Traditional Mexican Food: Phenolic Content and Public Health Relationship.

Phenolic compounds have a positive effect on obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases because of their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity. The prevalence of these diseases has increased in the last years in the Mexican population. Therefore, the Mexican diet must be assessed as provider of phenolic compounds. To assess this, a survey of phenolic compound intake was validated and applicated to 973 adults (798 females) between 18 and 79 years old. We compared the phenolic compound intake of 324 participants with more diseases (239 females) and 649 participants with healthier condition (559 females). The groups differed in sex, age, and scholarship. Males, older participants, and those with lower schooling reported suffering from more diseases. Regarding phenolic compound intake analyses, the participants with healthier conditions displayed a higher phenolic compound intake than the other group in all foods assessed. In addition, the regression model showed that the phenolic compounds intake of Mexican dishes, such as arroz con frijol or enchiladas, positively affected health status, suggesting that this traditional food is beneficial for the participant's health condition. However, the weight effect of PCI was different for each disease. We conclude that, although PCI of Mexican food positively affects health conditions, this effect depends on sex, age, and participants' diseases.

Relación entre el índice lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL)/lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL) con enzimas antioxidantes y el índice oxLDL/HDL.

INTRODUCTION: The low-density lipoprotein (LDL)/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) index is a predictive factor for atherosclerosis, which is associated with oxidative modifications. OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of the index with oxidative stress markers. METHODS: 444 subjects were included and were clinically, anthropometrically and biochemically characterized; superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3), magnesium and oxidized LDL (oxLDL) index (oxLDL/HDL) were quantified. RESULTS: A decrease of 1.014 units in the LDL/HDL index was associated with a superoxide dismutase increase of 1 unit/mL (p = 0.030), while a decrease of 0.023 units was associated with a GPx3 increase of 1 nmol/min/mL (p < 0.0005). An increase of one unit in the index was associated with an increase of 0.831 in the oxLDL/HDL index (p < 0.05). After controlling for the effect of gender, age, smoking, obesity and insulin resistance, a reduction of 0.001 per index unit was associated with an increase of 1 µg/g of magnesium in the nails (p = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS: The LDL/HDL index shows an inverse relationship with the antioxidant status and a direct relationship with oxidation status, regardless of other cardiovascular and oxidative stress risk factors.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El índice de lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL)/lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL) es un factor predictivo de aterosclerosis, la cual está asociada con modificaciones oxidativas. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la asociación del índice con marcadores de estrés oxidativo. MÉTODO: Se incluyeron 444 sujetos, caracterizados clínica, antropométrica y bioquímicamente; se cuantificó superóxido dismutasa, glutation peroxidasa 3 (GPx3), magnesio e índice LDL oxidadas (oxLDL/HDL). RESULTADOS: La disminución en 1.014 unidades del índice LDL/HDL se asoció con aumento de 1 unidad/mL de superóxido dismutasa (p = 0.030) y la de 0.023 unidades con aumento de 1 nmol/minuto/mL de GPx3 (p < 0.0005). El aumento en 1 unidad del índice se asoció con aumento de 0.831 unidades en el índice oxLDL/HDL (p < 0.05). Después de controlar el efecto del sexo, edad, fumar, obesidad y resistencia a la insulina, la reducción de 0.001 por unidad del índice se asoció con aumento de 1 µg/g de magnesio en uñas (p = 0.020). CONCLUSIONES: El índice LDL/HDL presenta relación inversa con el estado antioxidante y relación directa con el estado de oxidación, independientemente de otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular y de estrés oxidativo.

Relationship of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL)/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) index with antioxidant enzymes and with the oxLDL/HDL index

Introduction: The low-density lipoprotein (LDL)/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) index is a predictive factor for atherosclerosis, which is associated with oxidative modifications. Objective: To assess the association of the index with oxidative stress markers. Methods: 444 subjects were included and were clinically, anthropometrically and biochemically characterized; superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3), magnesium and oxidized LDL (oxLDL) index (oxLDL/HDL) were quantified. Results: A decrease of 1.014 units in the LDL/HDL index was associated with a superoxide dismutase increase of 1 unit/mL (p = 0.030), while a decrease of 0.023 units was associated with a GPx3 increase of 1 nmol/min/mL (p < 0.0005). An increase of one unit in the index was associated with an increase of 0.831 in the oxLDL/HDL index (p < 0.05). After controlling for the effect of gender, age, smoking, obesity and insulin resistance, a reduction of 0.001 per index unit was associated with an increase of 1 µg/g of magnesium in the nails (p = 0.020). Conclusions: The LDL/HDL index shows an inverse relationship with the antioxidant status and a direct relationship with oxidation status, regardless of other cardiovascular and oxidative stress risk factors.

