Pyrethroid susceptibility reversal in Aedes aegypti: A longitudinal study in Tapachula, Mexico.

Pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti has become widespread after almost two decades of frequent applications to reduce the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. Because few insecticide classes are available for public health use, insecticide resistance management (IRM) is proposed as a strategy to retain their use. A key hypothesis of IRM assumes that negative fitness is associated with resistance, and when insecticides are removed from use, susceptibility is restored. In Tapachula, Mexico, pyrethroids (PYRs) were used exclusively by dengue control programs for 15 years, thereby contributing to selection for high PYR resistance in mosquitoes and failure in dengue control. In 2013, PYRs were replaced by organophosphates-insecticides from a class with a different mode of action. To test the hypothesis that PYR resistance is reversed in the absence of PYRs, we monitored Ae. aegypti's PYR resistance from 2016 to 2021 in Tapachula. We observed significant declining rates in the lethal concentration 50 (LC50), for permethrin and deltamethrin. For each month following the discontinuation of PYR use by vector control programs, we observed increases in the odds of mosquitoes dying by 1.5% and 8.4% for permethrin and deltamethrin, respectively. Also, knockdown-resistance mutations (kdr) in the voltage-gated sodium channel explained the variation in the permethrin LC50s, whereas variation in the deltamethrin LC50s was only explained by time. This trend was rapidly offset by application of a mixture of neonicotinoid and PYRs by vector control programs. Our results suggest that IRM strategies can be used to reverse PYR resistance in Ae. aegypti; however, long-term commitment by operational and community programs will be required for success.

Mechanical thrombectomy in intermediate- and high-risk acute pulmonary embolism: hemodynamic outcomes at three months.

BACKGROUND: Mechanical thrombectomy has been shown to reduce thrombus burden and pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and to improve right ventricular (RV) function in patients with high-risk or intermediate-high-risk pulmonary embolism (PE). As hemodynamic data after mechanical thrombectomy for PE are scarce, we aimed to assess the hemodynamic effects of mechanical thrombectomy in acute PE with right heart overload. METHODS: In this prospective, open-label study, patients with acute symptomatic, computed tomography-documented PE with signs of right heart overload underwent mechanical thrombectomy using the FlowTriever System. Right heart catheterization was performed immediately before and after thrombectomy and after three months. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed before thrombectomy, discharge, and at three months. This analysis was done after 20 patients completed three months of follow-up. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients (34% female) underwent mechanical thrombectomy, of which 20 completed three months follow-up with right heart catheterization. Most patients were at high (17%) or intermediate-high (76%) risk and had bilateral PE (79%). Before thrombectomy, systolic PAP (sPAP) was severely elevated (mean 51.3 ± 11.6 mmHg). Mean sPAP dropped by -15.0 mmHg (95% confidence interval [CI]: -18.9 to -11.0; p < 0.001) immediately after the procedure and continued to decrease from post-thrombectomy to three months (-6.4 mmHg, 95% CI: -10-0 to -2.9; p = 0.002). RV/left ventricular (LV) ratio immediately reduced within two days by -0.37 (95% CI: -0.47 to -0.27; p < 0.001). The proportion of patients with a tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE)/sPAP ratio < 0.31 mm/mmHg decreased from 28% at baseline to 0% before discharge and at three months (p = 0.007). There were no procedure-related major adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Mechanical thrombectomy for acute PE was safe and immediately reduced PAP and improved right heart function. The reduction in PAP was maintained at three months follow-up.

Positive Chemotaxis of the Entomopathogenic Nematode Steinernema australe (Panagrolaimorpha: Steinenematidae) towards High-Bush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) Root Volatiles.

