Environmentally Friendly New Catalyst Using Waste Alkaline Solution from Aluminum Production for the Synthesis of Biodiesel in Aqueous Medium.

Red mud (RM) is composed of a waste alkaline solution (pH = 13.3) obtained from the production of alumina. It contains high concentrations of hematite (Fe2O3), goethite (FeOOH), gibbsite [Al(OH)3], a boehmite (AlOOH), anatase (Tetragonal-TiO2), rutile (Ditetragonal dipyramidal-TiO2), hydrogarnets [Ca3Al2(SiO4)3-x(OH)4x], quartz (SiO2), and perovskite (CaTiO3). It was shown to be an excellent catalytic mixture for biodiesel production. To demonstrate the value of RM, an environmentally friendly process of transesterification in aqueous medium using waste cooking oil (WCO), MeOH, and waste alkaline solution (WAS) obtained from aluminum production was proposed. Triglycerides of WCO reacted with MeOH at 60 °C to yield mixtures of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in the presence of 0.019% (w/w) WAS/WCO using the WAS (0.204 mol L-1, predetermined by potentiometric titration) from aluminum production by the Bayer process. The use of the new catalyst (WAS) resulted in a high yield of the products (greater than 99% yield).

Correlation of the presence of acrolein with higher alcohols, glycerol, and acidity in cachaças.

Acrolein is a toxic aldehyde that can be present in various beverages, such as cachaça and other distilled spirits from sugarcane. The objective of this work was to detect and quantify acrolein in samples of cachaça produced by different processes in all regions of Brazil and to evaluate the possible routes of formation of this contaminant from the correlation with other secondary compounds present in the beverage using principal component analysis. Approximately 27.0% of the samples analyzed were outside the limit established by Brazilian legislation for this contaminant, with an average acrolein concentration of 14.01 mg 100 mL-1 anhydrous alcohol (aa). In the other samples, the average concentration was 0.97 mg 100 mL-1 aa. After selecting the variables that most closely correlated with the presence of acrolein in beverages, a positive correlation was found with the presence of butan-2-ol, propan-1-ol and volatile acids, and a slight correlation with the presence of phenolic compounds. Therefore, the presence of acrolein in cachaça can be associated with contamination of the fermentation must by bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus, as a result of the chemical degradation and enzymatic conversion of the glycerol produced during fermentation.

Active packaging of poly(lactic acid) nanofibers and essential oils with antifungal action on table grapes.

The table grape is a non-climateric fruit that is very susceptible to fungal contamination, in addition to suffering an accelerated loss of quality during storage. The in vitro and in grape antifungal and antiocratoxigenic effects of the essential oils from Alpinia speciosa and Cymbopogon flexuosus against Aspergillus carbonarius and Aspergillus niger were studied. The oils were encapsulated in poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanofibers as a potential active packaging to be applied to control the degradation of grapes stored during the post-harvest period. Fungal proliferation and ochratoxin A synthesis in A. carbonarius and A. niger decreased in the presence of the active packaging. However, the nanofiber containing the essential oil from C. flexuosus was more efficient in providing a fungicidal effect against A. carbonarius (10% and 20%) and A. niger (20%). In addition, weight loss and color changes were controlled and the parameters of acidity, °Brix, softening and the texture of the grape were maintained. A very small mass loss of the essential oils encapsulated in nanofibers was observed by thermogravimetric analysis, showing that the nanofiber was efficient in enabling the controlled release. The quality and safety of table grapes were maintained for longer periods of storage in the presence of active packaging, so the incorporation of these oils in nanofibers can be a promising way to increase the shelf life of grapes.

Tandem Transesterification-Esterification Reactions Using a Hydrophilic Sulfonated Silica Catalyst for the Synthesis of Wintergreen Oil from Acetylsalicylic Acid Promoted by Microwave Irradiation.

SiO2-SO3H, with a surface area of 115 m2/g and pore volume of 0.38 cm3g-1, and 1.32 mmol H+/g was used as a 20% w/w catalyst for the preparation of methyl salicylate (wintergreen oil or MS) from acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). A 94% conversion was achieved in a microwave reactor over 40 min at 120 °C in MeOH. The resulting crude product was purified by flash chromatography. The catalyst could be reused three times.

