Looking into the lipid profile of avocado and byproducts: Using lipidomics to explore value-added compounds.

Consumer priorities in healthy diets and lifestyle boosted the demand for nutritious and functional foods as well as plant-based ingredients. Avocado has become a food trend due to its nutritional and functional values, which in turn is increasing its consumption and production worldwide. Avocado edible portion has a high content of lipids, with the pulp and its oil being rich in monounsaturated fatty acids and essential omega - 3 and omega - 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). These fatty acids are mainly esterified in triacylglycerides, the major lipids in pulp, but also in minor components such as polar lipids (phospholipids and glycolipids). Polar lipids of avocado have been overlooked despite being recently highlighted with functional properties as well. The growth in the industry of avocado products is generating an increased amount of their byproducts, such as seed and peels (nonedible portions), still undervalued. The few studies on avocado byproducts pointed out that they also contain interesting lipids, with seeds particularly rich in polar lipids bearing PUFA, and thus can be reused as a source of add-value phytochemical. Mass spectrometry-based lipidomics approaches appear as an essential tool to unveil the complex lipid signature of avocado and its byproducts, contributing to the recognition of value-added lipids and opening new avenues for their use in novel biotechnological applications. The present review provides an up-to-date overview of the lipid signature from avocado pulp, peel, seed, and its oils.

Topical Nanoemulsions as Delivery Systems for Green Extracts of Pterocaulon balansae Aiming at the Treatment of Sporotrichosis.

Coumarins are benzopyrones found in several plant genera, including Pterocaulon (Asteraceae). These compounds represent an important source of new treatments, especially as antimicrobial and antifungal agents. In this study, two coumarin-rich extracts from Pterocaulon balansae using green technologies were obtained through aqueous maceration (AE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Such extracts were incorporated into nanoemulsions (NAE and NSFE) composed of a medium-chain triglyceride oil core stabilized by phospholipids. The nanoemulsions exhibited droplet sizes between 127 and 162 nm, pH above 5.0, and viscosity of approximately 1.0 cP, properties compatible with the topical route. The coumarins permeation/retention from formulations through ear porcine skin using Franz-type diffusion cells were evaluated. Whatever the extract, coumarins were distributed in skin layers, especially in the dermis in both intact and impaired (tape stripping) skin. In addition, a significant increase in coumarins that reached up to the receptor fluid was observed for impaired skin, with increases of approximately threefold for NAE and fourfold for NSFE. Finally, antifungal activity of nanoemulsions was evaluated according to minimum inhibitory concentrations, and the values were 250 µg/mL for all strains tested. The overall results demonstrated the feasibility of incorporating P. balansae extracts into nanoemulsions and showed a potential alternative for the treatment of sporotrichosis.

Mapping the lipidome in mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) in an in vitro model of Alzheimer's disease.

The disruption of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAMs) plays a relevant role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). MAMs have been implicated in neuronal dysfunction and death since it is associated with impairment of functions regulated in this subcellular domain, including lipid synthesis and trafficking, mitochondria dysfunction, ER stress-induced unfolded protein response (UPR), apoptosis, and inflammation. Since MAMs play an important role in lipid metabolism, in this study we characterized and investigated the lipidome alterations at MAMs in comparison with other subcellular fractions, namely microsomes and mitochondria, using an in vitro model of AD, namely the mouse neuroblastoma cell line (N2A) over-expressing the APP familial Swedish mutation (APPswe) and the respective control (WT) cells. Phospholipids (PLs) and fatty acids (FAs) were isolated from the different subcellular fractions and analyzed by HILIC-LC-MS/MS and GC-MS, respectively. In this in vitro AD model, we observed a down-regulation in relative abundance of some phosphatidylcholine (PC), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) species with PUFA and few PC with saturated and long-chain FA. We also found an up-regulation of CL, and antioxidant alkyl acyl PL. Moreover, multivariate analysis indicated that each organelle has a specific lipid profile adaptation in N2A APPswe cells. In the FAs profile, we found an up-regulation of C16:0 in all subcellular fractions, a decrease of C18:0 levels in total fraction (TF) and microsomes fraction, and a down-regulation of 9-C18:1 was also found in mitochondria fraction in the AD model. Together, these results suggest that the over-expression of the familial APP Swedish mutation affects lipid homeostasis in MAMs and other subcellular fractions and supports the important role of lipids in AD physiopathology.

