Desarrollo de una aplicación para teléfonos móviles (app) basada en la colaboración Sociedad Española de Reumatología/Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria para derivación de enfermedades autoinmunes sistémicas / Development of an application for mobile phones (App) based on the collaboration between the Spanish Society of Rheumatology and Spanish Society of Family Medicine for the referral of systemic autoimmune diseases from primary care to rheumatology

El diagnóstico y tratamiento de las enfermedades autoinmunes sistémicas (EAS) constituye un reto. Aunque infrecuentes, afectan a cientos de miles de pacientes en España. El médico de familia (MF) se enfrenta a síntomas o signos inespecíficos que hacen sospechar EAS al inicio del proceso, y tiene que decidir a quiénes debería derivar. Para facilitar su reconocimiento y mejorar su derivación, expertos de la Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria y de la Sociedad Española de Reumatología seleccionaron 26 síntomas/signos-guía y alteraciones analíticas. Se escogieron parejas de MF y reumatólogo para elaborar algoritmos diagnósticos y de derivación. Posteriormente se revisaron y adaptaron al formato de aplicación para móviles (app) descargable. El resultado es el presente documento de derivación de EAS para MF en formato de papel y app. Contiene algoritmos de fácil manejo utilizando datos de la anamnesis, exploración física y pruebas analíticas accesibles en atención primaria para orientar el diagnóstico y facilitar la derivación a reumatología o a otras especialidades

Management of systemic autoimmune diseases is challenging for physicians in their clinical practice. Although not common, they affect thousands of patients in Spain. The family doctor faces patients with symptoms and non-specific cutaneous, mucous, joint, vascular signs or abnormal laboratory findings at the start of the disease process and has to determine when to refer patients to the specialist. To aid in disease detection and better referral, the Spanish Society of Rheumatology and the Spanish Society of Family Medicine has created a group of experts who selected 26 symptoms, key signs and abnormal laboratory findings which were organized by organ and apparatus. Family doctors and rheumatologists with an interest in autoimmune systemic diseases were selected and formed mixed groups of two that then elaborated algorithms for diagnostic guidelines and referral. The algorithms were then reviewed, homogenized and adapted to the algorithm format and application for cell phone (apps) download. The result is the current Referral document of systemic autoimmune diseases for the family doctor in paper format and app (download). It contains easy-to-use algorithms using data from anamnesis, physical examination and laboratory results usually available to primary care, that help diagnose and refer patients to rheumatology or other specialties if needed

Development of an application for mobile phones (App) based on the collaboration between the Spanish Society of Rheumatology and Spanish Society of Family Medicine for the referral of systemic autoimmune diseases from primary care to rheumatology. / Desarrollo de una aplicación para teléfonos móviles (app) basada en la colaboración Sociedad Española de Reumatología/Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria para derivación de enfermedades autoinmunes sistémicas.

Management of systemic autoimmune diseases is challenging for physicians in their clinical practice. Although not common, they affect thousands of patients in Spain. The family doctor faces patients with symptoms and non-specific cutaneous, mucous, joint, vascular signs or abnormal laboratory findings at the start of the disease process and has to determine when to refer patients to the specialist. To aid in disease detection and better referral, the Spanish Society of Rheumatology and the Spanish Society of Family Medicine has created a group of experts who selected 26 symptoms, key signs and abnormal laboratory findings which were organized by organ and apparatus. Family doctors and rheumatologists with an interest in autoimmune systemic diseases were selected and formed mixed groups of two that then elaborated algorithms for diagnostic guidelines and referral. The algorithms were then reviewed, homogenized and adapted to the algorithm format and application for cell phone (apps) download. The result is the current Referral document of systemic autoimmune diseases for the family doctor in paper format and app (download). It contains easy-to-use algorithms using data from anamnesis, physical examination and laboratory results usually available to primary care, that help diagnose and refer patients to rheumatology or other specialties if needed.

[Patient evaluation and outcome measures]. / Evaluación del paciente y medida de resultados.