Kinetic, thermodynamic and physical-chemical study of the removal of copper from cachaça using coconut fibers.

The use of coconut fiber as a copper adsorbent in cachaça was optimised, and changes in the chemical quality of the beverage were observed by analytical techniques. The influence of the adsorbent mass and copper concentration parameters was investigated using the Central Composite Design, and the optimum condition was obtained through the use of Response Surface Methodology. The equilibrium of the adsorption reaction was obtained within 120 min. The kinetic data were better adjusted for the Elovich model (Elovich and Zhabrova 1939) and the isotherm data for the Sips model (Sips 1948). The maximum adsorption capacity was 1.38 mg g-1. Slight changes in the physicochemical quality of the beverage were observed, including a decrease in volatile acidity and alcohol content. Copper levels in cachaça decreased from 8.57 mg L-1 to 4.97 mg L-1 after adsorption. Therefore, the use of biomass as a metal ion adsorbent in beverages can be successfully employed.

Antifungal and physicochemical properties of Ocimum essential oil loaded in poly(lactic acid) nanofibers.

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanofibres containing different proportions of the essential oils from Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum gratissimum L. were prepared by solution blow spinning method. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and characterized by gas chromatography. MEV, contact angle, DSC and FTIR were used to characterize the nanofibres. The effect of bioative nanofibres on the growth of the fungus and on the production of ochratoxin A were evaluated using the fumigation test. Linalool, 1·8-cineole and camphor were the principal components of the essential oil from O. basilicum, and eugenol was the principal constituent in the oil from O. gratissimum. An increase in the average diameter of the nanofibres was observed with the addition of the essential oils. The essential oils acted as a plasticizer, resulting in a reduction in the crystallinity of the PLA. The encapsulation of essential oils in PLA nanofibres was verified by FTIR. An effective antifungal and antimicotoxygenic activity against Aspergillus ochraceus and Aspergillus westerdjikiae was observed for the bioative nanofibres. These results confirm the potential of PLA nanofibres containing the essential oils for the control of toxigenic fungi that cause the deterioration of food and are harmful to human health.

Catalytic Transformation of Triglycerides to Biodiesel with SiO2-SO3H and Quaternary Ammonium Salts in Toluene or DMSO.

SiO2-SO3H, with a surface area of 115 m2·g-1, pore volumes of 0.38 cm3·g-1 and 1.32 mmol H+/g, was used as a transesterification catalyst. Triglycerides of waste cooking oil reacted with methanol in refluxing toluene to yield mixtures of diglycerides, monoglycerides and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in the presence of 20% (w/w) catalyst/oil using the hydrophilic sulfonated silica (SiO2-SO3H) catalyst alone or with the addition of 10% (w/w) co-catalyst/oil [(Bun4N)(BF4) or Aliquat 336]. The addition of the ammonium salts to the catalyst lead to a decrease in the amounts of diglycerides in the products, but the concentrations of monoglycerides increased. Mixtures of (Bun4N)(BF4)/catalyst were superior to catalyst alone or Aliquat 336/catalyst for promoting the production of mixtures with high concentrations of FAMEs. The same experiments were repeated using DMSO as the solvent. The use of the more polar solvent resulted in excellent conversion of the triglycerides to FAME esters with all three-catalyst media. A simplified mechanism is presented to account for the experimental results.

Acaricidal and repellent activity of the essential oils of Backhousia citriodora, Callistemon viminalis and Cinnamodendron dinisii against Rhipicephalus spp.

