RESUMEN
Cystic lung diseases present uncommonly and have an undetermined incidence. Cysts result from a broad spectrum of causative mechanisms and diseases leading to variable clinical presentations. The pathogenic mechanisms that can lead to lung cyst formation include infection, neoplastic, systemic, traumatic, genetic and congenital processes. A rigorous, systemic and multidisciplinary approach is advised in the diagnostic workup of these conditions. In this article, we review cystic lung diseases including their presentation and management.
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Quistes , Enfermedades Pulmonares , Quistes/diagnóstico , Quistes/epidemiología , Quistes/terapia , Humanos , Pulmón , Enfermedades Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Pulmonares/epidemiología , Enfermedades Pulmonares/etiologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Light chain deposition disease is a rare anatomo-clinical disorder, which rarely leads to cystic lung destruction. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 62years old female patient with a history of a monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance who developed progressive dyspnea. Thoracic CT-scan demonstrated a diffuse pulmonary cystic disorder with predominance in the right lower lobe. Thoracoscopic surgical resection of that lobe led to a diagnosis of non-amyloid kappa light chain deposits. Surgery also resulted in a lung volume reduction effect with clinical and functional benefits related to improved ventilation of adjacent segments. CONCLUSION: This report of pulmonary cystic disorder related to a light chain deposition disease highlights the potential clinical and functional benefits observed after lung volume reduction surgery.
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Quistes/cirugía , Cadenas Ligeras de Inmunoglobulina/metabolismo , Enfermedades Pulmonares/cirugía , Gammopatía Monoclonal de Relevancia Indeterminada/cirugía , Agregación Patológica de Proteínas/patología , Quistes/metabolismo , Quistes/patología , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Humanos , Amiloidosis de Cadenas Ligeras de las Inmunoglobulinas/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Pulmonares/metabolismo , Enfermedades Pulmonares/patología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Gammopatía Monoclonal de Relevancia Indeterminada/complicaciones , Gammopatía Monoclonal de Relevancia Indeterminada/diagnóstico , Gammopatía Monoclonal de Relevancia Indeterminada/patología , Neumonectomía , Agregación Patológica de Proteínas/complicaciones , Agregación Patológica de Proteínas/diagnóstico , Agregación Patológica de Proteínas/metabolismo , Resultado del TratamientoAsunto(s)
Aneurisma Falso/diagnóstico por imagen , Aneurisma Falso/cirugía , Aneurisma Cardíaco/diagnóstico por imagen , Aneurisma Cardíaco/cirugía , Aneurisma Falso/patología , Puente de Arteria Coronaria , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Ecocardiografía , Electrocardiografía , Aneurisma Cardíaco/patología , Ventrículos Cardíacos/patología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
AIMS: The objective assessment of maximal exercise capacity (MEC) using peak oxygen consumption (VO2) measurement may be helpful in the management of asymptomatic aortic stenosis (AS) patients. However, the relationship between left ventricular (LV) function and MEC has been relatively unexplored. We aimed to identify which echocardiographic parameters of LV systolic function can predict MEC in asymptomatic AS. METHODS AND RESULTS: Asymptomatic patients with moderate to severe AS (n = 44, aortic valve area <1.5 cm(2), 66 ± 13 years, 75% of men) and preserved LV ejection fraction (LVEF > 50%) were prospectively referred for resting echocardiography and cardiopulmonary exercise test. LV longitudinal strain (LS) of each myocardial segment was measured by speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) from the apical (aLS) 4-, 2-, and 3-chamber views. An average value of the LS of the analysable segments was provided for each myocardial region: basal (bLS), mid (mLS), and aLS. LV circumferential and radial strains were measured from short-axis views. Peak VO2 was 20.1 ± 5.8 mL/kg/min (median 20.7 mL/kg/min; range 7.2-32.3 mL/kg/min). According to the median of peak VO2, patients with reduced MEC were significantly older (P < 0.001) and more frequently females (P = 0.05). There were significant correlations between peak VO2 and age (r = -0.44), LV end-diastolic volume (r = 0.35), LV stroke volume (r = 0.37), indexed stroke volume (r = 0.32), and E/e' ratio (r = -0.37, all P < 0.04). Parameters of AS severity and LVEF did not correlate with peak VO2 (P = NS for all). Among LV deformation parameters, bLS and mLS were significantly associated with peakVO2 (r = 0.43, P = 0.005, and r = 0.32, P = 0.04, respectively). With multivariable analysis, female gender (ß = 4.9; P = 0.008) and bLS (ß = 0.50; P = 0.03) were the only independent determinants (r(2) = 0.423) of peak VO2. CONCLUSION: In asymptomatic AS, impaired LV myocardial longitudinal function determines reduced MEC. Basal LS was the only parameter of LV regional function independently associated with MEC.
