Emotional Intelligence and Resilience Outcomes in Adolescent Period, is Knowledge Really Strength?

Adolescence is possibly the most difficult period of life, because it is the beginning of a series of changes in both the internal and external aspects of the body. For this reason, we all have a series of psychological mechanisms, resilience and emotional intelligence, which allow us to adapt to these periods of change. In this way, the present study aims to analyse through a systematic review the results obtained in different studies to better understand the current situation. The methodology used in the systematic review was PRISMA, covering a period of the last 10 years. The results obtained show that the selected studies show a strong relationship between resilience and emotional intelligence when there are adequate levels of resilience and emotional intelligence. Therefore, it is necessary for young people to develop a series of internal mechanisms that act as protectors against the vicissitudes they may face in their lives, allowing them to fully adapt to the demands of the context.

Effects of academic self-regulation on procrastination, academic stress and anxiety, resilience and academic performance in a sample of Spanish secondary school students.

Introduction: One of the biggest challenges facing students today is procrastination, which is closely related to stress, anxiety and, in the most severe cases, depression. The aim of the present study is to analyze the influence of academic self-regulation on procrastination, academic anxiety and stress, academic resilience and academic performance. Method: The sample consisted of 991 high school students aged between 16 and 19 years (M = 17.25; SD = 3.45). A structural equation model was used to analyze the relationship between the study variables. Results: Analyzes showed that academic self-regulation negatively predicted procrastination. In turn, procrastination positively predicted academic stress and anxiety. However, resilience exerted a protective influence by being positively related to academic stress and anxiety. Finally, resilience positively predicted academic performance, whereas stress and anxiety negatively predicted academic performance. Conclusion: Thus, the importance of generating strategies for students to learn to self-regulate in academic contexts, manage emotions, foster motivation and develop strategies to help them overcome the vicissitudes they face is emphasized.

A Systematic Review of Healthy Nutrition Intervention Programs in Kindergarten and Primary Education.

Childhood obesity and overweight rates are increasing in an exponential way. This type of diet-related health problem has consequences, not only at present but also for children's future lives. For these reasons, it is very important to find a solution, which could be nutrition intervention programs. The main objective of this article is to investigate the effectiveness of nutrition intervention programs in children aged 3-12 around the world. We used SCOPUS, Web of Science, and PubMed databases to carry out this systematic review and we followed the PRISMA statement. Two authors conducted literature searches independently, finding a total of 138 articles. Finally, after a thorough screening, a total of 19 articles were selected for detailed analysis. The results show that, in general, nutrition intervention programs are effective in improving knowledge and behaviors about healthy habits, and, consequently, that the body mass index value is reduced. However, it is true that we found differences between the incomes of families and geographical areas. In conclusion, we encourage school centers to consider including these types of programs in their educational program and bring awareness of the importance of families too.

Effects of a Mindfulness and Physical Activity Programme on Anxiety, Depression and Stress Levels in People with Mental Health Problems in a Prison: A Controlled Study.

Recent studies in the general population have shown an inverse relationship between mindfulness and symptoms of anxiety and depression, as well as the benefits of physical activity on these symptoms. These relationships have not yet been studied in a population with severe mental disorder (SMD) in prison, where symptoms of anxiety and depression and impulsive behaviours have a high incidence. A controlled study was developed to assess the benefits of a mindfulness-based protocol whereby elements of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy were evaluated and compared to an adapted sport program. Twenty-two inmates from the "El Acebuche" prison aged between 23 and 58 years old participated in this study, which included a pre-, post-, and follow-up; the majority of participants had SMD and were distributed in both conditions. The DASS-21 was obtained for its evaluation. The results of the Mann-Whitney U test for independent samples indicated a significant reduction in the levels of stress and depression in the mindfulness intervention group compared to the control group in which no significant changes were observed, providing evidence on the effect of this practice in prison contexts.

Self-Stigma, Mental Health and Healthy Habits in Parent of Children with Severe Mental Disorder.