Effects of grape juice intake on the cell migration properties in overweight women: Modulation mechanisms of cell migration in vitro by delphinidin-3-O-glucoside.

Overweight and obesity are typical conditions of chronic low-intensity systemic inflammatory responses, and both have become more common in recent decades, which emphasizes the necessity for healthier diet intake. Fruits such as grapes are rich in anthocyanins, one of which is delphinidin, a promising chemopreventive agent with anti-inflammatory properties. Considering that polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) are rapidly mobilized to tissues when the inflammatory process is initiated, this study aimed to understand the impact of grape juice intake and delphinidin on the migration properties of PMNs. Overweight women ingested 500 mL of grape juice for 28 days, and then lipid and inflammatory profiles, as well as the white blood cell count (WBC), were evaluated. Additionally, the gene expression of inflammatory markers and quantified migration molecules such as CD11/CD18, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were evaluated in PMNs. The influence of delphinidin-3-O-glucoside in vitro on some migration properties was also evaluated. Grape juice intake did not influence the lipid profile or affect the WBC. However, NFκB gene expression was reduced in PMNs, also reducing the circulating values of IL-8, sICAM-1, and sVCAM-1. The in vitro results demonstrated that delphinidin significantly reduced the migration potential of cells and reduced CD11-/CD18-positive cells, the gene expression of ICAM-1, and the phosphorylation and gene expression of NFκB. Additionally, delphinidin also reduced the production of IL-6, IL-8, and CCL2. Grape juice, after 28 days of intervention, influenced some properties related to cell migration, and delphinidin in vitro can modify the cell migration properties.

Virtual facebow techniques: A scoping review.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Although advances in technology continue to improve the acquisition of patient data and the manufacturing of different oral rehabilitations, the method of transferring clinical information to a virtual environment has not yet been consolidated in the literature. PURPOSE: The purpose of this scoping review was to map the existing literature on different techniques of transferring information from virtual facebows for oral rehabilitation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This scoping review was structured using a 5-step methodology based on guidelines proposed by Arksey and O'Malley: (1) characterization of the research question, (2) identification of relevant studies, (3) selection of studies, (4) mapping of results, and (5) selection, summary and reporting of the data. The Joanna Briggs Manual for Evidence Synthesis was followed and the review was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). The guiding question for the development of this review was, "What virtual facebow techniques are being used to transfer anatomic data to the virtual environment?" RESULTS: A total of 1745 articles were found during the search, and 20 were included in this review. Nineteen of the included articles had positive results with the described techniques of registration and transfer of anatomic references to the virtual environment; however, 1 study indicated that the technique was negative. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the findings, facial scanning, 2-dimensional photographs, and cone beam computed tomography are feasible methods of acquiring extraoral anatomic landmarks. The use of a device that allows the convergence of intraoral and extraoral images by superimposing data was revealed to be a promising option.

Inhibiting SETD7 methyl-transferase activity impairs differentiation, lipid metabolism and lactogenesis in mammary epithelial cells.

SETD7 (SET7/9, KMT7) is a lysine methyltransferase that targets master regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation. Here, the impact of inhibiting SETD7 catalytic activity on mammary epithelial cell differentiation was studied by focusing on genes associated with epithelial differentiation, lactogenesis, and lipid metabolism in HC11 and EpH4 cell lines. Setd7 mRNA and protein levels were induced upon lactogenic differentiation in both cell lines. Inhibition of SETD7 activity by the compound (R)-PFI-2 increased cell proliferation and downregulated E-cadherin, beta-catenin, lactoferrin, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5, and beta-casein levels. In addition, inhibition of SETD7 activity affected the lipid profile and altered the mRNA expression of the phospholipid biosynthesis-related genes choline phosphotransferase 1, and ethanolamine-phosphate cytidylyltransferase. Altogether, the results suggest that inhibiting SETD7 catalytic activity impairs mammary epithelial and lactogenic differentiation.