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Estenosis de la Válvula Aórtica/diagnóstico por imagen , Estenosis de la Válvula Aórtica/fisiopatología , Ecocardiografía/métodos , Prueba de Esfuerzo , Disfunción Ventricular Izquierda/diagnóstico por imagen , Disfunción Ventricular Izquierda/fisiopatología , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Consumo de Oxígeno/fisiología , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: We evaluated the rate of significant colonic and extra-colonic abnormalities at computed tomography colonography (CTC), according to symptoms and age. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 7361 consecutive average-risk subjects (3073 males, average age: 60.3 ± 13.9; range 18-96 years) for colorectal cancer (CRC) who underwent CTC. They were divided into three groups according to clinical symptoms: 1343 asymptomatic individuals (group A), 899 patients with at least one "alarm" symptom for CRC, including rectal bleeding and unexplained weight loss (group C), and 5119 subjects with other gastrointestinal symptoms (group B). Diagnostic and test-positive rates of CTC were established using optical colonoscopy (OC) and/or surgery as reference standard. In addition, clinically significant extra-colonic findings were noted. RESULTS: 903 out of 7361 (12%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.11-0.13) subjects had at least one clinically significant colonic finding at CTC. CTC true positive fraction and false positive fraction were respectively 637/642 (99.2%, 95%CI 0.98-0.99) and 55/692 (7.95%, 95%CI 0.05-0.09). The pooled test-positive rate in group C (138/689, 20.0%, 95%CI 0.17-0.23) was significantly higher than in both groups A (79/1343, 5.9%, 95%CI 0.04-0.07) and B (420/5329, 7.5%, 95%CI 0.07-0.08) (p < 0.001). Aging and male gender were associated to a higher test positive rate. The rate of clinically significant extra-colonic findings was significantly higher in group C (44/689, 6.4%, 95%CI 0.04-0.08) versus groups A (26/1343, 1.9%, 95%CI 0.01-0.02) and B (64/5329, 1.2%, 95%CI 0.01-0.02) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Both test-positive and significant extra-colonic finding rates at CTC are significantly increased in the presence of "alarm" gastrointestinal symptoms especially in older patients.
RESUMEN
Coronary computed tomography is an emerging technique for the diagnosis of coronary heart disease. Based on a clinical case, we discuss the diagnostic evaluation of chest pain and the role of coronary CT.
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Angiografía Coronaria/métodos , Enfermedad Coronaria/diagnóstico por imagen , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Dolor en el Pecho/diagnóstico por imagen , Dolor en el Pecho/etiología , Enfermedad Coronaria/complicaciones , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Technological innovations have endowed the development of powerful tools in medical imaging, such as transcranial color-coded sonography. In addition to other imaging techniques, its relevance in cerebrovascular disorders is increasing. This article aims to describe the technique through specification of its current indications in patients with arterial cervical and intracranial stenosis.
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Arteriopatías Oclusivas/diagnóstico por imagen , Circulación Cerebrovascular , Ultrasonografía Doppler en Color , Ultrasonografía Doppler Transcraneal/métodos , HumanosRESUMEN
Contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging allows the evaluation of both myocardial perfusion and myocardial tissue characteristics. This paper reviews different microvascular and non-vascular conditions that can cause abnormal findings on contrast-enhanced myocardial magnetic resonance imaging. Knowledge of their characteristics can avoid misinterpretation and avoid inappropriate referral for further invasive imaging in patients suspected of myocardial vascular disease.