BACKGROUND: Family members who have children with Severe Mental Disorder under their care have a hard impact on them as they are faced with the task of attending to their demands and care. This is a change in their lives as it significantly interferes with their physical and social well-being. The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between self-stigma, depression, stress and anxiety and their relationship with healthy habits, such as sport and a healthy diet. METHODS: The sample consisted of 538 parents aged between 38 and 52 years (M = 43.42; SD = 13.11). The parents have children with a diagnosis of mental disorder under their care. Participants completed the Spanish adaptation of the Self-Stigma in Relatives of people with Mental Illness (SSRMI), the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), the Kidmed Scale and the WHO scale, whose responses were analysed using structural equation modelling. RESULTS: The results showed that self-stigma was positively related to anxiety, stress and depression and, in turn, these three variables were negatively related to sporting activity and healthy eating. CONCLUSION: This study, therefore, is further evidence of the impact of self-stigma at the physical and mental level on family members, which highlights the need to provide them with support tools and resources, and to work on raising social awareness of mental disorders.

Adaptation and Validation of the Eudaimonic Well-Being Questionnaire to the Spanish Sport Context.

Studies to date that have focused on the well-being of the athlete have been based on the hedonic point of view. However, there is a second point of view: eudemonia. Therefore, the present study aims to validate and adapt the Eudemonic Well-Being Scale to the sport context. The study involved 2487 from several sport clubs. Several confirmatory factor analyses were carried out and showed that the six-factor questionnaire was the one with the best fit indices. These results show that the scale is in relation to the original scale (from Spain) and to Waterman's theoretical model.

Generación de estigma hacia la esquizofrenia en estudiantes universitarios desde la teoría del marco relacional: una réplica Experimental / Generation of stigma toward schizophrenia in university students from the theory of the relational framework: An experimental Replication

El presente estudio pretende realizar un análogo experimental a los procesos estigmatizantes relativos a la esquizofrenia, replicando parcialmente el estudio de Weinstein, Wilson, Drake y Kellum (2008). Participaron 65 estudiantes universitarios de entre 18 y 25 años (M = 22,45; DT = 2,65), quienes fueron entrenados para responder a estímulos arbitrarios (triángulos o estrellas) que se relacionaron o no con el estigma hacia la esquizofrenia a través de un procedimiento de emparejamiento a la muestra (MTS). El impacto de este breve condicionamiento fue evaluado con el "Test de asociación implícita" (IAT) y el "Cuestionario de actitudes de los estudiantes hacia la esquizofrenia" (CAEE). Los resultados sugieren que esta breve historia experimental es suficiente para generar transferencia de funciones estigmatizantes a estímulos arbitrarios inicialmente neutros, t(65) = 2,89; p < 0,05; d = 0,45, lo que iría en concordancia con los postulados de la teoría del marco relacional

The present study aimed to carry out an experimental analog to the stigmatizing processes related to schizophrenia, partially replicating the study by Weinstein, Wilson, Drake and Kellum (2008). 65 University students between 18 and 25 years of age (M = 22.45, SD = 2.65) were trained to respond to arbitrary stimuli (triangles or stars) that were related or not to the stigma towards schizophrenia through a match-to-sample procedure (MTS). The impact of this brief conditioning was evaluated with the "Implicit Association Test" (IAT) and the "Questionnaire of students' attitudes towards schizophrenia" (CAEE). The results suggest that this brief experimental history is enough to generate transfer of stigmatizing functions to initially neutral arbitrary stimuli, t(65) = 2.89, p < .05, d = 0.45, which would be in accordance with the postulates of the relational frame theory

Education Students' Stigma Toward Mental Health Problems: A Cross-Cultural Comparison.

One of the main obstacles to integrating individuals with severe mental disorders into society today is the stigma directed at them. Although breakthroughs in treatment have been made in recent years, many professionals continue to admit that they do not possess enough training to combat this problem. Considering this situation, the present study analyzes the existing stigma among University Education students in three countries with different education systems and cultures, namely Spain, Russia, and Canada. A total of 1,542 students from these three countries participated in the study. ANOVA, MANOVA, and Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis were applied in the data analysis. The results showed that the highest rates of stigma were in Spain and the lowest were in Canada, while Russia displayed intermediate values. This work addresses the relevance of these results, the influence that cultural difference may have on education policies, and the need to implement anti-stigma programs in countries like Spain, which has a relatively high level of social stigma and where these programs are practically not applied at all.