The ticks Rhipicephalus microplus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l) are of great importance to agriculture, veterinary medicine and public health. Due to a number of problems related to the use of synthetic acaricides, natural products emerge as promising substances for alternative tick control. In the present study, essential oils of Backhousia citriodora, Callistemon viminalis and Cinnamodendron dinisii were extracted by hydrodistillation, characterized by GC-MS and GC-FID and biologically evaluated for acaricidal activity against R. microplus and repellent activity against R. sanguineus s.l. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChe) by the essential oils was also evaluated. The major constituent of B. citriodora is citral (98.9 %), whereas the essential oil from C. viminalis is rich in 1.8-cineole (78.1 %), α-pinene (12.5 %) and limonene (3.36 %), and that from C. dinisii contains α-pinene (30.8 %), ß-pinene (12.5 %) and sabinene (11.3 %) as the principal constituents. The median lethal concentrations (LC 50) estimated for the essential oils on engorged R. microplus females were 3.276 µL.mL-1 for B. citriodora, 8.195 µL.mL-1 for C. dinisii and 8.936 µL.mL-1 for C. viminalis. The essential oil of B. citriodora showed the best repellent effect against unfed R. sanguineus s.l. adults, demonstrating repellent action up to 3 h after application. The essential oil of C. viminalis was able to reduce AChe activity, with an average inhibitory concentration (IC 50) of 0.33 µg mL-1. Thus, these oils can be considered as sources of bioactive compounds for tick control.

Effect of the essential oils of Satureja montana L., Myristica fragrans H. and Cymbopogon flexuosus S. on mycotoxin-producing Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceus antifungal properties of essential oils.

Essential oils can be a useful alternative to the use of synthetic fungicides because they have biological potential and are relatively safe for food and agricultural products. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the antifungal and antimycotoxigenic activities of the essential oils from Satureja montana L., Myristica fragrans H. and Cymbopogon flexuosus S. against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceus, as well as their effects on ergosterol synthesis and membrane morphology. The antifungal potential was evaluated by mycelial growth analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Fungicidal effects against A. flavus, with MFC of 0.98, 15.62 and 0.98 µL/mL, respectively, were observed for the essential oils from S. montana, M. fragrans and C. flexuosus. Aspergillus ochraceus did not grow in the presence of concentrations of 3.91, 15.62 and 0.98 µL/mL of the essential oils from S. montana, M. fragrans and C. flexuosus, respectively. The essential oils significantly inhibited the production of ochratoxin A by the fungus A. ochraceus. The essential oils also inhibited the production of aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin B2. The biosynthesis of ergosterol was inhibited by the applied treatments. Biological activity in the fungal cell membrane was observed in the presence of essential oils, given that deleterious effects on the morphologies of the fungi were detected. The essential oils under study are promising as food preservatives because they significantly inhibit toxigenic fungi that contaminate food. In addition, the essential oils hindered the biosynthesis of mycotoxins.

Mechanism of action of various terpenes and phenylpropanoids against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

Foodborne, disease-causing microorganisms are increasingly resistant to commercial antibiotics. Thus, there is a need for the development of new agents capable of acting efficiently in the control of these pathogens. Terpenoids and phenylpropanoids stand out for having high biological activity and a broad spectrum of action. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the antibacterial potential of limonene, ß-citronellol, carvone, carvacrol, eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde and to investigate the mechanism of activity of these compounds against the bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The terpene and phenylpropanoid compoundswere purchased and their antibacterial potential was assessed by macrodilution. The mechanism of action was verified by tests of potassium ion efflux, salt tolerance, extravasation of cellular contents, absorption of crystal violet and morphological changes analyzed by electron microscopy. Bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects caused by the compounds carvone, carvacrol, eugenol and transcinemaldehyde were observed in both species; antibacterial activity against only S. aureus was observed for ß-citronelol and limonene. Reduced salt tolerance was found for strains of E. coli treated with carvacrol and S. aureus treated with ß-citronelol. There was extravasation of cellular materials induced by treatments with carvone, carvacrol, eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde in both microorganisms. The absorption of crystal violet increased for E. coli after incubation with each treatment. Deleterious effects and morphological changes were observed. Therefore, the monoterpenes and phenylpropanoids under study are potentially applicable for antimicrobial use against E. coli and S. aureus, and the mechanism of action involves changes in membrane permeability without cell lysis.

Dehydration of D-fructose to 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural in DMSO using a hydrophilic sulfonated silica catalyst in a process promoted by microwave irradiation.