An overview of food lipids toward food lipidomics.

Increasing evidence regarding lipids' beneficial effects on human health has changed the common perception of consumers and dietary officials about the role(s) of food lipids in a healthy diet. However, lipids are a wide group of molecules with specific nutritional and bioactive properties. To understand their true nutritional and functional value, robust methods are needed for accurate identification and quantification. Specific analytical strategies are crucial to target specific classes, especially the ones present in trace amounts. Finding a unique and comprehensive methodology to cover the full lipidome of each foodstuff is still a challenge. This review presents an overview of the lipids nutritionally relevant in foods and new trends in food lipid analysis for each type/class of lipids. Food lipid classes are described following the LipidMaps classification, fatty acids, endocannabinoids, waxes, C8 compounds, glycerophospholipids, glycerolipids (i.e., glycolipids, betaine lipids, and triglycerides), sphingolipids, sterols, sercosterols (vitamin D), isoprenoids (i.e., carotenoids and retinoids (vitamin A)), quinones (i.e., coenzyme Q, vitamin K, and vitamin E), terpenes, oxidized lipids, and oxylipin are highlighted. The uniqueness of each food group: oil-, protein-, and starch-rich, as well as marine foods, fruits, and vegetables (water-rich) regarding its lipid composition, is included. The effect of cooking, food processing, and storage, in addition to the importance of lipidomics in food quality and authenticity, are also discussed. A critical review of challenges and future trends of the analytical approaches and computational methods in global food lipidomics as the basis to increase consumer awareness of the significant role of lipids in food quality and food security worldwide is presented.

Muscle activity between dentate and edentulous patients rehabilitated with dental prostheses: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Adequate muscle activity is important for the success of oral rehabilitation: it maintains the integrity of the stomatognathic system and is responsible for chewing movements needed to break, crush and grind food. OBJECTIVE: To compare muscle activity using electromyography (EMG) while clenching or chewing soft and/or hard foods among individuals with natural dentition (ND) and edentulous patients rehabilitated with dental prostheses. METHODS: This review was conducted until March, 2023, and the research question was "Is the muscle activity of edentulous patients rehabilitated with dental prostheses similar to that of dentate individuals?" A search strategy was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Lilacs, Embase and manual journal searches. RESULTS: Ten studies were included in the analysis. Most of them reported that individuals with ND had significant higher muscle activity (clenching or chewing) than complete dentures (CD) users. However, no difference was observed between patients with full mouth implant-supported fixed dental prosthesis (ISFDP) and ND. Additionally, two studies compared patients with mandibular ISFDP with maxillary CD and individuals with ND and found no differences; however, one study concluded that patients with ISFDP with CD (maxillary or mandibular) had lower muscle activity than individuals with ND. Only one study reported a higher muscle activity in patients with full-mouth ISFDP than in individuals with ND. CONCLUSIONS: Bimaxillary CD users had lower muscle activity than individuals with ND. During rehabilitation, the muscle activity of patients with full-mouth ISFDP and mandibular ISFDP with maxillary CD is similar to individuals with ND.

Analysis of Phosphatidylinositol Modifications by Reactive Nitrogen Species Using LC-MS: Coming to Grips with Their Nitroxidative Susceptibility.

Phosphatidylinositols (PIs) are complex lipids that play a key role in cell signaling. Like other phospholipids, they are esterified with unsaturated fatty acyl residues (FAs), making them susceptible to modification by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RNS). Recent studies using mass spectrometry (MS)-based lipidomics approaches have revealed that lipid nitration results in a plethora of structurally and chemically modified lipids (epilipids), including nitrated and nitroxidized derivatives of phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylserines, and cardiolipins. However, there is a notable lack of knowledge regarding the characterization of RNS-modified PI derivatives. In this study, we used C18 high-resolution liquid chromatography-tandem MS approaches to describe the fragmentation signature of nitrated and nitroxidized PIs, bearing different fatty acyl chains. Using this approach and accurate mass measurements, we were able to identify nitro- PI derivatives, dinitro- and nitrohydroxy- derivatives for a few PI species. The data showed the typical neutral loss of nitrous acid (HNO2) as well as the fragmentation patterns corresponding to modified fatty acyl chains (such as NOx-RCOO-, [M - NOx-RCOOH - H]- and [M - NOx-RCOOH - C6H10O5 - H]-), making it possible to identify these epilipids. The susceptibility of PIs to nitration was also investigated, revealing that it depends exclusively on the chains of unsaturated FAs esterified in PI, showing a higher conversion rate for those with C18:1. Overall, the knowledge gathered in this study will contribute to the precise characterization of these epilipids in complex biological samples, offering new opportunities to unveil the pathophysiological roles of nitrated and nitroxidized PI derivatives at the cellular and tissue levels.