Validación de la Escala de Resiliencia en Educación Física / Validation of the resilience scale to Physical Education classes

Las clases de Educación Física se caracterizan por la continua exposición por parte del alumnado de una serie de circunstancias adversas y estresantes ante las cuales en mayor o menor medida deben de enfrentarse en algún momento. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue validar y adaptar la Escala de Resiliencia en el contexto Deportivo de Trigueros, Álvarez, Aguilar-Parra y Rosado (2017) al contexto de la Educación Física. En el estudio participaron 515 estudiantes de secundaria con edades comprendidas entre los 13 y 19 años (M = 15.65; DT = 1.28) pertenecientes a varios centros educativos del sur-este de España. El análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio reveló unos índices de ajuste adecuados para la nueva versión de la escala, mostrándose la estructura factorial invariante respecto al generó. Los dos factores que integran la escala, competencia personal y aceptación de uno mismo y de la vida, obtuvieron una alta consistencia interna y estabilidad temporal. La versión española de la Escala de Resiliencia en el contexto Educación Física se mostró como un instrumento con adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para medir la resiliencia en el contexto de la Educación Física en adolescentes

Physical Education classes are characterized by the continuous exposure of students to a series of adverse and stressful circumstances which they must face at some point. Therefore, the objective of this study was to validate and adapt the Resilience Scale in the Sport context of Trigueros, Álvarez, Aguilar-Parra and Rosado (2017) to the context of Physical Education. The study involved 515 high school students aged between 13 and 19 (M = 15.65, SD = 1.28) belonging to several educational centers in the south-east of Spain. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis revealed adequate adjustment indices for the new version of the scale, showing the factorial structure invariant with respect to the generated one. The two factors that make up the scale, personal competence and acceptance of oneself and life, obtained a high internal consistency and temporary stability. The Spanish version of the Resilience Scale in the Physical Education context was shown as an instrument with adequate psychometric properties to measure resilience in the context of Physical Education in adolescents

Adaptation and validation to the spanish context of the scale of self-stigma in relatives of people with mental illness / Adaptación y validación al contexto español de la escala de autoestigma en familiares de personas con Enfermedad Mental

Stigma, and in particular self-stigma in people with severe mental disorder (GIST), is one of the main problems faced by mental health professionals. However, this problem is not only found in people who suffer from this mental illness, but its consequences affect family members in the same way. For this reason, it is necessary to adapt and validate in the Spanish context the Scale of Self-Stigma in Relatives of People with Mental Illness (AFPEM). The study involved 304 adults (M = 44.57, SD = 15.29). To analyze the psychometric properties of the scale, several analyzes have been carried out. The results of the confirmatory factorial analysis (CFA) have offered support to the questionnaire structure of 30 items, 10 items and the higher order model. The structure of the models was invariant respect to gender. Cronbach's alpha values were greater than .70 in the different subscales. The results of this study have provided evidence of validity and reliability of the AFPEM, so that various mental health professionals will have an instrument with which assesses the degree of self-stigma that family members of people with SMI have

El estigma, y en particular el autoestigma en personas con trastorno mental grave (TMG), constituyen uno de los principales problemas a los que se enfrentan los profesionales de la salud mental. Sin embargo, este problema no se encuentra únicamente en las personas que padecen esta enfermedad mental, sino que sus consecuencias afectan de igual manera a familiares allegados. Por ello, resulta necesario adaptar y validar al contexto español la Escala de Autoestigma en Familiares de Personas con Enfermedad Mental (AFPEM). En el estudio han participado 304 adultos (M=44.57; DT=15.29). Para analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala se han realizado diversos análisis. Los resultados del análisis factorial confirmatorio han ofrecido apoyo a la estructura del cuestionario tanto del de 30 ítems, el de 10 ítems como el modelo de orden superior. La estructura de los modelos se mostró invariante respecto al género. Los valores de alpha de Cronbach fueron superiores a .70 en las diferentes subescalas. Los resultados de este estudio han proporcionado evidencias de validez y fiabilidad de la AFPEM, por lo que diversos profesionales de la salud mental dispondrán de un instrumento con el que evaluar el grado de autoestigma que tienen los familiares de personas con TMG

Analysis of the Usefulness of a Serious Game to Raise Awareness about Mental Health Problems in a Sample of High School and University Students: Relationship with Familiarity and Time Spent Playing Video Games.