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Medios de Contraste , Cardiopatías/diagnóstico , Aumento de la Imagen/métodos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Miocardio/patología , Enfermedades Vasculares/diagnóstico , Cardiopatías/patología , Humanos , Angiografía por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Enfermedades Vasculares/patologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To translate the individual abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) patient's biomechanical rupture risk profile to risk-equivalent diameters, and to retrospectively test their predictability in ruptured and non-ruptured aneurysms. METHODS: Biomechanical parameters of ruptured and non-ruptured AAAs were retrospectively evaluated in a multicenter study. General patient data and high resolution computer tomography angiography (CTA) images from 203 non-ruptured and 40 ruptured aneurysmal infrarenal aortas. Three-dimensional AAA geometries were semi-automatically derived from CTA images. Finite element (FE) models were used to predict peak wall stress (PWS) and peak wall rupture index (PWRI) according to the individual anatomy, gender, blood pressure, intra-luminal thrombus (ILT) morphology, and relative aneurysm expansion. Average PWS diameter and PWRI diameter responses were evaluated, which allowed for the PWS equivalent and PWRI equivalent diameters for any individual aneurysm to be defined. RESULTS: PWS increased linearly and PWRI exponentially with respect to maximum AAA diameter. A size-adjusted analysis showed that PWS equivalent and PWRI equivalent diameters were increased by 7.5 mm (p = .013) and 14.0 mm (p < .001) in ruptured cases when compared to non-ruptured controls, respectively. In non-ruptured cases the PWRI equivalent diameters were increased by 13.2 mm (p < .001) in females when compared with males. CONCLUSIONS: Biomechanical parameters like PWS and PWRI allow for a highly individualized analysis by integrating factors that influence the risk of AAA rupture like geometry (degree of asymmetry, ILT morphology, etc.) and patient characteristics (gender, family history, blood pressure, etc.). PWRI and the reported annual risk of rupture increase similarly with the diameter. PWRI equivalent diameter expresses the PWRI through the diameter of the average AAA that has the same PWRI, i.e. is at the same biomechanical risk of rupture. Consequently, PWRI equivalent diameter facilitates a straightforward interpretation of biomechanical analysis and connects to diameter-based guidelines for AAA repair indication. PWRI equivalent diameter reflects an additional diagnostic parameter that may provide more accurate clinical data for AAA repair indication.
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Aneurisma de la Aorta Abdominal/patología , Rotura de la Aorta/patología , Aneurisma de la Aorta Abdominal/fisiopatología , Rotura de la Aorta/fisiopatología , Presión Sanguínea , Femenino , Análisis de Elementos Finitos , Humanos , Masculino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Medición de Riesgo , Estrés MecánicoRESUMEN
Early detection of colorectal cancer or advanced adenomas is a public health priority in many industrialized countries. There are various methods of screening average risk individuals for colorectal cancer, and their effectiveness may depend on subjective parameters like local expertise and patient's preferences. This paper reviews these tests with special emphasis regarding imaging techniques that aim to provide less-invasive alternatives to optical colonoscopy (OC) which is the standard of reference. Both Double-Contrast Barium Enema (DCBE) and Virtual Colonoscopy (VC) have >90% sensitivity compared to OC in the detection of clinically relevant colonic lesions. Nevertheless, VC may have an edge over DCBE for technical and reproductivity reasons, as well as greater learning opportunities. Imaging techniques criticisms regarding diminutive and flat lesions, cost, radiation exposure and effects on gastroenterological practice are addressed.
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Colonografía Tomográfica Computarizada , Neoplasias Colorrectales/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias Colorrectales/epidemiología , Tamizaje Masivo/métodos , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Bario , Humanos , Factores de RiesgoAsunto(s)
Defectos del Tabique Interventricular/diagnóstico por imagen , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/métodos , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/uso terapéutico , Dolor en el Pecho/etiología , Disnea/etiología , Femenino , Defectos del Tabique Interventricular/complicaciones , Defectos del Tabique Interventricular/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Functional imaging using positron emission tomography (PET) showed increased metabolic activities in the aneurysm wall prior to rupture, whereas separate studies using finite element analysis techniques found the presence of high wall stresses in aneurysms that subsequently ruptured. This case series aimed to evaluate the association between wall stress and levels of metabolic activities in aneurysms of the descending thoracic and abdominal aorta. METHODS: Five patients with aneurysms in the descending thoracic aorta or abdominal aorta were examined using positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT). Patient-specific models of the aortic aneurysms were reconstructed from CT scans, and wall tensile stresses at peak blood pressure were calculated using the finite element method. Predicted wall stresses were qualitatively compared with measured levels of 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose (18F-FDG) uptakes in the aneurysm wall. RESULTS: The distribution of wall stress in the aneurysm wall was highly non-uniform depending on the individual geometry. Predicted high wall stress regions co-localised with areas of positive 18F-FDG uptake in all five patients examined. In the two ruptured cases, the locations of rupture corresponded well with regions of elevated metabolic activity and high wall stress. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary observations point to a potential link between high wall stress and accelerated metabolism in aortic aneurysm wall and warrant further large population-based studies.
