Challenges in assessing change in autistic adults: scale limitations and discrepancies in reporting in clinical trials.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder marked by deficits in social communication and social interaction, together with restricted and/or repetitive patterns of behaviours, activities or interests. As more adults are being diagnosed with ASD, and more diagnosed children are aging into adulthood, the need for effective treatments and support services for autistic adults is quickly growing. As such, clinical research targeting autistic adults has emerged in recent years. Currently, caregiver ratings are commonly used as outcome measures in child treatment studies, but these scales present challenges when utilised to assess the autistic adult population. In this commentary, we seek to unveil the difficulties and obstacles in assessing change in clinical treatment trials for autistic adults. Specifically, this article uses case examples to explore the limitations of rating scales. Steps for improving the accuracy of ratings, and for developing novel self-rating scales for autistic adults are discussed. It is hoped that in exploring these difficulties in more depth, clinical research with adult ASD populations will continue to improve and that reliable, valid and sensitive outcome measures will be developed to ensure the highest quality treatments emerge.

Modulating neuroinflammation in COVID-19 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Exacerbation of symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) during COVID-19 or new onset of the OCD symptoms resulting from COVID-19 infection is an understudied area of research. It is possible that increased proinflammatory immune status is associated with the onset of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with COVID-19 and that targeted anti-inflammatory treatments for COVID-19 infection can mitigate the new onset of Obsessive-Compulsive (OC) spectrum symptoms. In this review, we cover OCD pathogenesis as related to COVID-19, summarize the impact of cytokines on behavior, and suggest that anti-cytokine treatments can help mitigate post-COVID-19 and new onset of the OC symptoms.

Pharmacotherapy in body dysmorphic disorder: relapse prevention and novel treatments.

Introduction: Body dysmorphic disorder is a debilitating disorder that often presents with significant delusionality, low insight, and both medical and psychiatric comorbidities, presenting a challenge for treatment and long-term management. Its typically chronic course requires that therapy be continued indefinitely, but only a few studies of long-term pharmacotherapeutic management exist. Areas covered: The authors discuss the current understanding of body dysmorphic disorder, focusing specifically on: epidemiology, clinical presentation, challenges in treatment, treatment options, and the importance of the further study of the long-term management of the disorder. Expert opinion: Serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the established drug of choice in patients with body dysmorphic disorder. Initial studies suggest that other agents such as augmentation antipsychotic medication may also be of use in combination with serotonin reuptake inhibitors, but there is a lack of studies comparing new treatments to serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Due to the chronic nature of body dysmorphic disorder, further research is needed to clarify the role of pharmacotherapy in long-term management and relapse prevention. Future studies should explore the long-term use of therapies and combinations of different therapeutics with the goal of effectively managing this debilitating, chronic condition.

Pharmacological Treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder.

Body dysmorphic disorder is a challenging disorder that manifests as erroneously perceived flaws in one's physical appearance and repetitive behaviors in response to appearance concerns. This disorder is also frequently comorbid with other psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder and autism spectrum disorder. It is currently understood to arise from a combination of biological, psychological, and environmental factors. Treatment of body dysmorphic disorder typically consists of a combination of pharmacotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy. However, not all patients respond to treatment, and BDD symptoms remain even in those who do respond. This review outlines current pharmacological and neuromodulation treatments for body dysmorphic disorder and suggests directions for future studies of novel treatments such as augmentation with atypical antipsychotics and the use of intranasal oxytocin in cases of body dysmorphic disorder that show residual symptomatology even with tailored monotherapy. There is emerging evidence suggesting that non-invasive neurostimulatory techniques, such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, may be of value in treatment-resistant cases.

New perspectives in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder.

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a disabling illness with a high worldwide prevalence. Patients demonstrate a debilitating preoccupation with one or more perceived defects, often marked by poor insight or delusional convictions. Multiple studies have suggested that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and various cognitive behavioral therapy modalities are effective first-line treatments in decreasing BDD severity, relieving depressive symptoms, restoring insight, and increasing quality of life. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have also recently been shown to be effective for relapse prevention. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of BDD, including its clinical features, epidemiology, genetics, and current treatment modalities. Additional research is needed to fully elucidate the relationship between BDD and comorbid illnesses such as obsessive-compulsive-related disorders and depression and to develop therapies for refractory patients and those who have contraindications for pharmacological intervention.

