RESUMEN
Bougainvillea is popular in ornamental horticulture for its colorful bracts and excellent adaptability, but the complex genetic relationship among this genus is fuzzy due to limited genomic data. To reveal more genomic resources of Bougainvillea, we sequenced and assembled the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequences of Bougainvillea spectabilis 'Splendens'. The cp genome size was 154,869 bp in length, containing 86 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNAs, and eight rRNAs. Cp genome comparison across 12 Bougainvillea species (B. spectabilis, B. glabra, B. peruviana, B. arborea, B. praecox, B. stipitata, B. campanulata, B. berberidifolia, B. infesta, B. modesta, B. spinosa, and B. pachyphylla) revealed five mutational hotspots. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that B. spectabilis published previously and B. glabra clustered into one subclade as two distinct groups, sister to the subclade of B. spectabilis 'Splendens'. We considered the phylogeny relationships between B. spectabilis and B. glabra to be controversial. Based on two hypervariable regions and three common plastid regions, we developed five molecular markers for species identification in Bougainvillea and applied them to classify 53 ornamental Bougainvillea cultivars. This study provides a valuable genetic resource for Bougainvillea breeding and offers effective molecular markers to distinguish the representative ornamental species of Bougainvillea.
Asunto(s)
Genoma del Cloroplasto , Nyctaginaceae , Nyctaginaceae/genética , Filogenia , Fitomejoramiento , GenómicaRESUMEN
The exploration of coarse-grained WC cemented carbide has become a research hotspot for its application in the fields of rock cutting and mining; a key issue is how to achieve uniform dispersion and densification of the sintered phase, as well as how to obtain better mechanical properties. In this paper, chemical co-precipitation, combined with hydrogen reduction, was adopted. CoCl2·6H2O and CeCl3 were used as precursors to coat Co nanoparticles on the surface of WC powder while introducing different contents of cerium; the samples were then sintered and densified to obtain WC-Co(Ce) hard alloy materials. On the surface of the obtained WC particles, the distribution of Co(Ce) nanoparticles was uniform and dense, and the average particle size after sintering was 4.2 µm, which lies in the coarse-grained range. The addition of cerium elements significantly improves the flexural strength and impact toughness; when the cerium content was 0.5% and 0.6%, they increased to 2487 MPa and 36.1 kJ/m2, respectively. The addition of Co(Ce) through the co-precipitation method could achieve a uniform coating of the Co phase, along with the uniform dispersion and densification of the sintered phase, giving the WC-Co(Ce) cemented carbide excellent properties.
RESUMEN
Bougainvillea peruviana is a widely domesticated ornamental plant species. However, studies on B. peruviana are limited. In this study, we reported the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of B. peruviana. The cp genome is 154,465 bp in length, containing a large single-copy (LSC) of 85,563 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) of 18,050 bp, which are separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 25,426 bp, each. A total of 132 genes, including 86 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes, were predicted. The overall GC content for the cp genome is 36.5%. The maximum-likelihood tree constructed based on cp genome sequences showed that B. peruviana is placed under Nyctaginaceae and is diverged before Bougainvillea glabra and Bougainvillea spectabilis under strong bootstrap support.
RESUMEN
Calibrachoa hybrida is a popular ornamental plant with colorful flowers. We present here the complete chloroplast genome sequence of C. hybrida. With a total length of 156,099 bp, it is comprised of a large single-copy (LSC) region of 86,695 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,694 bp separated by two inverted repeats (IRs) of 25,355 bp for each. A total of 132 genes were identified, consisting of 87 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis using complete chloroplast genomes clustered C. hybrida together with petunia into the subfamily Petunioideae within the family Solanaceae.
RESUMEN
Bixa orellana is a small tree known for its red, oil-soluble pigment contained in the seed coat that is used as a natural dye and food coloring. In this study, we assembled and characterized the complete chloroplast genome of B. orellana as a resource for future genetic studies. With a total length of 159,825 bp, the chloroplast genome comprised of a large single-copy (LSC) region of 89,476 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 19,617 bp, and two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 25,356 bp each. A total of 127 genes were predicted, consisting of 83 protein-coding genes, 36 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the position of B. orellana within the order Malvales.
RESUMEN
Bougainvillea glabra is an ornamental plant that is domesticated in many tropical and sub-tropical countries. The focus on its breeding programmes has overshadowed genetic studies of this important species. In this study, we reported on the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of B. glabra. The cp genome is 154,763 bp in size, comprised of a large single copy (LSC) region of 85,921 bp, a small single copy (SSC) region of 18,018 bp, and a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions of 25,412 bp each. A total of 131 genes were predicted, including 37 tRNA, 8 rRNA, and 86 protein-coding genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that B. glabra is placed under Nyctaginaceae and sister to B. spectabilis under a strong bootstrap support.
RESUMEN
Noble gas (41)Ar was measured with a 4πß-4πγ coincidence system, in which gamma- and beta-rays were respectively detected with a well-type NaI(Tl) and plastic scintillator (PS) detector. The activity of (41)Ar was determined from an efficiency extrapolation method, in which the beta detector efficiency was varied by electronic discrimination using the software developed under Visual basic. In addition, high resolution gamma spectroscopy with HPGe detector was also used for activity determination of (41)Ar, and the result was satisfactory in agreement with that obtain by the efficiency extrapolation method. This work demonstrated that the activity of (41)Ar can be accurately measured by efficiency extrapolation method.