Both the initial evaluation and follow-up of patients with osteoarthritis require systematic evaluation of the indicators that provide information on the degree of involvement of the disease and allow its quantification. Reliable measures of disease progression help decision-making by clinicians and provide valid information on treatment response and the effectiveness of the distinct therapeutic interventions. The instruments recommended in research, as outcome measures in osteoarthritis, are pain evaluation, assessment of physical function, and self-reported global evaluation. In studies lasting more than 1 year, structural changes are evaluated through simple X-ray. Self-reported quality of life assessment and physician global assessment are also recommended as options. These indicators should be incorporated into routine clinical practice for adequate evaluation and correct follow-up of patients with osteoarthritis. The recommended pain evaluation method for use in clinical practice is the visual analog scale (VAS). The best instrument to evaluate physical function in patients with hip or knee osteoarthritis is the WOMAC scale (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index). For patient-reported global assessment in routine practice, the recommended scales are VAS or the SF-12 (12-item short-form health survey).

[Follow-up of patients with osteoarthritis. Coordinated management and criteria for referral between healthcare levels]. / Seguimiento del paciente con artrosis. Manejo coordinado y criterios de derivación entre niveles asistenciales.

The correct management of osteoarthritis requires an accurate diagnosis, evaluation of its spread and functional repercussions, and the application of comprehensive and effective individually-tailored treatment aimed at relieving pain and improving physical function with a consequent improvement in quality of life; treatment should also aim to prevent or delay disease progression and its effects. In the National Health Service, primary care is the basic level and the first point of access to healthcare; this level guarantees the continuity of care, coordinates patients, and regulates clinical workflow. Family physicians coordinate the healthcare processes related to chronic diseases and are responsible for the management, diagnosis, evaluation, treatment, and follow-up of patients with osteoarthritis. The clinical practice guidelines internationally accepted as the standard of care for the management of osteoarthritis should be adapted by both Spanish health planning strategies and clinical practice guidelines to the Spanish healthcare setting. The comprehensive assessment of osteoarthritis includes evaluation of its effects on the patient's physical function and quality of life; formulating a treatment plan in collaboration with the patient and adapted to his or her comorbidities; providing advice on basic treatments and their risks and benefits; and carrying out an individually-tailored periodic review. Referral criteria are based on diagnostic confirmation, poor treatment response, and surgical evaluation.

Evaluación del paciente y medida de resultados / Patient evaluation and outcome measures

Tanto la valoración inicial como el seguimiento del paciente con artrosis precisan de una evaluación sistematizada de indicadores que informen sobre el grado de afectación de esta y permitan cuantificarla. Objetivar la evolución de la enfermedad facilita la toma de decisiones del clínico y proporciona información válida sobre la respuesta y eficacia de las distintas intervenciones terapéuticas. Los instrumentos recomendados en investigación, como medidas de resultado de la artrosis, son la valoración del dolor, de la capacidad funcional y la evaluación global por parte del enfermo. En estudios de más de 1 año de duración se valoran cambios estructurales mediante radiología simple. También se recomienda, de manera opcional, la valoración de la calidad de vida del paciente y la evaluación global de la enfermedad por parte del médico. Estos indicadores deberían incorporarse a la práctica clínica habitual para una adecuada valoración y un correcto seguimiento del paciente con artrosis. El método de evaluación del dolor recomendado para su uso en la práctica clínica es la escala visual analógica (EVA). El mejor instrumento para la valoración de la capacidad funcional del paciente con artrosis de cadera o rodilla es la escala WOMAC (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index). Para la evaluación global de la enfermedad por parte del paciente con artrosis, en la práctica habitual, se recomienda el uso de la EVA o el cuestionario de salud SF-12 (12-item short-form health survey

Both the initial evaluation and follow-up of patients with osteoarthritis require systematic evaluation of the indicators that provide information on the degree of involvement of the disease and allow its quantification. Reliable measures of disease progression help decision-making by clinicians and provide valid information on treatment response and the effectiveness of the distinct therapeutic interventions. The instruments recommended in research, as outcome measures in osteoarthritis, are pain evaluation, assessment of physical function, and self-reported global evaluation. In studies lasting more than 1 year, structural changes are evaluated through simple X-ray. Self-reported quality of life assessment and physician global assessment are also recommended as options. These indicators should be incorporated into routine clinical practice for adequate evaluation and correct follow-up of patients with osteoarthritis. The recommended pain evaluation method for use in clinical practice is the visual analog scale (VAS). The best instrument to evaluate physical function in patients with hip or knee osteoarthritis is the WOMAC scale (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index). For patient-reported global assessment in routine practice, the recommended scales are VAS or the SF-12 (12-item short-form health survey)

Seguimiento del paciente con artrosis. Manejo coordinado y criterios de derivación entre niveles asistenciales / Follow-up of patients with osteoarthritis. Coordinated management and criteria for referral between healthcare levels