Delphinidin-3-O-glucoside in vitro suppresses NF-κB and changes the secretome of mesenchymal stem cells affecting macrophage activation.

OBJECTIVE: Anthocyanins are polyphenols that are promising chemopreventive agents. They stand out for their anti-inflammatory properties, with specific modulatory actions on the immune system. Additionally, regarding the immune system, a group of cells identified as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been attracting attention, mainly because of their capacity to migrate to sites of inflammation and produce potent immunomodulatory effects. Considering the ability of these cells to act on the immune system, as well as the properties of anthocyanins, especially delphinidin, in modulating the immune system, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of delphinidin in influencing some immunoregulatory properties of MSCs. METHODS: MSCs were cultivated in the presence of delphinidin 3-O-ß-d-glycoside and cell viability, the cell cycle and the production of soluble factors (interleukin [IL]-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, transforming growth factor [TGF]-ß, prostaglandin E2 [PGE2] and nitric oxide [NO]) were evaluated, as was the expression of the transcription factors nuclear factor (NF)-κB and STAT3. Additionally, the effects of conditioned media from MSCs on macrophage activation were assessed. RESULTS: Delphinidin at 50 µM does not affect cell viability. In association with lipopolysaccharide, delphinidin was able to induce MSC proliferation. Additionally, delphinidin modulated the MSC immune response, showing increased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-ß as well as lower expression of NF-κB. Furthermore, conditioned media from MSCs inhibited macrophage metabolism, reducing the production of IL-1ß, IL-12, and TNF-α and increasing IL-10. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, this work showed that delphinidin can modify the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs, increasing the IL-10 production by macrophages.

Itinerários terapêuticos produzidos por mulheres na busca pelo acesso ao diagnóstico e cuidado no câncer de mama

Objetivo: mapear o acesso ao diagnóstico e os impactos no cuidado em mulheres com câncer de mama em um serviço de referência estadual no nordeste do Brasil. Métodos: Abordagem qualitativa exploratória, com dados coletados por meio de entrevista a partir de um roteiro semiestruturado. O local escolhido para a coleta dos dados foi um Centro Estadual de Oncologia. A amostra foi composta por 11 participantes, embasando-se na saturação das respostas para a sua composição. A interpretação de dados foi realizada pelo método de análise de conteúdo. Resultados: As entrevistas revelam que a produção do diagnóstico em câncer de mama se inicia por diversos caminhos, um deles é por meio dos mutirões de mamografia, ou seja, através de campanhas focalizadas. Nesse percurso, as mulheres acessam diferentes pontos da rede de atenção, enfrentando as lacunas deixadas pelos serviços de saúde, como o déficit de comunicação e a fragmentação do cuidado. Portanto, é necessário que haja uma interlocução efetiva entre os serviços, visando minimizar os atrasos no diagnóstico e no início da terapêutica, possibilitando, assim, a continuidade da atenção. Conclusões: O diagnóstico do câncer por muitas vezes ainda é realizado por campanhas de detecção, mas, para tanto, há ainda itinerários produzidos por estas mulheres com muitas barreiras que dificultam o acesso aos resultados. Uma dessas barreiras é a comunicação, a qual se estabelece um obstáculo importante para continuidade do cuidado e consequentemente a resolutividade precoce desta condição de saúde.

Bioprospecting antibiotic properties in photodynamic therapy of lipids from Codium tomemtosum and Chlorella vulgaris.