SiO2-SO3H, with a surface area of 115 m2/g, pore volumes of 0.38 cm3g-1 and 1.32 mmol H+/g, was used as a 10% w/w catalyst for the preparation of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (HMF) from fructose. A conversion of 100% was achieved in a microwave reactor during 10 min at 150 °C in DMSO, with 100% selectivity for HMF, at a molar ratio of fructose: DMSO equal to 1:56. The catalyst could be re-used three times.

Effects of Moro orange juice (Citrus sinensis (l.) Osbeck) on some metabolic and morphological parameters in obese and diabetic rats.

BACKGROUND: Nutritional intervention with the use of phytochemicals is an important method for the treatment and prevention of a metabolic syndrome. The objective of this study was to chemically characterize Moro orange juice. The influence of juice intake on metabolic parameters of rats that were obese, diabetic or both by means of body mass management after the activation of anthocyanins during refrigerated storage was also assessed. RESULTS: Juice intake reversed most of the metabolic abnormalities exhibited by obese rats, including reduction of body mass and improvement of the biochemical profile. The loss of body mass by diabetic animals and obese and diabetic animals was not attributed to juice intake, but to type I diabetes mellitus. In these animals, no improvement was observed in the biochemical profile, liver enzymes and glycemia, so this treatment model was deemed unfeasible. CONCLUSION: The beneficial effects cannot be explained only by the anthocyanin C3G present in the juice, but rather, by the synergism between all the components. Studies in humans are needed to determine whether the ingestion of this orange can be recommended as an effective strategy to prevent or ameliorate complications of obesity. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Identification of volatile compounds, quantification of glycerol and trace elements in distilled spirits produced in Mozambique.

Distilled spirits, in addition to satisfying the legal requirements with respect to its composition, must possess a sensorial quality capable of satisfying its consumers. The present work describes the analysis of volatile compounds, trace elements and glycerol in thirteen samples of Mozambican spirits collected in different regions of the country. Extraction of volatile components was a accomplished using the headspace SPME technique, the quantification of glycerol was achieved by UV/Vis spectroscopy and the determination of trace elements by atomic absorption spectrometry. Of the 35 volatile compounds identified, 19 were esters, of which ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, ethyl nonanoate, ethyl decanoate, ethyl laurate, ethyl hexadecanoate, ethyl tetradecanoate, ethyl benzenepropanoate, 3-methylbutyl acetate and isoamyl alcohol were the predominant compounds found in the different samples, contributing to the characteristics and aroma of the beverages. As for glycerol, concentrations below 5 mg L-1 were observed in all the samples studied. The samples were found to be contaminated by metals such as copper, lead and zinc. In addition, the results provided information on the quality of Mozambican spirits regarding some aspects related to the determination of metals and glycerol. This information might stimulate producers to be more attentive to the conditions of production and the risks involved in achieving good quality spirits.

Determination of the biodegradability of chitosan utilizing the most probable number technique

The present work aimed to evaluate the degradability of the chitosan polymer by soil microorganisms.This evaluation was accomplished using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method by plating in drops so that soil microorganisms capable of degrading the polymeric material could be quantified. Soil samples diluted in three specific culture media for each typeof microorganism were plated –bacteria, fungi and actinobacteria–and they were maintained at 28°C for seven days to determine the growth rate of fungi and actinobacteria, and for 48hoursfor the development of bacteria. Significant differences in the MPN of actinobacteriarelative to the other groups analyzed were observed. Thus, the method used was effective for determining the degradability of the chitosan biopolymer when observing the development of microorganisms subjected to the replacement of thecarbonsource by the addition of 2% w v-1of the chitosan biopolymer to the culture medium. The formation of clear regions around the microbial colonies was a strong indicator of biodegradation.

The alkylaminoalkanethiosulfuric acids exhibit in-vitro antileishmanial activity against Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis: a new perspective for use of these schistosomicidal agents.