The foraging behavior of the infective juveniles (IJs) of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) relies on host-derived compounds, but in a tri-trophic context, herbivore-induced root volatiles act as signals enhancing the biological control of insect pests by recruiting EPNs. In southern Chile, the EPN Steinernema australe exhibits the potential to control the raspberry weevil, Aegorhinus superciliosus, a key pest of blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum. However, there is no information on the quality of the blueberry root volatile plume or the S. australe response to these chemicals as putative attractants. Here, we describe the root volatile profile of blueberries and the chemotaxis behavior of S. australe towards the volatiles identified from Vaccinium corymbosum roots, infested or uninfested with A. superciliosus larvae. Among others, we found linalool, α-terpineol, limonene, eucalyptol, 2-carene, 1-nonine, 10-undecyn-1-ol, and methyl salicylate in root volatiles and, depending on the level of the emissions, they were selected for bioassays. In the dose-response tests, S. australe was attracted to all five tested concentrations of methyl salicylate, 1-nonine, α-terpineol, and 2-carene, as well as to 100 µg mL-1 of 10-undecyn-1-ol, 0.1 and 100 µg mL-1 of linalool, and 100 µg mL-1 of limonene, whereas eucalyptol elicited no attraction or repellency. These results suggest that some volatiles released from damaged roots attract S. australe and may have implications for the biocontrol of subterranean pests.

Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus Adults Found Coexisting in Urban and Semiurban Dwellings of Southern Chiapas, Mexico.

Tapachula, Mexico, a tropical city, is an endemic area for dengue, in addition to several outbreaks in the last decade with chikungunya and zika. As part of the migratory corridor from Central to North America and the risks of scattered infectious diseases that this implies, the identification and distribution of potential disease vectors in and around residential areas are essential in terms of entomological surveillance for the prevention of disease outbreaks. The identification of mosquito species of medical importance coexisting in houses and cemeteries in Tapachula and two semiurban sites in southern Chiapas was investigated. Adult mosquitoes were collected from May to December 2018, resting inside and outside houses and in the tombstones and fallen tree leaves in cemeteries. A total of 10,883 mosquitoes belonging to three vector species were collected across 20 sites; 6738 were from neighborhood houses, of which 55.4% were Culex quinquefasciatus, 41.6% Aedes aegypti, and 2.9% Ae. albopictus. Aedes aegypti was the most common mosquito resting inside houses (56.7%), while Ae. albopictus and Cx. quinquefasciatus were mostly found resting outside houses (75.7%). In the cemeteries, Cx. quinquefasciatus (60.8%) and Ae. albopictus (37.3%) were the most abundant, while Ae. aegypti (1.9%) was the least abundant. This is the first report to identify adults of three major disease vector species coexisting in the domestic environment of urban and semiurban sites and Ae. albopictus adult resting inside of urban houses in Mexico. It would be opportune to consider comprehensive strategies that can be applied in this region to control the three species at the same time and avoid outbreaks of the diseases they transmit.

Permethrin resistance in Aedes aegypti: Genomic variants that confer knockdown resistance, recovery, and death.

Pyrethroids are one of the few classes of insecticides available to control Aedes aegypti, the major vector of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. Unfortunately, evolving mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance in mosquito populations threaten our ability to control disease outbreaks. Two common pyrethroid resistance mechanisms occur in Ae. aegypti: 1) knockdown resistance, which involves amino acid substitutions at the pyrethroid target site-the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC)-and 2) enhanced metabolism by detoxification enzymes. When a heterogeneous population of mosquitoes is exposed to pyrethroids, different responses occur. During exposure, a proportion of mosquitoes exhibit immediate knockdown, whereas others are not knocked-down and are designated knockdown resistant (kdr). When these individuals are removed from the source of insecticide, the knocked-down mosquitoes can either remain in this status and lead to dead or recover within a few hours. The proportion of these phenotypic responses is dependent on the pyrethroid concentration and the genetic background of the population tested. In this study, we sequenced and performed pairwise genome comparisons between kdr, recovered, and dead phenotypes in a pyrethroid-resistant colony from Tapachula, Mexico. We identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with each phenotype and identified genes that are likely associated with the mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance, including detoxification, the cuticle, and insecticide target sites. We identified high association between kdr and mutations at VGSC and moderate association with additional insecticide target site, detoxification, and cuticle protein coding genes. Recovery was associated with cuticle proteins, the voltage-dependent calcium channel, and a different group of detoxification genes. We provide a list of detoxification genes under directional selection in this field-resistant population. Their functional roles in pyrethroid metabolism and their potential uses as genomic markers of resistance require validation.

