First identification of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in wild ruminants in a zoo in Mexico.

Background and Aim: Paratuberculosis (PTB) is an infectious disease that induces chronic enteritis in ruminants. It is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). In this study, we evaluated the presence of MAP using bacteriological, molecular, and anatomopathological studies, based on the clinical suspicion of PTB in a zoo, in an area housing 10 scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah), five giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis), and three blue wildebeests (Connochaetes taurinus). Materials and Methods: From November 2016 to June 2017, fecal samples were collected from individuals of the three species on four occasions, resulting in a total of 56 fecal samples. In addition, five small intestine samples were collected from the necropsies of three adult scimitar-horned oryx females and two oryx calves. MAP identification was performed through isolation in Herrold's medium with egg yolk, mycobactin, and sodium pyruvate, Ziehl-Neelsen staining, IS900 polymerase chain reaction (IS900 PCR), and anatomopathological examination of intestine samples. Results: Diffuse granulomatous enteritis with abundant acid-fast bacilli was found in two out of five intestine samples from adult scimitar-horned oryx females. MAP was isolated in 7/56 (12.5%) of the fecal samples from four scimitar-horned oryx, one giraffe, and two wildebeest samples. Two out of 5 (40%) samples obtained from scimitar-horned oryx tested positive. IS900 PCR yielded five positive samples (two fecal samples and three small intestine samples). MAP isolates were classified as Type C (Cattle) using type-specific PCR. Conclusion: These results demonstrated the presence of MAP in the area evaluated and indicated the importance of both sampling live animals and conducting postmortem examinations. The use of bacteriological and histopathological diagnostic techniques demonstrated in this study will provide insight into the health status and prevalence of paratuberculosis in wild ruminants under human care.

Diverse BF recombinants have spread widely since the introduction of HIV-1 into South America.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the genetic diversity of HIV-1 in South America by full genome sequencing and analysis. METHODS: Purified peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA from HIV-infected individuals in Argentina, Uruguay and Bolivia was used to amplify full HIV-1 genomes. These were sequenced using the ABI 3100 automated sequencer and phylogenetically analysed. RESULTS: Twenty-one HIV-1 strains from three South American countries, 17 of which were pre-screened by envelope heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA), were studied. Ten out of 10 HMA subtype F and four out of seven HMA subtype B strains were actually BF recombinants upon full genome analysis. Two BF recombinants from Argentina and two from Uruguay had the same structure, representing a new circulating recombinant form termed CRF12_BF(ARMA159). Twelve other BF recombinants had structures related to CRF12 but with additional segments of subtype B; each was unique. BF recombinants were temporally and geographically widespread, found as early as 1986-1987 in vertically infected Argentinian children and in Argentina, Uruguay, and Bolivia.

Urabá, conflictos y educación rural / Uraba, conflicts and rural education

El enfrentamiento guerrillas - autodefensas - organismos armados del Estado ha ocasionado incontable número de muertos, amenazados, secuestrados, desaparecidos, desplazados y flagrantes violaciones a los derechos humanos y el Derecho Internacional Humanitario. La mayor parte de la población y el territorio del departamento se encuentra bajo esta situación. Lo que ha estado sucediendo ultimamente es la eliminación por parte de las autodefensas de todo militante o simpatizante de la guerrilla y esta ha respondido con acciones terroristas que sacrifican personas inocentes. Las autodefensas de Cordoba y Urabá han crecido en hombres, han expandido su influencia al Chocó, la Costa Atlántica y otras partes del pais, han fortalecido su presencia en lugares "conquistados" y hacen parte de las Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia. Se han constituído sin lugar a dudas en voceros a tener en cuenta en cualquier propuesta de paz. Las autodefensas son, al parecer, un proyecto económico, social y político, fácilmente desbordable por la concepción dogmática y fanática que los guía, la tendencia a la venganza, el abuso de las armas en manos de líderes y jóvenes combatientes sin formación adecuada y el hecho de creer que pueden decidir sin fórmula de juicio quien tiene la verdad y quien puede o no vivir. La dinámica del conflicto es tal que individualidades o sectores de la llamada sociedad civil cada día se involucran mas en las acciones de los actores armados

[An information system for the study of the urban structure of Mexico City]. / Un sistema de informacion para el estudio de la estructura urbana de la ciudad de Mexico.

PIP: The author describes SIUMEX, a program she developed to analyze the urban structure of Mexico City. The program was used in 1990 to examine the city's spatial distribution and to measure the physical expansion of the urban region. Other applications for the program are briefly described.^ieng

[Congenital hip dislocation and the seasons]. / Luxación congénita de cadera y estacionalidad.

This report deals with the data gathered for a year concerning the incidence of luxation coxae congenita at the Hospital de Gineco-Obstetricia (Gynecology-Obstetrics Hospital) of the Unidad Médica Oblatos (Oblatos Medical Unit) of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (Mexican Institute of Social Security) in the city of Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. The results show an inverse correlation between the temperature and the number of cases, both statistically significant, demonstrating seasonality for luxation coxae congenita.

[The level of knowledge about leprosy among university students]. / Nivel de conocimientos sobre la lepra en estudiantes universitarios.

A survey about leprosy was made in 1,000 students from the University of Guadalajara (Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico). There were considered clinical, preventive, social and etiological aspects. The results showed that the patient suffering leprosy is currently marginated. We suggest that this study should be carried out in other universities of Mexico, with purposes to verify the stigmata of this entity.