Long-Term Neurodevelopmental Outcome of Children With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the long-term outcome of pediatric mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in terms of neurocognitive, behavioral, and school functioning and to identify clinical risk factors for adverse outcomes. METHODS: This study describes the follow-up of a prospective multicenter sample of 89 children with mTBI 3.6 years postinjury and 89 neurologically healthy children matched for sex, age, and socioeconomic status. Neurodevelopmental outcomes were assessed using an intelligence test, behavioral questionnaires, computerized neurocognitive tests, and longitudinal (pre- and postinjury) standardized school performance data. RESULTS: Children with mTBI exhibited intelligence in the average range but had more behavioral problems related to inattentiveness (P = 0.004, d = 0.47) and hyperactive impulsivity (P = 0.01, d = 0.40) and showed poorer neurocognitive performance in information processing stability (P = 0.003, d = -0.55) and Visual Working Memory (P = 0.04, d = -0.39) compared with matched peers. Longitudinal school performance data revealed poorer performance in Technical Reading up to two years postinjury (P = 0.005, d = -0.42) when compared with normative data. Clinical risk factors did not reveal predictive value for adverse outcomes in children with mTBI. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that children with mTBI are at risk of long-term deficits in neurocognitive and behavioral functioning, with longitudinal evidence suggesting shortfalls in school performance up to two years postinjury. Clinical risk factors do not provide a solid basis for long-term neurodevelopmental prognosis. Findings emphasize the importance of, and challenges for, early identification of children at risk for adverse neurodevelopmental outcome after mTBI.

Young children with a minor traumatic head injury: clinical observation or CT scan?

Currently, in young children with minor traumatic head injuries (MTHI) classified as intermediate risk (IR), PECARN recommends clinical observation over computer tomography (CT) scan depending on provider comfort, although both options being possible. In this study, we describe clinicians' choice and which factors were associated with this decision. This was a planned sub-study of a prospective multicenter observational study that enrolled 1006 children younger than 18 years with MTHI who presented to six emergency departments in The Netherlands. Of those, 280 children classified as IR group fulfilling one or more minor criteria, leaving the clinician with the choice between clinical observation and a CT scan. In our cohort, 228/280 (81%) children were admitted for clinical observation, 15/280 (5.4%) received a CT scan, 6/280 (2.1%) received a CT scan and were admitted for observation, and 31/280 (11%) children were discharged from the emergency department without any intervention. Three objective factors were associated with a CT scan, namely age above 2 years, the presence of any loss of consciousness (LOC), and presentation on weekend days. CONCLUSION: In children with MTHI in an IR group, clinicians prefer clinical observation above performing a CT scan. Older age, day of presentation, and any loss of consciousness are factors associated with a CT scan. WHAT IS KNOWN: • Clinical decision rules have been developed in the management of children of different risk groups with minor traumatic head injury (MTHI). • According to the Dutch national, clinical decision rules in children under 6 years of age up to 50% of children classify as intermediate risk (IR) and clinicians may choose between clinical observation and computed tomography (CT). WHAT IS NEW: • In this IR group, clinical observation is chosen in 81% children with MTHI. • In the subgroup where clinicians performed a CT scan, children were older and presented more frequently on a weekend day, and more frequently consciousness was lost.

Application of PECARN rules would significantly decrease CT rates in a Dutch cohort of children with minor traumatic head injuries.

The aim of this study was to determine the potential impact of the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) rules on the CT rate in a large paediatric minor traumatic head injury (MTHI) cohort and compare this with current national Dutch guidelines. This was a planned sub-study of a prospective multicentre observational study that enrolled 1006 children younger than 18 years with MTHI. We calculated the number of recommended CT scans and described trauma-related CT scan abnormalities. The PECARN rules recommended a significantly lower percentage of CT scans in all age categories, namely 101/357 (28.3%) versus 164/357 (45.9%) (p < 0.001) in patients under 2 years of age and 148/623 (23.8%) versus 394/623 (63.2%) (p < 0,001) versus in patients 2 years and older.Conclusion: The projected CT rate can significantly be reduced if the PECARN rules are applied. We therefore advocate that the PECARN guidelines are also implemented in The Netherlands. What is Known: • To guide clinicians whether to perform a CT scan in children with a minor traumatic head injury (MTHI) clinical decision rules has been developed. • The overall CT scan rate in adherence with the Dutch MTHI guidelines is 44%. What is New: • The projected CT rate can significantly be reduced in a Dutch cohort of MTHI if the PECARN rules are applied. • The Dutch national guidelines for MTHI can safely be replaced by the PECARN rules.

Multi-centre study found that strict adherence to guidelines led to computed tomography scans being overused in children with minor head injuries.

AIM: Our primary aim was to calculate the head computed tomography (CT) scan rate in children with a minor head injury (MHI) when the Dutch National guidelines were followed in clinical practice. The secondary aim was to determine the incidence of CT abnormalities and the guideline predictors associated with traumatic abnormalities. METHODS: We performed a multi-centre, prospective observational cross-sectional study in the emergency departments of six hospitals in The Netherlands between 1 April 2015 and 31 December 2016. RESULTS: Data on 1002 patients were studied and 69% of cases complied with the guidelines. The overall CT rate was 44% and the incidence of traumatic abnormal CT findings was 13%. CT scans were performed in 19% of children under two years of age, 48% of children between two and five years and 63% of children aged six years or more. Multivariate regression analysis for all age categories showed that CT abnormalities were predicted by a Glasgow Coma Scale of less than 15, suspicion of a basal skull fracture, vomiting and scalp haematomas or external lesions of the skull. CONCLUSION: Strict adherence to the Dutch national guidelines resulted in CT overuse. New guidelines are needed to safely reduce CT scan indications.

Effect of non-human neutral and acidic oligosaccharides on allergic and infectious diseases in preterm infants.

UNLABELLED: Short-term supplementation of non-human neutral and acidic oligosaccharides during the first postnatal weeks may enhance the maturation of the immune response in preterm infants and may lead to less allergic and infectious diseases during the first year of life. In a randomized controlled trial, 113 preterm infants (gestational age <32 weeks and/or birth weight <1500 g) were allocated to receive enteral neutral and acidic oligosaccharide supplementation or placebo between days 3 and 30 of life. The median age at follow-up was not different in both groups: 12 months corrected age (interquartile range [IQR], 11-15) in the prebiotic mixture group and 12 months corrected age in the placebo group (IQR, 10-19), respectively. In addition, baseline patient, maternal, and environmental characteristics were not different between the prebiotic mixture (n = 48) and placebo (n = 46) group. Incidence of allergic and infectious diseases was assessed by validated questionnaires. In total, 94/98 (96 %) of the eligible, surviving infants participated in this follow-up study. The incidence of atopic dermatitis (odds ratio [OR], 0.80; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.24-2.67), bronchial hyper-reactivity (OR, 1.04; 95 % CI, 0.38-2.87) and infections of the upper respiratory (OR, 0.95; 95 % CI, 0.37-2.44), lower respiratory (OR, 1.03; 95 % CI, 0.37-2.88), and gastrointestinal (OR, 1.77; 95 % CI, 0.55-5.73) tract was not different between the groups. Adjustment for potential confounding factors did not change the results of the primary analysis. CONCLUSION: Short-term enteral supplementation of non-human neutral and acidic oligosaccharides during the neonatal period in preterm infants does not decrease the incidence of allergic and infectious diseases during the first year of life.