The growing resistance from pathogens against antibiotics has increased the research for new compounds and strategies with antibacterial potential. Lipids from algae are emerging as natural and potent bioactive molecules with interesting results regarding the inactivation of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The combination of algae lipids with innovative strategies, such as antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) can enhance their antimicrobial potential. In this work, we aimed to evaluate the antibacterial potential in aPDT of total lipid extracts and polar lipid fractions from the green macroalga, Codium tomentosum, and the green microalga, Chlorella vulgaris on a Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. Total lipid extracts and polar lipid fractions were characterized by LC-MS. The results revealed that the total extracts of algae promote S. aureus inhibition after light irradiation, with a decrease of ca. 6 log10 (CFU/mL) after 15 min of treatment with both extracts of algae. The polar lipid fractions, composed by phospholipids, glycolipids and betaine lipids, from C. tomentosum and C. vulgaris also revealed antibacterial potential in combination with aPDT, but a decrease of ca. 6 log10 (CFU/mL) was reached at 60 min of treatment, later than with the total extracts. These results unveil algae lipids as antibacterial compounds in combination with aPDT displaying an alternative from natural origin to tackle pathogen resistance.

Understanding the nitrolipidome: From chemistry to mass spectrometry and biological significance of modified complex lipids.

Complex lipids, phospholipids (PLs) and triacylglycerides (TAGs), are prone to modifications induced by reactive nitrated species and reactive oxygen species, generating a range of nitrated, nitrosated or nitroxidized derivatives, as nitro PLs and nitro TAGs. These modified lipids (epilipids) have been reported in vitro and in vivo using lipidomics approaches. However, their detection in living systems remains a challenge hampered by its complexity, high structural diversity, and low abundance. The advances in high-resolution mass spectrometry combined with the higher sensitivity of the instruments like Orbitrap-based mass spectrometers opened new opportunities for the detection of these modified complex lipids. This review summarizes the challenges and findings behind the identification of nitrated, nitrosated and nitroxidized PLs and TAGs fragmentation fingerprints based on collision-induced dissociation (CID) and higher energy CID (HCD) MS/MS approaches. Following what has already been reported for nitrated fatty acids, these complex lipids are found to act as endogenous mediators with potential electrophilic properties and can express bioactivities such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions. This information can be used to design untargeted and targeted lipidomics strategies for these modified complex lipids in biological samples as well as in pathological, food and industrial settings, further unveiling their biological and signalling roles.

Evaluation of parental and transgenerational effects of clotrimazole in Daphnia magna - A multi-parametric approach.

Azole antifungals inhibit the cytochrome P450 complex, decreasing the production of ergosterol in fungi, and compromising the biosynthesis of ecdysteroids in crustaceans, which are hormones regulating reproduction and ecdysis. The azole antifungal clotrimazole (CLO) raises environmental concerns due its toxicity. This work evaluated the effects on the number of moults, feeding rate, growth, reproduction, transgenerational reproductive effects on two different generations (F0, parental generation; and F1, organisms born from F0), and energetic balance in Daphnia magna. Neonates (<24 h) were exposed to sublethal concentrations (0, 2.7, and 3.4 mg/L) of CLO, to assess its effects on the moulting process. Neonates were also exposed to environmentally realistic concentrations of CLO (0, 30, 150, 750, and 3750 ng/L) for 24 and 96 h, to assess adverse effects on their feeding behaviour. Effects on energy reserves (fatty acids, glycogen, and protein levels) were also measured in animals exposed to CLO. A reproduction test was carried out to evaluate the amount and size of neonates from F0 and F1 generations. CLO exposure decreased the number of moults, and the size of organisms, but did not alter the feeding pattern of 5 days old individuals. However, neonates (<24 h) exposed to CLO had a significant decrease in their feeding pattern. CLO decreased the fatty acids content in exposed animals, but did not change glycogen and protein. CLO also decreased the size of adult daphnids from the third brood, born from animals exposed in F0; in F1 animals, the size of neonates from the third brood was decreased. This study evidenced the toxic effects caused by CLO on growth, feeding and reproduction of D. magna. Nevertheless, it is not possible to conclude whether the effects are due to the inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes, or to unspecific effects caused by general toxic stress and decreased nutrition.