El manejo correcto de la artrosis exige un diagnóstico preciso, la evaluación de su extensión, la valoración de sus consecuencias funcionales, la aplicación de un tratamiento adaptado, integral y eficaz, encaminado a aliviar el dolor y a mejorar la capacidad funcional, con la consecuente mejora en la calidad de vida; también debe orientarse a prevenir o retardar el progreso de la enfermedad y sus consecuencias. En el Sistema Nacional de Salud, la atención primaria es el nivel básico e inicial de atención, garantiza la continuidad de esta, coordina casos y regula flujos asistenciales. El médico de familia coordina los procesos de atención sanitaria relacionada con la cronicidad, siendo responsable del manejo, diagnóstico, evaluación, tratamiento y seguimiento del paciente con artrosis. Tanto las estrategias de planificación como las guías y recomendaciones clínico-asistenciales que se desarrollan para la atención a la artrosis deben adaptar a nuestro entorno sanitario las recomendaciones de las guías de práctica clínica consideradas referentes en su manejo en el ámbito internacional. La valoración integral de la artrosis comprende: evaluar su efecto sobre la función del individuo y su calidad de vida; formular un plan terapéutico, en colaboración con el paciente y adaptado a sus comorbilidades; asesorar acerca de los tratamientos básicos, valorando riesgos y beneficios, y proporcionar una revisión periódica adaptada a cada individuo. Los criterios de derivación se basan en la confirmación diagnóstica, la mala respuesta terapéutica y la valoración quirúrgica

The correct management of osteoarthritis requires an accurate diagnosis, evaluation of its spread and functional repercussions, and the application of comprehensive and effective individually-tailored treatment aimed at relieving pain and improving physical function with a consequent improvement in quality of life; treatment should also aim to prevent or delay disease progression and its effects. In the National Health Service, primary care is the basic level and the first point of access to healthcare; this level guarantees the continuity of care, coordinates patients, and regulates clinical workflow. Family physicians coordinate the healthcare processes related to chronic diseases and are responsible for the management, diagnosis, evaluation, treatment, and follow-up of patients with osteoarthritis. The clinical practice guidelines internationally accepted as the standard of care for the management of osteoarthritis should be adapted by both Spanish health planning strategies and clinical practice guidelines to the Spanish healthcare setting. The comprehensive assessment of osteoarthritis includes evaluation of its effects on the patient’s physical function and quality of life; formulating a treatment plan in collaboration with the patient and adapted to his or her comorbidities; providing advice on basic treatments and their risks and benefits; and carrying out an individually-tailored periodic review. Referral criteria are based on diagnostic confirmation, poor treatment response, and surgical evaluation

Morbidity and mortality among heart failure patients in Galicia, N.W. Spain: the GALICAP Study.

OBJECTIVE: Characterization of current morbidity and mortality among heart failure (HF) outpatients in Galicia (N.W. Spain), together with their main determinants. DESIGN: Prospective multicentre study involving 149 primary care physicians. SETTING: Primary care physicians selected randomly from among all (1959) primary care physicians in Galicia. PATIENTS: Clinical and epidemiological information for 1195 outpatients with HF were collected in 2006, with a mean follow-up of 6.5+/-1.5 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Survival rates were calculated by Cox's proportional hazard model. RESULTS: Mean patient age was 76 years, 48% were male, 82% had a history of arterial hypertension, and 32% ischaemic cardiopathy. Echocardiography had been performed in 67%, showing preserved systolic function in 61%. Ninety-two (8%) died during follow-up [74 (80%) of them from cardiac causes], and 313 (29%) were re-admitted to hospital [230 (73%) of them for cardiac reasons]. Multivariate analysis identified the following independent predictors of cardiovascular death and/or readmission: ischaemic cardiopathy [hazard ratio (HR) 1.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29-4.40], stroke (HR 1.79, CI 1.18-2.73), oedema (HR 1.49, CI 1.10-2.03), anaemia (HR 1.66, CI 1.21-2.27), deteriorated systolic function (HR 1.62, CI 1.19-2.20), and previous cardiovascular admissions (HR 2.33, CI 1.67-3.24). Residence in the Barbanza district was identified as an independent predictor of survival free from cardiovascular admission (HR 0.56, CI 0.37-0.86). CONCLUSION: Morbidity and mortality are currently high among Galician HF patients, and their best single predictor is previous hospitalization for cardiovascular reasons.

