 75% de los casos se diagnostican en etapa avanzada y principalmente en Lima. En ese contexto, el Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas (INEN) ha promovido la descentralización de la atención oncológica con la creación de los institutos regionales de enfermedades neoplásicas, las unidades oncológicas y los preventorios. Asimismo ha diseñado, desarrollado e implementado el Programa Presupuestal de Prevención y Control de Cáncer, por lo que desde el año 2011, más de 7000 establecimientos del país asignan recursos para la prevención, promoción y detección precoz de los cánceres más frecuentes en el Perú. Con el financiamiento del seguro estatal, se integraron los ejes estratégicos básicos para una atención integral del cáncer en la población de menores recursos. De esta manera y dentro de una política de estado integradora y articulada con el sector salud, nace el Plan Nacional para la Atención Integral del Cáncer y el Mejoramiento del Acceso a los Servicios Oncológicos en el Perú, denominado “Plan Esperanza”. En este artículo, desarrollamos el papel que viene cumpliendo el INEN en el control del cáncer como problema de salud pública, destacando la importancia del Programa Estratégico Presupuestal de Prevención y Control del Cáncer y de su papel en el “Plan Esperanza”. (AU)

With a mortality rate that constitutes the second nationwide, the estimated incidence of cancer in Peru is 150 cases x 100 000 inhabitants. Around 75% of the cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage and mainly in Lima. In this context, the National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases (INEN) has promoted the decentralization of oncological care creating regional institutes of neoplastic diseases, oncological units and prevention centers. In addition, INEN has designed, developed and implemented the Budgetary Program for Cancer Prevention and Control, which, since 2011, has allowed for more than 7000 centers around the country to allocate resources to the prevention, promotion and early detection of the most frequent cancers in Peru. With the financial support of the states health insurance system, the basic strategic central points were integrated to provide low-income cancer patients with comprehensive medical care. Through this way, and within the framework of a state policy integrated to and articulated with the health sector, the National Plan for Comprehensive Medical Care for Cancer Patients and the Improvement in the Access to Oncological Services in Peru, known as “The Hope Plan”, was born. This article elaborates on the role that INEN plays in the control of cancer as a public health issue, highlighting the importance of the Strategic Budgetary Program for Cancer Prevention and Control and its role in the “The Hope Plan”. (AU)