Influência da Delfinidina como potencial modulador da capacidade imunorregulatória das Células-Tronco Mesenquimais / Influence of Delphinidin as a potential modulator of the immunoregulatory capacity of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

As Células-Tronco Mesenquimais (CTMs), são células multipotentes, presentes em diversos tecidos, sendo bastante estudada devido sua capacidade imunorregulatória por meio da liberação de fatores solúveis. Fatores estes que atuam sobre as funções de células do sistema imunitário. Simultaneamente, estudos indicam que os compostos flavonoides, em destaque a Delfinidina, presente em alguns frutos e flores, possuem atuação anti-inflamatória e inibitória sobre células do sistema imunitário. Todavia, são escassos os estudos em relação entre a capacidade imunorregulatória da CTM e a influência da Delfinidina, sendo este o objetivo deste estudo. Inicialmente, a Delfinidina 3-O-ß-D-glicosídeo foi escolhido, devido a sua maior estabilidade e a dose de 50 µM foi selecionada após análise por citometria de fluxo que mostrou aumento da fase proliferativa do ciclo celular. Posteriormente ao realizar análise da produção de fatores solúveis pelas CTM, os resultados mostraram aumento da produção de IL-10, TGF-ß e Oxido nítrico pelas CTM tratadas com Delfinidina. Bem como, diminuição da expressão de p-NF-κB/NF-κB pelas CTMs tratadas com Delfinidina, quando avaliadas por Wersten Blot. Adicionalmente, para analisar a Delfinidina sobre os efeitos imunorregulatórios da CTM sob macrófagos (RAW 264.7), célula esta, importante no sistema imune inato. Foram realizadas culturas condicionadas, com posterior análise da produção de fatores solúveis, os resultados mostraram aumento da produção de IL-10, e diminuição da produção de TNF-α, IL-1α e IL-12 pelos macrófagos, nas culturas condicionadas. Assim como, diminuição da expressão do fator p-NF-κB/NF-κB pelos macrófagos nas culturas condicionadas, quando avaliadas por Wersten Blot. Ademais, ao analisar a atividade metabólica dos macrófagos por ensaio de MTT, os resultados mostraram que as culturas condicionadas e a Delfinidina per si foi capaz de diminuir a atividade metabólica, sem alterar os efeitos anti-inflamatórios sobre a célula. Em síntese, a Delfinidina mostrou acentuar a atuação imunorregulatória da CTM sobre a linhagem macrofágica, célula esta, de grande importância para o sistema imune inato

Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells present in various tissues, being widely studied due to their immunoregulatory capacity through the release of soluble factors. These factors act on the functions of cells of the immune system. Simultaneously, studies indicate that flavonoid compounds, especially Delphinidin, present in some fruits and flowers, have anti inflammatory and inhibitory effects on immune system cells. However, there are few studies on the relationship between the immunoregulatory capacity of MSC and the influence of Delphinidin, which is the objective of this study. Initially, Delphinidin 3-O-ß-D-glycoside was chosen due to its greater stability and the 50 µM dose was selected after analysis by flow cytometry which showed an increase in the proliferative phase of the cell cycle. Subsequently, when analyzing the production of soluble factors by MSCs, the results showed an increase in the production of IL-10, TGF-ß and nitric oxide by MSCs treated with Delphinidin. As well as decreased expression of p-NF-κB/NF-κB by MSCs treated with Delphinidin, when evaluated by Wersten Blot. Additionally, to analyze Delphinidin on the immunoregulatory effects of MSC on macrophages (RAW 264.7), this cell is important in the innate immune system. Conditioned cultures were performed, with subsequent analysis of the production of soluble factors, the results showed an increase in the production of IL-10, and a decrease in the production of TNF-α, IL-1α and IL-12 by macrophages, in the conditioned cultures. As well as decreased expression of p-NF-κB/NF-κB factor by macrophages in conditioned cultures, when evaluated by Wersten Blot. Furthermore, when analyzing the metabolic activity of macrophages by MTT assay, the results showed that conditioned cultures and Delphinidin itself was able to decrease the metabolic activity, without altering the anti-inflammatory effects on the cell. In summary, Delphinidin has shown to enhance the immunoregulatory action of MSC on the macrophage lineage, a cell that is of great importance for the innate immune system

Microalgae as Sustainable Bio-Factories of Healthy Lipids: Evaluating Fatty Acid Content and Antioxidant Activity.

The demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly food sources and food ingredients is increasing, and microalgae are promoted as a sustainable source of essential and bioactive lipids, with high levels of omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 FA), comparable to those of fish. However, most FA screening studies on algae are scattered or use different methodologies, preventing a true comparison of its content between microalgae. In this work, we used gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) to characterize the FA profile of seven different commercial microalgae with biotechnological applications (Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorococcum amblystomatis, Scenedesmus obliquus, Tetraselmis chui, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Spirulina sp., and Nannochloropsis oceanica). Screening for antioxidant activity was also performed to understand the relationship between FA profile and bioactivity. Microalgae exhibited specific FA profiles with a different composition, namely in the ω-3 FA profile, but with species of the same phylum showing similar tendencies. The different lipid extracts showed similar antioxidant activities, but with a low activity of the extracts of Nannochloropsis oceanica. Overall, this study provides a direct comparison of FA profiles between microalgae species, supporting the role of these species as alternative, sustainable, and healthy sources of essential lipids.

Bioaccessibility and Cellular Uptake of Carotenoids Extracted from Bactris gasipaes Fruit: Differences between Conventional and Ionic Liquid-Mediated Extraction.

Currently, on an industrial scale, synthetic colorants are used in many fields, as well as those extracted with conventional organic solvents (COSs), leading to several environmental issues. Therefore, we developed a sustainable extraction and purification method mediated by ionic liquids (IL), which is considered an alternative high-performance replacement for COSs. Carotenoids are natural pigments with low bioaccessibility (BCT) and bioavailability (BV) but with huge importance to health. To investigate if the BCT and cellular uptake of the carotenoids are modified by the extraction method, we conducted a comparison assay between both extraction procedures (IL vs. COS). For this, we used the Amazonian fruit Bactris gasipaes, a rich source of pro-vitamin A carotenoids, to obtain the extract, which was emulsified and subjected to an in vitro digestion model followed by the Caco-2 cell absorption assay. The bioaccessibility of carotenoids using IL was better than those using COS (33.25%, and 26.84%, respectively). The cellular uptake of the carotenoids extracted with IL was 1.4-fold higher than those extracted using COS. Thus, IL may be a feasible alternative as extraction solvent in the food industry, replacing COS, since, in this study, no IL was present in the final extract.

Cardiac phospholipidome is altered during ischemia and reperfusion in an ex vivo rat model.

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the leading cause of death, morbidity, and health costs worldwide. In AMI, a sudden blockage of blood flow causes myocardial ischemia and cell death. Reperfusion after ischemia has paradoxical effects and may exacerbate the myocardial injury, a process known as ischemic reperfusion injury. In this work we evaluated the lipidome of isolated rat hearts, maintained in controlled perfusion (CT), undergoing global ischemia (ISC) or ischemia followed by reperfusion (IR). 153 polar lipid levels were significantly different between conditions. 48 features had q < 0.001 and included 8 phosphatidylcholines and 4 lysophospholipids, which were lower in ISC compared to CT, and even lower in the IR group, suggesting that IR induces more profound changes than ISC. We observed that the levels of 16 alkyl acyl phospholipids were significantly altered during ISC and IR. Overall, these data indicate that myocardial lipid remodelling and possibly damage occurs to a greater extent during reperfusion. The adaptation of cardiac lipidome during ISC and IR described is consistent with the presence of oxidative damage and may reflect the impact of AMI on the lipidome at the cellular level and provide new insights into the role of lipids in the pathophysiology of acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Dispositivos intraorais no tratamento da apneia obstrutiva do sono em pacientes desdentados: uma revisão sistematizada de literatura / Intraoral devices in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in edentulous patients: a systematized literature review

