Permeability characteristics and structural evolution of compacted loess under different dry densities and wetting-drying cycles.

Permeability characteristics of compacted loess is always an important topic in soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering. This study explored the permeability characteristics of compacted loess under different dry densities and wetting-drying cycles, and found that as the dry density increases, the compacted loess surface became denser, the saturation permeability coefficient and saturation infiltration rate decreased. However, the wetting-drying cycle presented the opposite result. Meanwhile, the evolution of the microstructure was investigated by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) to explain the change of its permeability characteristics. The size of compacted loess aggregates was quantitatively analyzed by Image-Pro Plus (IPP) software. It showed that the size of compacted loess aggregates for different dry densities were concentrated from 10-100 µm, occupying 65.0%, 58.19%, and 51.64% of the total aggregates area respectively. And the interesting finding was that the area occupied by 10-50 µm aggregates remained basically unchanged with the number of wetting-drying cycles increasing. Therefore, the size of 10-50 µm aggregates represented the transition zone of compacted loess. NMR analyses revealed that with increasing dry density, the volume of macropores in the compacted loess rapidly decreased, the volume of mesopores and small pores increased. Meanwhile, the change in micropores was relatively small. The pore volume of the compacted loess after three wetting-drying cycles increased by 8.56%, 8.61%, and 6.15%, respectively. The proportion of macropores in the total pore volume shows the most drastic change. Variations in aggregate size and connection relationships made it easier to form overhead structures between aggregates, and the increased of macropore volume will form more water channels. Therefore, the change in permeability characteristics of compacted loess is determined by aggregate size, loess surface morphology, and the total pore volume occupied by macropores.

Comparison and quantitative analysis of microstructure parameters between original loess and remoulded loess under different wetting-drying cycles.

The microstructural evolution of loess had a significant impact on the collapsibility of loess during wetting-drying cycles. Based on the analysis of scanning electron microscope (SEM) images by using Image-Pro Plus, the present study quantitatively compared the microstructural parameters of original loess and remoulded loess with different moisture content before and after wetting-drying cycles in size, shape, and arrangement. In size, the average diameter of both original loess particles and remoulded loess particles increased with the increasing of initial moisture content. However, the average diameter of original loess particles was slightly larger than that of remoulded loess particles before wetting-drying cycles. In contrast, the average diameter of both original loess particles and remoulded loess particles were very close to each other after three wetting-drying cycles. In shape, before wetting-drying cycles, the average shape factor of original loess particles was higher than that of remoulded loess particles. After three wetting-drying cycles, the difference in the average shape factor of both two loess samples with 5% initial moisture content is similar to that before wetting-drying cycles. Nevertheless, the average shape factor of both original loess particles and remouled loess particles with 15% initial moisture content were very close to that with 25% initial moisture content. In the arrangement, directional frequency indicated remoulded loess appeared to be more vertically aligned than original before and after three wetting-drying cycles. Furthermore, the directed anisotropy rate of remoulded loess was higher than that of the original loess before and after three wetting-drying cycles. In summary, the size, shape, and arrangement of both original loess particles and remoulded loess particles varied in different degrees before and after three wetting-drying cycles. Combined with the water retention curve of the loess, we analyzed the microstructural evolution mechanism of two loess particles during wetting-drying cycles. It is an excellent significance to study the engineering properties of original loess and remoulded loess.