[Galician study of heart failure in primary care (GALICAP Study)]. / Estudio gallego de insuficiencia cardiaca en atención primaria (estudio GALICAP).

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Heart failure (HF) is an important public health concern. Our aim was to evaluate the characteristics of HF patients in Galicia, Spain. METHODS: This descriptive, cross-sectional, multicenter study involved 149 primary care physicians and recorded the characteristics of 1195 patients diagnosed with HF. RESULTS: Some 48% of patients were male, and their mean age was 76 years, though women were older (P<.001). Disease history included hypertension in 82%, hyperlipidemia in 47%, diabetes in 31%, atrial fibrillation in 49%, valvular disease in 35%, and ischemic heart disease in 32%. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 131 mm Hg and 76 mm Hg, respectively. Pressure was controlled (

Estudio gallego de insuficiencia cardiaca en atención primaria (estudio GALICAP) / Galician study of heart failure in primary care (GALICAP study)

Introducción y objetivos. La insuficiencia cardiaca (IC) es un importante problema de salud en nuestro medio. Pretendemos conocer las características de estos pacientes en Galicia. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo, transversal, multicéntrico con la participación de 149 médicos de atención primaria, en el que se registraron las características de 1.195 pacientes diagnosticados de IC. Resultados. Un 48% de los pacientes eran varones con una edad media de 76 años, mayor en mujeres (p < 0,001). Presentaba antecedentes de hipertensión el 82%, de dislipidemia el 47%, de diabetes el 31%, de fibrilación auricular el 49%, de valvulopatía el 35% y de cardiopatía isquémica el 32%. Los valores medios de presión arterial sistólica y diastólica fueron, respectivamente, 131 y 76 mmHg, y estaban controlados (≤ 130/80 mmHg) en el 43% de pacientes. El 67% tiene un ecocardiograma, el 61% de ellos con una función sistólica preservada. Al 47% de los pacientes con IC se les realizó una coronariografía, porcentaje superior (p < 0,001) en varones. Los fármacos más prescritos fueron diuréticos (82%), inhibidores de la enzima de conversión de la angiotensina (IECA) (48%), antagonistas de los receptores de la angiotensina II (29%) y bloqueadores beta (27%). En los pacientes con función sistólica deprimida se prescriben más bloqueadores beta (p < 0,001), IECA (p < 0,01) y antialdosterónicos (p < 0,05). Durante el último año, el 57% de los pacientes estuvieron ingresados, el 45% de ellos por causa cardiovascular. Conclusiones. La IC con función sistólica preservada es la forma más prevalente en Galicia, que está mayoritariamente asociada con una presión arterial elevada siendo, su control limitado. En pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica, el sexo influye en la realización de coronariografía. La prescripción de fármacos no es óptima. Es necesario promover estrategias para mejorar el cuidado de estos pacientes (AU)

Introduction and objectives. Heart failure (HF) is an important public health concern. Our aim was to evaluate the characteristics of HF patients in Galicia, Spain. Methods. This descriptive, cross-sectional, multicenter study involved 149 primary care physicians and recorded the characteristics of 1195 patients diagnosed with HF. Results. Some 48% of patients were male, and their mean age was 76 years, though women were older (P<.001). Disease history included hypertension in 82%, hyperlipidemia in 47%, diabetes in 31%, atrial fibrillation in 49%, valvular disease in 35%, and ischemic heart disease in 32%. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 131 mm Hg and 76 mm Hg, respectively. Pressure was controlled (≤ 130/80 mm Hg) in 43% of patients. Overall, 67% underwent echocardiography, of whom 61% had preserved systolic function. Coronary angiography was performed in 47% of patients with ischemic heart disease, more frequently in males than females (P<.001). The most commonly prescribed drugs were diuretics (82%), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (48%), angiotensin II receptor antagonists (29%), and beta-blockers (27%). Patients with depressed systolic function were more frequently prescribed beta-blockers (P<.001), ACE inhibitors (P<.01), and antialdosterones (P<.05). During the last year, 57% of patients had been admitted to hospital, of whom 45% were admitted for cardiovascular reasons. Conclusions. The most prevalent form of HF in Galicia was HF with preserved systolic function, which was mostly associated with high blood pressure due to poor control. In patients with ischemic heart disease, the use of coronary angiography was influenced by sex. Drug treatment was suboptimal. Intervention programs are required to improve care in these patients (AU)