BACKGROUND: One of the main challenges in the field of mental health today is the stigma towards individuals who have psychological disorders. AIMS: This study aims to analyse the usefulness of applying a serious game developed for the purpose of raising awareness among students about mental health problems and analyse whether its usefulness can be influenced by the type of video games or the time that students usually devote to playing with this type of entertainment. METHOD: The serious game introduces four characters who display the symptoms of different psychological disorders. A total of 530 students participated in the study, 412 of whom comprised the experimental group and 118 the control group, 291 came from secondary school classes and 239 were university students. RESULTS: The findings show that this serious game significantly reduced total stigma among students. Variables like time habitually spent playing video games or video game preference had no bearing on the results. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the serious game is an appropriated tool to reduce stigma, both in high school and university students, independently of the type of video games that young people usually play, or time spent playing video games.

Effect of a Serious Game (Stigma-Stop) on Reducing Stigma Among Psychology Students: A Controlled Study.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a new serious game focused on reducing stigma toward mental health illness with other traditional procedures utilized in different stigma awareness programs, namely face-to-face contact with mental health patients and talks given by professionals. The Stigma-Stop serious game introduces four characters with various psychological disorders (schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, and agoraphobia) providing users with information about these disorders and pertinent questions. Furthermore, it offers players different ways of reacting when in contact with such individuals. A sample of university psychology students was selected and divided into four groups: (a) students who used Stigma-Stop, (b) direct contact with people suffering from mental health problems, (c) a talk by a professional, and (d) the control group. The results show that the serious game had an effect similar to those of direct contact with mental health patients and the talk by a professional with regard to dangerousness, avoidance, segregation, and anger. The game's results were better in terms of help when compared with the talk, and also diminished the stigma related to coercion when compared with direct contact and the talk.

Stigma-Stop: A Serious Game against the Stigma toward Mental Health in Educational Settings.

This paper presents the results from the application of a serious game called Stigma-Stop among a group of high school students with the aim of reducing the stigma toward mental illnesses. The video game features characters with various mental disorders (schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, and panic disorder with agoraphobia) and provides information about these problems. Additionally, the game asks players about whether they have ever felt the same as the characters, if they believe the characters are psychologically well, and if they think they could help these individuals. Similarly, a variety of reactions are provided for players to choose from when they encounter the characters with these problems. A total of 552 students between the ages of 14 and 18 participated in the study, and they were randomly assigned to either the experimental group, which used Stigma-Stop, or the control group, which utilized a video game completely unrelated to mental health. Both video games were used for similar lengths of time. Following the application of Stigma-Stop, a statistically significant decrease was obtained in levels of stigma toward schizophrenia, both in terms of stereotypes and, to a greater extent, its potential dangerousness. However, this was not the case in the control group. Results thus demonstrate the video game's usefulness toward eradicating erroneous notions about serious mental disorders like schizophrenia.

[Augmented renal clearance in critically ill patients: incidence, associated factors and effects on vancomycin treatment]. / Incremento da depuração renal em pacientes gravemente enfermos: incidência, fatores associados e efeitos no tratamento com vancomicina.