Permethrin Resistance Status and Associated Mechanisms in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) From Chiapas, Mexico.

There are major public health concerns regarding the spread of mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya, which are mainly controlled by using insecticides against the vectors, Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse). Pyrethroids are the primary class of insecticides used for vector control, due to their rapid knockdown effect and low toxicity to vertebrates. Unfortunately, continued use of pyrethroids has led to widespread insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti; however, we lack information for Ae. albopictus-a sympatric species in Chiapas since 2002. In this study, we evaluated the permethrin resistance status of Ae. albopictus collected from Mexico and Texas. We also selected for permethrin resistance in the laboratory and investigated the potential mechanisms conferring resistance in this species. Knockdown resistance mutations, specifically F1534C, in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene, and increased activity of detoxifying enzymes were evaluated. Low levels of permethrin resistance (<2.4-fold) were observed in our field populations of Ae. albopictus and the F1534C mutation was not detected in any of the sites. Low levels of resistance were also observed in the artificially selected strain. There was significantly higher cytochrome P450 activity in our permethrin-selected and nonselected strains from Mexico compared to the control strain. Our results suggest the Ae. albopictus sampled from 2016 are mostly susceptible to pyrethroids. These results contrast with the high levels of permethrin resistance (>58-fold) found in Ae. aegypti from the same sites in Mexico. This research indicates the importance of continued monitoring of Ae. albopictus populations to prevent resistance from developing in the future.

Antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of new sphingolipids and other constituents isolated from Cissus incisa leaves.

Cissus incisa is used in traditional Mexican medicine to treat certain ailments, infectious or cancerous diseases. Excepting for our previous research, this species had no scientific reports validating its traditional use. In this study, we evaluated the antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of the sphingolipids and others phytocompounds isolated from C. incisa leaves to increase the scientific knowledge of the Mexican flora. The antibacterial activity was evaluated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by the Microdilution method. Meanwhile, the cytotoxic potential was determined on six human cancer cells: PC3, Hep3B, HepG2, MCF7, A549, and HeLa; using an aqueous solution cell proliferation assay kit. A cell line of immortalized human hepatocytes (IHH) was included as a control of non-cancerous cells. Selectivity index (SI) was determined only against the hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. The phytochemical investigation of C. incisa leaves resulted in the isolation and characterization of five compounds: 2-(2'-hydroxydecanoyl amino)-1,3,4-hexadecanotriol-8-ene (1), 2,3-dihydroxypropyl tetracosanoate (2), ß-sitosterol-D-glucopyranoside (3), α-amyrin-3-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (4), and a mixture of cerebrosides (5). Until now, this is the first report of the sphingolipids (1), (5-IV) and (5-V). Only the compound (4) and cerebrosides (5) exhibited antibacterial activity reaching a MIC value of 100 µg/mL against Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to carbapenems. While, the acetylated derivate of (3), compound (3Ac) showed the best cytotoxic result against PC3 (IC50 = 43 ± 4 µg/mL) and Hep3B (IC50 = 49.0 ± 4 µg/mL) cancer cell lines. Likewise, (3Ac) achieved better SI values on HepG2 and Hep3B cell lines. This research reveals the importance of study medicinal plants, to identify bioactive molecules as sources of potential drugs. The presence of these compounds allows us to justify the use of this plant in traditional Mexican medicine.

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of acute myocardial infarction in a referral peruvian hospital. / Características clínicas y epidemiológicas del infarto de miocardio agudo en un hospital peruano de referencia.

To determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with acute myocardial infarc tion, a descriptive study was conducted in 175 patients in a referral hospital in Lima. The average age of the patients was 68.7 ± 10.8 years and 74.8% were male. The main reperfusion strategy used was percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty + stent, however, the use of primary angioplasty was low (19.5% of patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction). Time to reperfusion therapies (angio plasty or fibrinolysis) were longer than recommended and the percentage of surgical revascularization was high. Almost 60% of the patients had a length of stay longer than seven days. In-hospital mortality was 3.4%, with cardiogenic shock being the most frequent cause of death. Myocardial infarction mainly affects men over 60 years, the clinical and epidemiological variables are like other regional reports. The main reperfusion strategy is angioplasty, although the use of primary angioplasty is low. Time to perfor ming reperfusion is longer than recommended and the percentage of surgical revascularization is high.

Con el objetivo de determinar las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los pacientes con infarto de miocardio agudo (IMA), se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 175 pacientes de un hospital peruano de referencia. La edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 68,7 años y el 74,8% fueron de sexo masculino. La principal estrategia de reperfusión utilizada fue la angioplastia coronaria transluminal percutánea + stent, aunque su uso primario resultó ser bajo; además, el porcentaje de revascularización quirúrgica fue alto. Casi el 60% de los pacientes tuvo una estancia hospitalaria mayor a siete días. La mortalidad intra hospitalaria fue de 3,4%, siendo el shock cardiogénico la causa más frecuente de muerte. Se concluye que el IMA afecta principalmente a varones mayores de 60 años y que la principal estrategia de reperfusión es la angioplastia, además, los tiempos para la realización de la reperfusión son mayores a lo recomendado con porcentajes altos de revascularización quirúrgica.

Características clínicas y epidemiológicas del infarto de miocardio agudo en un hospital peruano de referencia / Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of acute myocardial infarction in a referral peruvian hospital

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de determinar las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los pacientes con infarto de miocardio agudo (IMA), se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 175 pacientes de un hospital peruano de referencia. La edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 68,7 años y el 74,8% fueron de sexo masculino. La principal estrategia de reperfusión utilizada fue la angioplastia coronaria transluminal percutánea + stent, aunque su uso primario resultó ser bajo; además, el porcentaje de revascularización quirúrgica fue alto. Casi el 60% de los pacientes tuvo una estancia hospitalaria mayor a siete días. La mortalidad intra hospitalaria fue de 3,4%, siendo el shock cardiogénico la causa más frecuente de muerte. Se concluye que el IMA afecta principalmente a varones mayores de 60 años y que la principal estrategia de reperfusión es la angioplastia, además, los tiempos para la realización de la reperfusión son mayores a lo recomendado con porcentajes altos de revascularización quirúrgica.

ABSTRACT To determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with acute myocardial infarc tion, a descriptive study was conducted in 175 patients in a referral hospital in Lima. The average age of the patients was 68.7 ± 10.8 years and 74.8% were male. The main reperfusion strategy used was percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty + stent, however, the use of primary angioplasty was low (19.5% of patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction). Time to reperfusion therapies (angio plasty or fibrinolysis) were longer than recommended and the percentage of surgical revascularization was high. Almost 60% of the patients had a length of stay longer than seven days. In-hospital mortality was 3.4%, with cardiogenic shock being the most frequent cause of death. Myocardial infarction mainly affects men over 60 years, the clinical and epidemiological variables are like other regional reports. The main reperfusion strategy is angioplasty, although the use of primary angioplasty is low. Time to perfor ming reperfusion is longer than recommended and the percentage of surgical revascularization is high.

Nanotoxicological study of downconversion Y2 O3 :Eu3+ luminescent nanoparticles functionalized with folic acid for cancer cells bioimaging.