The alkylaminoalkanethiosulfuric acids (AAATs) are amphipathic compounds effective against experimental schistosomiasis, of low toxicity, elevated bioavailability after a single oral dose and prompt tissue absorption. OBJECTIVES: To explore the in-vitro antileishmanial potential of AAATs using five compounds of this series against Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. METHODS: Their effects on promastigotes and axenic amastigotes, and cytotoxicity to macrophages were tested by the MTT method, and on Leishmania-infected macrophages by Giemsa stain. Effects on the mitochondrial membrane potential of promastigotes and axenic amastigotes and DNA of intracellular amastigotes were tested using JC-1 and TUNEL assays, respectively. KEY FINDINGS: The 2-(isopropylamino)-1-octanethiosulfuric acid (I) and 2-(sec-butylamino)-1-octanethiosulfuric acid (II) exhibit activity against both promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes (IC50 25-35 µm), being more toxic to intracellular parasites than to the host cell. Compound I induced a loss of viability of axenic amastigotes, significantly reduced (30%) the mitochondrial membrane potential of both promastigotes and axenic amastigotes and promoted selective DNA fragmentation of the nucleus and kinetoplast of intracellular amastigotes. CONCLUSIONS: In this previously unpublished study of trypanosomatids, it is shown that AAATs could also exhibit selective antileishmanial activity, a new possibility to be investigated in oral treatment of leishmaniasis.

The colors of biotechnology: general overview and developments of white, green and blue areas.

Biotechnology is responsible for the manipulation of living organisms or their components for the production of products that are of benefit to human kind. Due to the wide range of applications, colors have been used to differentiate the main areas of research, such as white (industrial), green (agricultural) and blue (marine and fresh-water), among others. Thus, this review outlines the impacts of these areas of biotechnology, emphasizing their impact and potential to replace carbon-based technologies with more sustainable technologies.

Effect of the essential oils from Melaleuca alternifolia, Melaleuca quinquenervia and Backhousia citriodora on the synthesis of ochratoxin A by Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus carbonarius isolated from tropical wine grapes.

The influence of essential oils (EOs) extracted from the leaves of Melaleuca alternifolia, Melaleuca quinquenervia and Backhousia citriodora on ochratoxin A (OTA) synthesis by fungi was studied. The extraction of EOs was performed by hydrodistillation (Clevenger apparatus) over a 2-h period and subsequently analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID. The toxigenic activity of the essential oils (31.25; 15.62 and 7.81 µg mL-1) was evaluated by inhibiting the production of OTA by Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus carbonarius in Czapek agar medium culture. The quantification of the toxin was performed by HPLC. The production of OTA was dependent on the fungal species, incubation temperature (15 and 25 °C) and the presence of the essential oils. In tests carried out at 15 °C, the oils caused a reduction in OTA synthesis that ranged from 57.60 to 76.93% and from 54.78 to 98.68% for the fungal species A. carbonarius and A. niger, respectively. At 25 °C, reductions ranged from the 38.66 to 75.93% and from 17.94 to 71.79% for the respective fungi. The study concluded that natural products could be potential biocontrol agents against OTA contamination in food.

Characterization, antioxidant potential and cytotoxic study of mangaba fruits / Caracterização, potencial antioxidante e estudo citotóxico de frutos de mangaba

The mangaba (Hancornia speciosa) stands out and has a great potential for economic exploitation and researches have suggested relevant results regarding the nutritional and functional value of this food. Therefore, the objective of this study was to chemically and physicochemically characterize the mangaba fruit harvested in the Middle Araguaia region. It was evaluated the chemical composition, antioxidant activity, volatile compounds, preliminary photochemical studies of phenolic components and the cytotoxic potential of ethanolic extract fruits against Artemia salina. The mean pH, the total titratable acidity and the value for reducing sugars conclude that the mangaba possesses the characteristics appropriate for both fresh consumption and for processing. Between the mean values measured, the fruits presented high fiber content and a low caloric value. The analysis of the antioxidant potential revealed a significant activity and in the volatile compounds analysis, esters were the major class presents. The result of the phytochemical screening revealed that phenols, flavonoids and tannins were present in the ethanolic extract of mangaba and a significant activity in the cytotoxicity assay was observed.