OBJECTIVE: An augmented renal clearance has been described in some groups of critically ill patients, and it might induce sub-optimal concentrations of drugs eliminated by glomerular filtration, mainly antibiotics. Studies on its occurrence and determinants are lacking. Our goals were to determine the incidence and associated factors of augmented renal clearance and the effects on vancomycin concentrations and dosing in a series of intensive care unit patients. METHODS: We prospectively studied 363 patients admitted during 1 year to a clinical-surgical intensive care unit. Patients with serum creatinine >1.3 mg/dL were excluded. Creatinine clearance was calculated from a 24-hour urine collection. Patients were grouped according to the presence of augmented renal clearance (creatinine clearance >120 mL/min/1.73 m²), and possible risk factors were analyzed with bivariate and logistic regression analysis. In patients treated with vancomycin, dosage and plasma concentrations were registered. RESULTS: Augmented renal clearance was present in 103 patients (28%); they were younger (48±15 versus 65±17 years, p<0.0001), had more frequent obstetric (16 versus 7%, p=0.0006) and trauma admissions (10 versus 3%, p=0.016) and fewer comorbidities. The only independent determinants for the development of augmented renal clearance were age (OR 0.95; p<0.0001; 95%CI 0.93-0.96) and absence of diabetes (OR 0.34; p=0.03; 95%CI 0.12-0.92). Twelve of the 46 patients who received vancomycin had augmented renal clearance and despite higher doses, had lower concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of critically ill patients, augmented renal clearance was a common finding. Age and absence of diabetes were the only independent determinants. Therefore, younger and previously healthy patients might require larger vancomycin dosing.

Incremento da depuração renal em pacientes gravemente enfermos: incidência, fatores associados e efeitos no tratamento com vancomicina / Augmented renal clearance in critically ill patients: incidence, associated factors and effects on vancomycin treatment

Objetivo: Foi descrito um incremento da depuração renal em alguns grupos de pacientes gravemente enfermos, o qual pode induzir à eliminação de concentrações de fármacos por filtração glomerular aquém do ideal, principalmente no caso de antibióticos. Sua ocorrência e os fatores determinantes têm sido pouco estudados. Nossos objetivos foram determinar a incidência e os fatores associados ao incremento da depuração renal, bem como seus efeitos nas concentrações e na posologia de vancomicina em uma série de pacientes em unidade de terapia intensiva. Métodos: Estudamos, de forma prospectiva, 363 pacientes admitidos durante 1 ano em uma unidade de terapia intensiva clínico-cirúrgica. Foram excluídos pacientes que tivessem nível de creatinina sérica >1,3mg/dL. A depuração de creatinina foi calculada a partir da coleta de urina de 24 horas. Os pacientes foram agrupados segundo a presença de incremento da depuração renal (depuração de creatinina >120mL/min/1,73m2), e os possíveis fatores de risco foram analisados por meio de análise bivariada e logística. Em pacientes tratados com vancomicina, foram registradas a posologia e as concentrações plasmáticas. Resultados: O incremento da depuração renal esteve presente em 103 pacientes (28%), os quais eram mais jovens (48±15 versus 65±17 anos; p<0,0001), tinham mais frequentemente admissões obstétricas (16 versus 7%; p=0,0006) e por trauma (10 versus 3%; p=0,016), e menos comorbidades. Os únicos determinantes independentes para o desenvolvimento de incremento da depuração renal foram idade (OR=0,95; IC95%=0,93-0,96; p<0,0001;) e ausência de diabetes (OR 0,34; IC95% 0,12-0,92; p=0,03). Doze dos 46 pacientes que receberam vancomicina tinham ...

Objective: An augmented renal clearance has been described in some groups of critically ill patients, and it might induce sub-optimal concentrations of drugs eliminated by glomerular filtration, mainly antibiotics. Studies on its occurrence and determinants are lacking. Our goals were to determine the incidence and associated factors of augmented renal clearance and the effects on vancomycin concentrations and dosing in a series of intensive care unit patients. Methods: We prospectively studied 363 patients admitted during 1 year to a clinical-surgical intensive care unit. Patients with serum creatinine >1.3mg/dL were excluded. Creatinine clearance was calculated from a 24-hour urine collection. Patients were grouped according to the presence of augmented renal clearance (creatinine clearance >120mL/min/1.73m2), and possible risk factors were analyzed with bivariate and logistic regression analysis. In patients treated with vancomycin, dosage and plasma concentrations were registered. Results: Augmented renal clearance was present in 103 patients (28%); they were younger (48±15 versus 65±17 years, p<0.0001), had more frequent obstetric (16 versus 7%, p=0.0006) and trauma admissions (10 versus 3%, p=0.016) and fewer comorbidities. The only independent determinants for the development of augmented renal clearance were age (OR 0.95; p<0.0001; 95%CI 0.93-0.96) and absence of diabetes (OR 0.34; p=0.03; 95%CI 0.12-0.92). Twelve of the 46 patients who received vancomycin had augmented renal clearance and despite higher doses, had lower concentrations. Conclusions: In this cohort of critically ill patients, augmented renal clearance was a common finding. Age and absence of diabetes were the only independent determinants. Therefore, younger and previously healthy patients might require larger vancomycin dosing. .