Luminescent lanthanide downconversion nanoparticles (DCNPs) provide a combination of high luminescence intensity, sharp emission peaks with narrow bandwidth and a large Stokes' shift, leading to high-performance biomedical applications mainly for imaging. The purpose of this study is to present a nanotoxicological study of DCNPs Y2 O3 codoped with Eu3+ and functionalized with folic acid (FA). These assessments include cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, hemocompatibility, and in vitro inflammatory studies. We demonstrated by flow cytometry and confocal microscope the internalization of FA-DCNPs in breast cancer and melanoma cells. They were synthesized by sol-gel method and coated with a thin silica shell to make them biocompatible; also they were functionalized with amino groups and FA ligands that bind to the folate receptors (FR) located on the surface of the cancer cells studied. This functionalization enables the DCNPs to be internalized into the cancer cells via endocytosis by the conjugation FA-FR. The DCNPs were characterized with transmission electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and photoluminescence. The nanotoxicological assessments demonstrated that both nanoparticles (bare and functionalized) are no cytotoxic and no genotoxic at the tested concentrations (0.01-20 µg/mL) in three cell lines (breast, skin cancer, and osteoblasts). Also they are hemocompatible and do not exert nitric oxide production in vitro by macrophages. The FA-DCNPs were clearly localized into the cell cytoplasm with bright red luminescence. Thus, herein we present a complete nanotoxicological study of FA-DCNPs Y2 O3 codoped with Eu3+ and we conclude that these nanoparticles are biocompatible and can be further used for cancer cells bioimaging.

Preoperative Bevacizumab for Tractional Retinal Detachment in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial.

PURPOSE: To assess the effectiveness and safety of an intravitreal injection of 1.25 mg bevacizumab (IVB) as a preoperative adjunct to small-gauge pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) compared with PPV alone in eyes with tractional retinal detachment secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy. METHODS: This prospective, double-masked, randomized, multicenter, active-controlled clinical trial enrolled 224 eyes of 224 patients between November 2013 and July 2015. All eyes underwent a baseline examination including best-corrected visual acuity, color photos, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescein angiography. Data were collected on intraoperative bleeding, total surgical time, early (<1 month) postoperative vitreous hemorrhage, and mean change in best-corrected visual acuity at 12 months. P < .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 214 patients (214 eyes) were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to PPV plus IVB ([study group] 102 eyes) or PPV plus sham ([control] 112 eyes). Iatrogenic retinal breaks were noted intraoperatively in 35 eyes (34.3%) in the study group, and 66 eyes (58.9%) in the control group (P = .001). Grade 2 intraoperative bleeding was noted in 32 (31.3%) eyes in the study group and 58 (51.7 %) eyes in the control group (P = .001). Endodiathermy was necessary in 28 (27.4 %) eyes in the study group, compared with 75 (66.9%) eyes in the control group (P = .0001). Mean surgical time was 71.3 ± 32.1 minutes in the study group and 83.6 ± 38.7 minutes in the control group (P = .061). CONCLUSION: Preoperative IVB seems to reduce intraoperative bleeding, improving surgical field visualization, and reducing intraoperative and postoperative complications. NOTE: Publication of this article is sponsored by the American Ophthalmological Society.

Entomopathogenic nematology in Latin America: A brief history, current research and future prospects.

Since the 1980s, research into entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in Latin America has produced many remarkable discoveries. In fact, 16 out of the 117 recognized species of EPNs have been recovered and described in the subcontinent, with many more endemic species and/or strains remaining to be discovered and identified. In addition, from an applied perspective, numerous technological innovations have been accomplished in relation to their implementation in biocontrol. EPNs have been evaluated against over 170 species of agricultural and urban insects, mites, and plant-parasitic nematodes under laboratory and field conditions. While much success has been recorded, many accomplishments remain obscure, due to their publication in non-English journals, thesis dissertations, conference proceedings, and other non-readily available sources. The present review provides a brief history of EPNs in Latin America, including current findings and future perspectives.

Degradation of malachite green by a pulsed light/H2O2 process.

Pulsed light (PL) is a type of photonic technology characterized by intense short light pulses that enhance the speed of photochemical reactions, and which might be useful as light source in advanced oxidation processes. This work aimed to test PL as light source for the degradation of the dye malachite green (MG) by combining PL with H2O2. To this end, the effect of dye and H2O2 concentrations and pH on the degradation rate of MG was studied and a degradation pathway was proposed. Dye degradation followed a pseudo-first order kinetics; it increased with low initial dye concentration, high H2O2 concentration and low pH. Complete decolourization was achieved after 35 light pulses (75 J/cm2), with a degradation rate of 0.0710 cm2/J. The degradation was initiated by the attack of hydroxyl radicals to the central carbon of MG generating 4-(dimethylamino)benzophenone (DLBP) followed by the addition of hydroxyl radicals to the non-amino aromatic ring of DLBP and the demethylation of the amino group. Results indicate that PL technology has potential to be implemented to decrease the environmental impact of dyeing industries.