Objetivo: elucidar aspectos envolvidos no uso dos dispositivos intraorais para apneia obstrutiva do sono em indivíduos desdentados totais, como a eficácia dos dispositivos, o conforto e retenção/estabilidade. Metodologia: essa revisão seguiu o checklist do PRISMA, no qual foram incluídos estudos clínicos em inglês, sem restrição de tempo, em que foram utilizados dispositivos para apneia obstrutiva do sono em pacientes desdentados bimaxilares. As buscas foram realizadas nas bases de dados PubMed / MEDLINE, Cochrane e SCOPUS até março de 2021. Resultados: Após as diferentes etapas do processo de seleção dos artigos, foram selecionados 6 estudos para esta revisão, sendo 5 relatos de caso e 1 ensaio clínico. Os estudos relataram uma redução no índice apneia-hipopneia. Em três estudos houve redução expressiva, proporcionando a redução no grau de apneia, de severa para moderada e moderada para leve. A protrusão alcançada com os dispositivos foi adequada para o efeito desejado, em todos os dispositivos. Os estudos não reportam deslocamento do dispositivo e apenas um relata desconforto temporário. Conclusão: Os dispositivos intraorais foram eficazes no tratamento da apneia obstrutiva do sono em pacientes desdentados e os usuários não tiveram queixas quanto ao conforto e estáveis... (AU)

Objective: to elucidate aspects involved in the use of intraoral devices for obstructive sleep apnea in complete edentulous patients, such as the effectiveness of these devices, comfort and retention/stability. Methodology: this review followed the PRISMA checklist, included clinical studies in English, without publication restrictions, in which intraoral devices were used for obstructive sleep apnea in edentulous bimaxillary patients. The search was carried out in PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane and SCOPUS databases, until March 2021. Results: After the different stages of the article selection process, 6 studies were selected for this review, 5 case reports and 1 clinical trial. The studies reported a reduction in the apnea-hypopnea index. In three studies there was a significant reduction in the degree of apnea, from severe to moderate and moderate to mild. The protrusion achieved with the devices was adequate for the desired effect, in all devices. Studies did not report displacement of the device and only one reports temporary discomfort. Conclusion: Intraoral devices were effective in treating obstructive sleep apnea in edentulous patients and users had no complaints about comfort and stability... (AU)

Existe relação entre doenças respiratórias e próteses dentárias removíveis contaminadas? Uma revisão sistematizada da literatura / Relationship between respiratory diseases and contaminated removable dental prostheses

Objetivo: O objetivo dessa revisão sistematizada da literatura foi analisar a associação entre o uso de próteses dentárias removíveis e doenças respiratórias prevalentes. Materiais e métodos: Este estudo foi conduzido seguindo os critérios do PRISMA check-list (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis). A base de dados eletrônica selecionada foi a PubMed/MEDLINE, sem restrições do ano de publicação. Estudos prospectivos e retrospectivos (ensaios clínicos randomizados, ensaios clínicos controlados, estudos de coorte, estudos caso-controle e estudos transversais), estudos in vitro e publicados em inglês foram escolhidos como critérios de elegibilidade. Resultados: A busca inicial na base de dados obteve 553 artigos e 8 deles foram selecionados baseados nos critérios de elegibilidade e subdivididos em dois tópicos: doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica e pneumonia por aspiração. Conclusão: Com base nos estudos avaliados existe associação entre as próteses dentárias removíveis contaminadas e doenças respiratórias... (AU)

Objective: The purpose of this review was to analyze the association between the use of removable dental prostheses and the prevalence of respiratory diseases. Methodology: This study was conducted following the criteria of PRISMA check-list (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis). The database selected was PubMed/MEDLINE, with no restrictions on the year of publication. Prospective and retrospective studies (randomized clinical trials, controlled clinical trials, cohort studies, case-control studies and cross-sectional studies), in vitro studies and published in English were selected in tehe eligibility criteria. Results: The search in the database obtained 553 articles and 8 of them were selected based on the eligibility criteria and subdivided into two topics: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and aspiration pneumonia. Conclusion: Based on the studies evaluated, there is an association between contaminated removable dental prostheses and respiratory diseases... (AU)