A mangaba (Hancornia speciosa) destaca-se pelo ótimo potencial de exploração econômica e pesquisas têm sugerido resultados relevantes em relação ao valor nutricional e funcional deste alimento. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar química e físico-quimicamente os frutos de mangaba colhidos na região do Médio Araguaia. Foi avaliada a composição química, atividade antioxidante, compostos voláteis, estudo fitoquímico preliminar de compostos fenólicos e o potencial citotóxico de extratos etanólicos do frutos contra Artemia salina. O pH, a acidez total titulável e o valor de açúcares redutores concluem que a mangaba possui características apropriadas tanto para consumo in natura quanto para processamento. Entre os valores médios obtidos, os frutos apresentaram alto teor de fibra e um baixo valor calórico. A análise de potencial antioxidante revelou uma atividade significativa e, na análise de compostos voláteis, ésteres representaram a classe predominante. O resultado do ensaio fitoquímico revelou que fenois, flavonoides e taninos estavam presentes no extrato etanólico de mangaba e uma atividade significativa no ensaio citotóxico foi observada.

Determination of ethyl carbamate in cachaça produced from copper stills by HPLC.

Ethyl carbamate (EC) is a common substance in fermented foods and drinks, and its quantification is important because of its carcinogenic nature and its usually presence in alcoholic beverages. The present work involved the development and validation of an analytical method for the evaluation of EC in cachaça by HPLC-FLD after previous derivatization with xanthydrol. The method presented a mean recovery of 94.88%, an intra-day precision of 4.19% (30.0 µgL(-1)) and 3.32% (75.0 µgL(-1)), a coefficient of determination (r(2)) equal to 0.9985, and limits of detection and quantification equal to 6.39 and 21.32 µgL(-1), respectively. The results show that the analytical method is accurate, reproducible and linear over the concentration range from 5.0 to 160 µg of EC per litre. The method was applied to the analysis of EC in cachaça, the analyses being rapid and efficient.

Composition of the essential oil from the leaves of tree domestic varieties and one wild variety of the guava plant (Psidium guajava L., Myrtaceae) / Avaliação dos constituintes dos óleos essenciais de folhas de goiabeira (Psidium guajava L., Myrtaceae) de três cultivares e da planta silvestre

The compositions of the essential oils from the leaves of three domestic varieties of the guava tree Psidium guajava L. (Paluma, Século XXI and Pedro Sato) and of one wild variety were compared. Essential oils were extracted by steam distillation, the components were identified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry GC-MS, and the apparent concentrations were determined by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. The results demonstrated that the three essential oils contained many common substances with a prevalence of 1,8-cineole, whereas the essential oil of the Paluma variety contained 1,8-cineole (42.68 percent) as the major constituent, as well as α-terpineol (38.68 percent). The principal components of the essential oil of the Século XXI variety were 1,8-cineole (18.83 percent), trans-caryophyllene (12.08 percent), and selin-11-en-4-αol (20.98 percent), while those of the Pedro Sato variety and of the wild plant were 1,8-cineole (17.68 percent) and (12.83 percent), caryophyllene oxide (9.34 percent) and (9.09 percent), and selin-11-en-4-α-ol (21.46 percent) and (22.19 percent), respectively.

Os óleos essenciais de folhas de goiabeira Psidium guajava L. de três diferentes cultivares (Paluma, Século XXI e Pedro Sato) e da planta silvestre foram analisados a fim de comparar os seus constituintes. O óleo essencial foi obtido por hidrodestilação em aparelho de Clevenger modificado. Para a caracterização e quantificação dos compostos presentes por CG-EM e CG respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que os três óleos essenciais analisados apresentam inúmeras substâncias em comum com a predominância do 1,8-cineol. O óleo essencial da cultivar Paluma se difere dos demais devido a alta concentração de 1,8-cineol (42,68 por cento) e do α-terpineol (38,68 por cento). No óleo essencial da cultivar Século XXI observase a presença do 1,8 cineol (18,83 por cento), trans-carifileno (12,08 por cento) e o selin-11-en-4-α-ol (20,98 por cento) como majoritários, enquanto que a cultivar Pedro Sato e a planta silvestre apresentaram com o 1,8 cineol com (17,68 por cento) e (12,83 por cento), oxido de cariofileno (9,34 por cento) e (9,09 por cento) e o selin-11-en-4-α-ol com (21,46 por cento) e (22,19 por cento), respectivamente.