Characterisation of asthma subgroups associated with circulating YKL-40 levels.

The chitinase-like protein YKL-40 mediates airway inflammation and serum levels are associated with asthma severity. However, asthma phenotypes associated with YKL-40 levels have not been precisely defined.We conducted an unsupervised cluster analysis of asthma patients treated at the Yale Center for Asthma and Airways Disease (n=156) to identify subgroups according to YKL-40 level. The resulting YKL-40 clusters were cross-validated in cohorts from the Severe Asthma Research Programme (n=167) and the New York University/Bellevue Asthma Repository (n=341). A sputum transcriptome analysis revealed molecular pathways associated with YKL-40 subgroups.Four YKL-40 clusters (C1-C4) were identified. C3 and C4 had high serum YKL-40 levels compared with C1 and C2. C3 was associated with earlier onset and longer duration of disease, severe airflow obstruction, and near-fatal asthma exacerbations. C4 had the highest serum YKL-40 levels, adult onset and less airflow obstruction, but frequent exacerbations. An airway transcriptome analysis in C3 and C4 showed activation of non-type 2 inflammatory pathways.Elevated serum YKL-40 levels were associated with two distinct clinical asthma phenotypes: one with irreversible airway obstruction and another with severe exacerbations. The YKL-40 clusters are potentially useful for identification of individuals with severe or exacerbation-prone asthma.

Sputum Gene Expression of IL-13 Receptor α2 Chain Correlates with Airflow Obstruction and Helper T-Cell Type 2 Inflammation in Asthma.

BACKGROUND: BRP-39/YKL-40 is a chitinase-like protein that plays a critical role in IL-13-induced inflammation. It correlates positively with asthma severity and airway remodeling ( 1 ) via binding to IL-13 receptor α2 chain (IL-13Rα2). Because the relationship of IL-13Rα2 to human asthma has never been evaluated previously, we sought to determine the relationship between IL-13Rα2, YKL-40, and asthma. METHODS: We evaluated 112 patients (69% women) with a mean age of 46.7 years. Subjects completed an asthma phenotyping protocol that included analysis of sputum gene expression by Affymetrix 1.0 ST gene array (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA) and YKL-40 protein levels. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: IL-13Rα2 gene expression was readily detectable in the sputum and correlated negatively with prebronchodilator (BD) FEV1 (rs = -0.282, P < 0.01), post-BD FEV1 (rs = -0.268, P < 0.01), pre-BD FEV1/FVC ratio (rs = -0.228, P < 0.05), and post-BD FEV1/FVC ratio (rs = -0.242, P < 0.01). IL-13Rα2 gene expression correlated positively with gene expression of IL-13 (rs = 0.484, P < 0.001), IL-5 (rs = 0.237, P < 0.05), and IL-8 (rs = 0.218, P < 0.05). Regression analysis showed that the post-BD FEV1/FVC ratio is significantly associated with IL-13Rα2 expression and CHI3L1 expression in sputum after controlling for IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and transforming growth factor-ß1 gene expression (all P < 0.01). Sputum YKL-40 gene expression positively correlated with IL-8 expression (rs = 0.357, P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with pre- and post-BD FEV1/FVC ratios (rs = -0.299, P < 0.001 and rs = -0.305, P < 0.01, respectively). Sputum and serum YKL-40 protein levels were not associated with IL-13Rα2 expression. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis demonstrates that IL-13Rα2 is associated with reduced lung function, helper T-cell type 2 gene expression, and airflow obstruction in the airway of individuals with asthma, which might in turn be driven by airway remodeling. Future studies will be required to define the proinflammatory and remodeling effects of this receptor that up to now has been considered solely a modulator of IL-13-induced inflammation.