Pulsed light inactivation of polygalacturonase.

Pulsed light is a non-thermal technology capable to inactivate enzymes. This study investigated the effect of pulsed light on the activity of polygalacturonase, and on the structure of the enzyme by means of fluorescence emission spectra, free sulphydryl detection and analysis of changes in parameter A and phase-diagram. The results showed that pulsed light is able to inactivate polygalacturonase in buffer, with >90% reduction of enzyme activity after applying 128 J/cm2 and a first-order kinetic constant of 0.0426 cm2/J under the experimental conditions. The free sulfhydryl detection revealed the rupture of sulfhydryl bridges. Fluorescence spectra analysis showed that the tertiary structure of polygalacturonase was changed. Phase diagram analysis shows the existence of only two populated states. It is suggested that the inactivation of polygalacturonase by pulsed light is an all-or-none process where disulfide bridges are broken and the enzyme is unfolded.

Relationship between endotoxin core, staphylococcal and varicella antibody levels and outcome following aortic valve replacement surgery: a prospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Morbidity and mortality following cardiac valve surgery is high. Immunity is an important contributor to outcome. This study examines the relationship of staphylococcal and endotoxin antibody levels to outcome following cardiac surgery. METHODS: Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), we measured pre-operative levels of antibodies to endotoxin core (EndoCAb); 3 common staphylococcal epitopes and varicella on saved serum of 60 adult patients scheduled to undergo elective primary surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR). Primary outcome measure was post-operative length of stay (LOS) in hospital with secondary outcomes being development of infective complications, length of stay on the intensive care unit (ICU) and 30-day mortality. Patients were quartiled according to antibody levels and outcomes compared between the quartile groups using Mann-Whitney tests for length of stay and Fisher's test for development of infection. RESULTS: Sixty patients (34 M, 26 F) were recruited with mean age 73 years (IQR 66-78), mean body mass index (BMI) 27.7 (IQR 25-31) and EuroSCORE II 1.44 (0.95-1.99). Those patients in the lower quartile for pre-operative antibody level had a longer post-operative stay than the upper quartile. EndoCAb (median IgG level Q1 42.2 MU/ml vs Q4 256 MU/ml) 9 vs 6 days, p = 0.025; alpha-toxin (median IgG level Q1 63 U vs Q4 558 U) 10 vs 7 days, p = 0.034; teichoic acid (median IgG level Q1 14 U vs Q4 419 U) 10 vs 8 days, p = 0.441; staphylococcal enterotoxin A (median IgG level Q1 55 U vs Q4 427 U) 9 vs 7 days, p = 0.865; varicella zoster (median IgG level Q1 1.325 U vs Q4 2.54 U) 8 vs 7 days, p = 1.0; and combined antibody levels 10 vs 6 days, p = 0.017. There were no differences in the number developing post-operative infections for each antibody type. The combined antibody analysis suggested a reduction in proportion of individuals developing infection from the upper vs lower quartile: 0 vs 0.33, p = 0.042. CONCLUSIONS: This study again suggests the inverse relationship between endotoxin core antibody levels and outcome following aortic valve surgery as well as suggesting a similar relationship with antibodies to staphylococcus. There is no such relationship for antibody levels against an organism not providing a peri-operative threat. Understanding this relationship may enable therapeutic manipulation of immune status, re-evaluation of risk and further investigation of the low immune state. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The patients in this study are a sub-group of the RELIEF AS study.ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02174471.

Methylation and dealkykation of tin compounds by sulfate- and nitrate-reducing bacteria.