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Aorta Abdominal/diagnóstico por imagen , Aorta Torácica/diagnóstico por imagen , Aneurisma de la Aorta Abdominal/diagnóstico por imagen , Aneurisma de la Aorta Torácica/diagnóstico por imagen , Rotura de la Aorta/diagnóstico por imagen , Fluorodesoxiglucosa F18 , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones , Radiofármacos , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Aorta Abdominal/metabolismo , Aorta Torácica/metabolismo , Aneurisma de la Aorta Abdominal/metabolismo , Aneurisma de la Aorta Torácica/metabolismo , Rotura de la Aorta/metabolismo , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Análisis de Elementos Finitos , Fluorodesoxiglucosa F18/metabolismo , Humanos , Interpretación de Imagen Asistida por Computador , Masculino , Proyectos Piloto , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Pronóstico , Radiofármacos/metabolismo , Estrés Mecánico , Resistencia a la Tracción , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
The aim of our study is to investigate prospectively the quantitative relationship between deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and acute pulmonary embolism (PE). 110 patients clinically suspected of having venous thromboembolic disease underwent combined CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) and venography of lower limb veins. 44 patients presented with clinical signs of DVT and positive ultrasonography or ascending venography, but no clinical sign of PE (Group 1). 66 patients presented with clinical signs of PE and positive CTPA (Group 2). Clot load in lower limb veins and pulmonary arteries were scored by two independent readers, each using two separate systems for DVT and two for PE. 27 (61%) patients in Group 1 also had PE, and 55 (83%) patients in Group 2 also had DVT. Correlations between PE and DVT scores were weak but statistically significant in Group 2 (r(s) ranging from 0.470-0.520; p< or =0.001), but only some were significant in Group 1 (r(s) ranging from 0.253-0.318; p-values ranging from 0.035-0.097). In conclusion, although PE occurs in a majority of patients with DVT, and vice versa, the amount/burden of clot load in one condition does not necessarily indicate - or indicates only weakly - the degree of burden in the other condition.
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Extremidad Inferior/diagnóstico por imagen , Arteria Pulmonar/diagnóstico por imagen , Embolia Pulmonar/diagnóstico por imagen , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/métodos , Trombosis de la Vena/diagnóstico por imagen , Femenino , Humanos , Extremidad Inferior/irrigación sanguínea , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
A case of autopsy-proven acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis is reported. Early magnetic resonance imaging showed extensive bilateral asymmetrical demyelinating lesions and foci of microhemorrhage sparing the cortex ribbon. Fulminant disease culminated in coma and death within twenty-four hours. A comprehensive correlation between pathological findings of acute haemorrhagic leukoencephalitis and both classical and advanced neuroimaging findings is provided.
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Leucoencefalitis Hemorrágica Aguda/diagnóstico , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Adulto , Ácido Aspártico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Aspártico/análisis , Encéfalo/patología , Colina/análisis , Resultado Fatal , Femenino , Humanos , Aumento de la Imagen/métodos , Ácido Láctico/análisis , Leucoencefalitis Hemorrágica Aguda/patología , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Espectroscopía de Resonancia MagnéticaRESUMEN
The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence of asymptomatic coronary heart disease in patients with cardiovascular risk factors and evaluate the diagnostic value of myocardial stress perfusion magnetic resonance as screening test in these patients. We performed a retrospective analysis of 103 consecutive asymptomatic patients with at least one clinical risk factor for cardiovascular disease, who have undergone myocardial stress perfusion magnetic resonance. For respective evaluation of ischemic myocardium and infracted myocardium, magnetic resonance imaging protocol included the study of both myocardial viability by late enhancement imaging and first-pass perfusion at rest and during maximal stress (adenosine). The reference standard was catheter coronary angiography for 10 patients and clinical follow-up for 93 patients. The incidence of coronary heart disease was 22/103 (21%), including 6/103 (6%) ischemia and 16/103 (15%) infarcts. Respective sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values for myocardial stress perfusion magnetic resonance in detecting ischemic myocardium were 100, 97, 67 and 100%. Myocardial stress perfusion magnetic resonance can be regarded and further investigated as screening test for the detection of asymptomatic coronary heart disease in high-risk subjects. Prospective studies, larger study groups and cost-effectiveness analysis are needed.
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Enfermedad Coronaria/diagnóstico , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Adenosina , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Enfermedad Coronaria/epidemiología , Electrocardiografía , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proyectos Piloto , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , VasodilatadoresRESUMEN
Abscesses can occur after appendectomy. With the increasing use of laparoscopy, this risk has increased in the same way as the incidence of abscesses related to dropped gallstones increased after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. However, this occurrence has been rarely reported. We describe here the case of a young patient who developed retroperitoneal abscess one year after laparoscopic appendectomy.