Relationships between parenting styles and risk behaviors in adolescent health: an integrative literature review.

Research over the past 20 years suggests that the quality of the parent-adolescent relationship significantly affects the development of risk behaviors in adolescent health. The purpose of this paper is to present a review of studies published between 1996-2007 that address specific relationships between parenting styles and six priority adolescent risk behaviors. The review supports the substantial influence of parenting style on adolescent development. Adolescents raised in authoritative households consistently demonstrate higher protective and fewer risk behaviors than adolescents from non-authoritative families. There is also considerable evidence to show that parenting styles and behaviors related to warmth, communication and disciplinary practices predict important mediators, including academic achievement and psychosocial adjustment. Careful examination of parenting style patterns in diverse populations, particularly with respect to physical activity and unintentional injury, will be a critical next step in the development of efficacious, culturally tailored adolescent health promotion interventions.

Relationships between parenting styles and risk behaviors in adolescent health: an integrative literature review / Relações entre modelos de pais e comportamentos de risco na saúde do adolescente: uma revisão integrativa da literatura / Relaciones entre los tipos de padres y comportamientos de riesgo en la salud del adolescentes: una revisión bibliográfica integrada

Research over the past 20 years suggests that the quality of the parent-adolescent relationship significantly affects the development of risk behaviors in adolescent health. The purpose of this paper is to present a review of studies published between 1996-2007 that address specific relationships between parenting styles and six priority adolescent risk behaviors. The review supports the substantial influence of parenting style on adolescent development. Adolescents raised in authoritative households consistently demonstrate higher protective and fewer risk behaviors than adolescents from non-authoritative families. There is also considerable evidence to show that parenting styles and behaviors related to warmth, communication and disciplinary practices predict important mediators, including academic achievement and psychosocial adjustment. Careful examination of parenting style patterns in diverse populations, particularly with respect to physical activity and unintentional injury, will be a critical next step in the development of efficacious, culturally tailored adolescent health promotion interventions.

Resultados de investigaciones realizadas durante los últimos 20 años muestran que la calidad en las relaciones entre padres e hijos ha provocado un impacto significativo en el desarrollo de comportamientos de riesgo para la salud del adolescente. El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar una revisión bibliográfica de estudios publicados entre 1996-2007, analizando relaciones específicas entre los tipos de padres y los seis principales comportamientos de riesgo en adolescentes. Adolescentes criados bajo una disciplina autoritaria muestran comportamientos más seguros y menores comportamientos de riesgo al ser comparados con adolescentes que provienen de familias poco autoritarias. El tipo paternal y comportamientos relacionados con la afectividad, comunicación familiar y disciplina predicen importantes mediadores para la formación del adolescente, incluyendo desarrollo académico y adaptación psico-social. Cuidadosas evaluaciones sobre los tipos de padres estándar en poblaciones diversas será una próxima etapa crítica para el desarrollo de intervenciones eficaces y adaptadas culturalmente para la promoción de la salud del adolescente.

Pesquisas realizadas durante os últimos 20 anos sugerem que a qualidade da relação entre pais e adolescentes tem obtido impacto significante no desenvolvimento de comportamentos de risco a saúde dos adolescentes. A finalidade deste estudo é apresentar uma revisão bibliográfica de estudos publicados entre o ano de 1996 e 2007, que analisam relações especificas entre modelos de pais e seis principais comportamentos de risco em adolescentes. Os adolescentes crescidos sob disciplina autoritária demonstraram consistentemente mais comportamentos seguros e menos comportamentos de risco comparados a adolescentes vindos de famílias não autoritárias. O modelo dos pais e comportamentos relacionados a afetividade, comunicação familiar e práticas disciplinares, predizem importantes mediadores na formação do adolescente, incluindo o desenvolvimento acadêmico e o ajuste psico-social. Avaliações cuidadosas de modelos padrões de pais em diversas populações, será uma próxima etapa crítica no desenvolvimento de intervenções eficazes e culturalmente adaptadas, na promoção de saúde a adolescentes.

Development of an opsonin inhibition assay for evaluation of complex polysaccharide protective epitopes.

The induction of opsonic antibodies directed against capsular polysaccharides (Ps) is an important mechanism by which immunization protects against the development of invasive pneumococcal (Pn) infection. In preparing Pn vaccines, it is necessary to compare different manufacturing lots of capsular Ps, or to compare oligosaccharides used for conjugate vaccines with native capsular Ps, in order to insure that important epitopes of the Ps are maintained. We have developed an opsonic-antibody inhibition assay (OIA) to compare the functional epitopes of different capsular Ps preparations in vitro. Components of the OIA are primary neutrophils, rabbit complement (C'), and type-specific antibody (Ab). After conditions for optimal opsonic killing were determined for each Pn serotype, anti-Pn Ab was pre-incubated with different dilutions of purified capsular Ps, then added to the OIA mix. Plotting the % bacteria killed versus Ps concentration (log transformed) yielded a linear curve that was used to quantify the concentration of capsular Ps which inhibited the bacteria killing by 50% (IC50). The IC50 was determined for 8 Pn Ps types. These ranged between 6 ng/ml for type 6B and 1268 ng/ml for type 23F. Importantly OIA curves were statistically identical for two different manufacturing lots of capsular Ps for the 8 Pn Ps types. We conclude that differences among capsular Ps used for Pn vaccines could be detected with an OIA assay and these differences may predict the ability of Ps preparations to induce functionally active antibody when formulated into vaccines.