Dissociation between sublingual and gut microcirculation in the response to a fluid challenge in postoperative patients with abdominal sepsis.

BACKGROUND: This study was performed to compare intestinal and sublingual microcirculation and their response to a fluid challenge. METHODS: Twenty-two septic patients in the first postoperative day of an intestinal surgery, in which an ostomy had been constructed, were evaluated both before and 20 min after a challenge of 10 mL/kg of 6% hydroxyethylstarch 130/0.4. We measured systemic hemodynamics and sublingual and intestinal microcirculation. Correlations between variables were determined through the Pearson test. RESULTS: Fluid administration increased the cardiac index (2.6 ± 0.5 vs. 3.3 ± 1.0 L/min/m(2), P < 0.01) and mean arterial blood pressure (68 ± 11 vs. 82 ± 12 mm Hg, P < 0.0001). The sublingual but not the intestinal red blood cell (RBC) velocity increased (912 ± 270 vs. 1,064 ± 200 µm/s, P < 0.002 and 679 ± 379 vs. 747 ± 419 µm/s, P = 0.12, respectively). The sublingual and intestinal perfused vascular density (PVD) did not change significantly (15.2 ± 2.9 vs. 16.1 ± 1.2 mm/mm(2) and 12.3 ± 6.7 vs. 13.0 ± 6.7 mm/mm(2)). We found no correlation between the basal sublingual and intestinal RBC velocities or between their changes in response to the fluid challenge. The individual changes in sublingual RBC velocity correlated with those in cardiac index and basal RBC velocity. Individual changes in intestinal RBC velocity did not correlate with either the cardiac index modifications or the basal RBC velocity. The same pattern was observed with the sublingual and the intestinal PVDs. The sublingual RBC velocities and PVDs were similar between survivors and nonsurvivors. But the intestinal RBC velocities and PVDs were lower in nonsurvivors. CONCLUSIONS: In this series of postoperative septic patients, we found a dissociation between sublingual and intestinal microcirculation. The improvement in the sublingual microcirculation after fluid challenge was dependent on the basal state and the increase in cardiac output. In contrast, the intestinal microcirculation behaved as an isolated territory.

Clinical and genetic determinants of anthracycline-induced cardiac iron accumulation.

BACKGROUND: The involvement of iron in anthracycline cardiotoxicity is supported by extensive experimental data, and by the preventive efficacy of dexrazoxane, an iron chelator. However, no clinical evidence of anthracycline-induced cardiac iron accumulation is available and the influence of previous iron overload or of genetic factors in human-induced heart disease is largely unknown. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that anthracyclines increase iron heart concentration and that HFE genotype modulates this iron deposit. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated cardiac events, cardiac iron and HFE genotype in 97 consecutive necropsies from patients with solid and hematological neoplasms. Heart and liver iron concentration was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. HFE gene mutations (C282Y and H63D) linked to hereditary hemochromatosis were analyzed by Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) genotyping. RESULTS: Heart iron concentration was increased in cases treated with a cumulative doxorubicin dose greater than 200mg/m(2) (490 vs 240 µg/g; p=0.01), independently of liver iron load or transfusion history. HFE mutated haplotypes 282C/63D (p=0.049) and 282Y/63H (p=0.027) were associated to higher cardiac iron deposits. The haplotype C282Y-Y/H63D-H interacted with anthracyclines for increasing cardiac iron load. In a multivariate linear regression analysis both HFE genotypes and anthracyclines contributed to heart iron concentration (R(2)=0.284). CONCLUSIONS: Our data support the occurrence of an HFE-modulated heart iron accumulation in individuals treated with anthracyclines, independently of systemic iron load. If prospectively confirmed, iron-related parameters might be useful as predictive factors for anthracycline cardiotoxicity.