In this study, axenic cultures of sulfate-reducing (SRB) and nitrate-reducing (NRB) bacteria were examined for their ability to methylate inorganic tin and to methylate or dealkylate butyltin compounds. Environmentally relevant concentrations of natural abundance tributyltin (TBT) and 116Sn-enriched inorganic tin were added to bacterial cultures to identify bacterial-mediated methylation and dealkylation reactions. The results show that none of the Desulfovibrio strains tested was able to induce any transformation process. In contrast, Desulfobulbus propionicus strain DSM-6523 degraded TBT either under sulfidogenic or non-sulfidogenic conditions. In addition, it was able to alkykate 116Sn-enriched inorganic tin leading to the formation of more toxic dimethyltin and trimethyltin. A similar capacity was observed for incubations of Pseudomonas but with a much greater dealkykation of TBT. As such, Pseudomonas sp. ADR42 degraded 61% of the initial TBT under aerobic conditions and 35% under nitrate-reducing conditions. This is the first work reporting a simultaneous TBT degradation and a methylation of both inorganic tin species and TBT dealkykation products by SRB and NRB under anoxic conditions. These reactions are environmentally relevant as they can control the mobility of these compounds in aquatic ecosystems; as well as their toxicity toward resident organisms.

Freshwater macroinvertebrate samples from a water quality monitoring network in the Iberian Peninsula.

This dataset gathers information about the macroinvertatebrate samples and environmental variables collected on rivers of the Ebro River Basin (NE Iberian Peninsula), the second largest catchment in the Iberian Peninsula. The collection is composed of 1,776 sampling events carried out between 2005 and 2015 at more than 400 sampling sites. This dataset is part of a monitoring network set up by the Ebro Hydrographic Confederation, the official body entrusted with the care of the basin, to fulfill the requirements of the European Water Framework Directive. Biological indices based on the freshwater macroinvertebrate communities were used to evaluate the ecological status of the water bodies within the basin. Samples were qualitatively screened for all occurring taxa. Then, all individuals from all taxa in a quantitative subsample of each sample were counted. Biological indices were calculated to estimate water quality at each sampling site. All samples are kept at the Museum of Zoology of the University of Navarra.

25 años de Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: protocolo de aplicación, hipótesis de funcionamiento y revisión sistemática de su eficacia en el trastorno por estrés postraumático / 25 years of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): The EMDR therapy protocol, hypotheses of its mechanism of action and a systematic review of its efficacy in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder

El tratamiento de desensibilización y reprocesamiento por movimiento ocular (EMDR de sus siglas en inglés: eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) es una terapia relativamente novedosa que de forma progresiva ha ido ganando popularidad en el tratamiento del trastorno por estrés postraumático. El objetivo de este trabajo es introducir el protocolo estándar EMDR, ofrecer una revisión de las hipótesis actuales sobre su mecanismo de acción y analizar la evidencia científica disponible sobre su eficacia clínica en pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de trastorno por estrés postraumático. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura publicada en las bases de datos PubMed y PsycINFO con los términos «eye movement desensitization and reprocessing» y «posttraumatic stress disorder» y sus contracciones en inglés «EMDR» y «PTSD». Se obtuvieron como resultado 15 ensayos controlados aleatorizados de elevada calidad metodológica que compararon EMDR con tratamientos no específicos, lista de espera y con tratamientos específicos. Los resultados de estos estudios permiten concluir que EMDR es una herramienta útil y basada en evidencia científica, tal y como refleja su reciente recomendación como tratamiento de elección en el trastorno por estrés postraumático por parte de distintas organizaciones internacionales de salud

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively new psychotherapy that has gradually gained popularity for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. In the present work, the standardised EMDR protocol is introduced, along with current hypotheses of its mechanism of action, as well as a critical review of the available literature on its clinical effectiveness in adult post-traumatic stress disorder. A systematic review of the published literature was performed using PubMed and PsycINFO databases with the keywords «eye movement desensitization and reprocessing» and «post-traumatic stress disorder» and its abbreviations «EMDR» and «PTSD». Fifteen randomised controlled trials of good methodological quality were selected. These studies compared EMDR with unspecific interventions, waiting lists, or specific therapies. Overall, the results of these studies suggest that EMDR is a useful, evidence-based tool for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder, in line with recent recommendations from different international health organizations