Coinfección bacteriana en el paciente COVID-19 crítico: incidencia, impacto y necesidad de tratamiento antibiótico / Bacterial coinfection in the critically-ill COVID-19 patient: incidence, impact and need for antimicrobial therapy

Objetivos. Evaluar la frecuencia de coinfección bacteriana al ingreso en UCI en pacientes con neumonía por SARS-CoV-2, su microbiología e impacto en el pronóstico. El objetivo secun dario fue identificar factores de riesgo de coinfección al ingreso. Métodos. Estudio retrospectivo, se incluyeron pacientes con neumonía por SARS-CoV-2 ingresados en UCI. Definimos coinfección bacteriana por síntomas respiratorios, datos radioló gicos, resultados microbiológicos positivos y clínicamente signi ficativos en muestras obtenidas en las primeras 48 h de ingreso y/o una determinación de procalcitonina ≥ 0,5 ng/mL en las pri meras 48 h. Evaluamos variables demográficas, comorbilidades, datos de la infección por SARS-CoV-2, scores de gravedad, tra tamientos recibidos, necesidad de soporte respiratorio y resulta dos (estancia y mortalidad durante el ingreso en UCI y hospital). Resultados. Se analizaron 182 pacientes, 62 (34.1%) con coinfección bacteriana. La microbiología más frecuente fue S. pneumoniae y M. pneumoniae. El 96.1% de los pacientes re cibieron antibioterapia al ingreso, 98,9% corticoides, 27,5% tocilizumab y 7,7% remdesivir. El 85.7% necesitó ventilación mecánica invasiva. La puntuación en SOFA (OR: 1,315, IC 95% 1,116-1,548) y el retraso en el ingreso en UCI (OR: 0,899, IC 95% 0,831-0,972) se relacionaron con el riesgo de coinfección. La coinfección bacteriana aumenta el riesgo de muerte en el hospital (OR 2,283; IC 95% 1,011-5,151; p=0,047). Conclusiones. La coinfección bacteriana es frecuente en pacientes COVID ingresados en UCI y aumenta el riesgo de muerte. No es posible identificar con seguridad, en el momen to de ingreso, qué pacientes no se benefician de tratamiento antibiótico (AU)

ion upon ICU admission in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia patients, its microbiology, and impact on prognosis.The secondary ob jective was to identify risk factors for coinfection on admis sion. Methods. Retrospective study, including patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia admitted to the ICU.We defined bac terial coinfection by respiratory symptoms, radiological data, positive and clinically significant microbiological results in samples obtained in the first 48 h of admission and/or a de termination of procalcitonin ≥ 0.5 ng/mL in the first 48 h.We evaluated demographic variables, comorbidities, SARS-CoV-2 infection data, severity scores, treatments received, need for respiratory support and outcomes (ICU and hospital mortality). Results. A total of 182 patients were analyzed, 62 (34.1%) with bacterial coinfection.The most frequent microbiology was S. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae.96.1% of the patients re ceived antibiotic therapy on admission, 98.9% corticosteroids, 27.5% tocilizumab, and 7.7% remdesivir.85.7% required inva sive mechanical ventilation.The SOFA score (OR: 1.315, 95% CI 1.116-1.548) and the delay in ICU admission (OR: 0.899, 95% CI 0.831-0.972) were related to the risk of coinfection.Bacterial coinfection increases the risk of death in hospital (OR 2.283; 95% CI 1.011.5.151; p=0.047). Conclusions. Bacterial coinfection is common in COVID patients admitted to the ICU and increases the risk of death.It is not possible to identify with certainty, at the time of admis sion, which patients do not benefit from antibiotic treatment (AU)

Immunomodulatory therapy for the management of critically ill patients with COVID-19: A narrative review.

BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Understanding the physiological and immunological processes underlying the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 is vital for the identification and rational design of effective therapies. AIM: To describe the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with the immune system and the subsequent contribution of hyperinflammation and abnormal immune responses to disease progression together with a complete narrative review of the different immunoadjuvant treatments used so far in COVID-19 and their indication in severe and life-threatening subsets. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was developed. Authors reviewed the selected manuscripts following the PRISMA recommendations for systematic review and meta-analysis documents and selected the most appropriate. Finally, a recommendation of the use of each treatment was established based on the level of evidence of the articles and documents reviewed. This recommendation was made based on the consensus of all the authors. RESULTS: A brief rationale on the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, immune response, and inflammation was developed. The usefulness of 10 different families of treatments related to inflammation and immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 was reviewed and discussed. Finally, based on the level of scientific evidence, a recommendation was established for each of them. CONCLUSION: Although several promising therapies exist, only the use of corticosteroids and tocilizumab (or sarilumab in absence of this) have demonstrated evidence enough to recommend its use in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Endotypes including both, clinical and biological characteristics can constitute specific targets for better select certain therapies based on an individualized approach to treatment.