Relationship of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL)/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) index with antioxidant enzymes and with the oxLDL/HDL index.

INTRODUCTION: The low-density lipoprotein (LDL)/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) index is a predictive factor for atherosclerosis, which is associated with oxidative modifications. OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of the index with oxidative stress markers. METHODS: 444 subjects were included and were clinically, anthropometrically and biochemically characterized; superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3), magnesium and oxidized LDL (oxLDL) index (oxLDL/HDL) were quantified. RESULTS: A decrease of 1.014 units in the LDL/HDL index was associated with a superoxide dismutase increase of 1 unit/mL (p = 0.030), while a decrease of 0.023 units was associated with a GPx3 increase of 1 nmol/min/mL (p < 0.0005). An increase of one unit in the index was associated with an increase of 0.831 in the oxLDL/HDL index (p < 0.05). After controlling for the effect of gender, age, smoking, obesity and insulin resistance, a reduction of 0.001 per index unit was associated with an increase of 1 µg/g of magnesium in the nails (p = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS: The LDL/HDL index shows an inverse relationship with the antioxidant status and a direct relationship with oxidation status, regardless of other cardiovascular and oxidative stress risk factors.

Serum resistin levels inversely associated with cardiovascular risk indices in type 2 diabetics from central Mexico.

AIMS: Since, resistin has been associated with coronary heart disease and with the progression of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), our objective was to determine the correlation between resistin and cardiovascular risk (CVR) in subjects with increasing degrees of hyperglycemia. METHODS: Using a cross-sectional study design, the anthropometric and biochemical profiles were collected from 180 subjects from Puebla, Mexico. Subjects were separated into Normoglycemic (NGT), pre-diabetic (PT2D), or T2D. CVR was determined by the Atherosclerosis Coefficient ((total cholesterol-high-density lipoprotein)/high-density lipoprotein), Castelli 1 index (total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein), Castelli 2 index (low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein), Framingham risk score (https://www.mdcalc.com/framingham-coronary-heart-disease-risk-score#next-steps), and the CVR index (CVRI=triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein). Differences between groups were determined using ANOVA. Partial correlation assessed the association between resistin and CVR indices. Logistic regression was used to determine the risk [Odds ratio (OR)] between resistin and CVR. RESULTS: Serum Resistin levels were similar between NGT, PT2D, and T2D. No correlation was observed between resistin and CVR indices for the NGT and PT2D. However, T2D demonstrated a strong negative association between the Framingham (r=-0.34, p=0.01), the Castelli 1 index (r=-0.29, p<0.01), and the CVRI (r=-0.38, p<0.05), when adjusted for sex and taking treatment for T2D. For T2D, when the subjects were separated by resistin into tertiles, elevated resistin was associated with a benefit for the Castelli 1 index (T1 v T3: OR=0.15, 95% CI: 0.03-0.070) and the CVRI (T1 v T3: OR=0.13, 95% CI: 0.03-0.66). CONCLUSIONS: Here, we demonstrate that, for T2D, elevated resistin levels lowered the CVR in Mexicans.

Early decrease of insulin sensitivity in offspring of individuals with type 2 diabetes. The Mexican Diabetes Prevention Study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Defects in insulin sensitivity (IS) and insulin secretion have been recognized as risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its complications. We undertook this study to establish the relationship between healthy type 2 diabetic offspring (OFD) from a Mexican population with IS. METHODS: A total of 602 Mexican subjects, 359 first-degree offspring of T2D (OFD+) and 243 first-degree non-offspring of T2D (OFD-) were classified as young adults (age range, 18-44 years) and middle-aged adults (age range, 45-65 years). Groups were clinically and biochemically characterized. Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) was used to estimate IS and the homeostasis model assessment B (HOMA-B) was used to estimate B cell function. RESULTS: IS decreased significantly (p <0.05) in OFD+ middle-aged (QUICKI 0.330 ± 0.03) compared with OFD- (0. 370 ± 0.03). Middle-aged adults (OFD+) had the highest prevalence of increased fasting insulin levels (FIL) (13.6%) and decreased IS (22.9%) compared with OFD- groups (3.2%). A binary regression analysis showed the association of OFD+ with increased FIL (odds ratio [OR], 3.71; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.68-8.2; p = 0.001), and QUICKI (OR, 10.87; 95% CI, 2.36-44.69; p <0.01) adjusted by gender, age, and obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that decreased IS itself could be recognized as one of the earliest detectable abnormalities in middle-aged adults. Moreover, prevalence increases with age and is associated with type 2 diabetic offspring, regardless of obesity.

Serum resistin levels are associated with adiposity and insulin sensitivity in obese Hispanic subjects.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Resistin is involved in the development of obesity and insulin resistance (IR) in mice and may play a similar role in humans through mechanisms that remain unresolved. The objective of this study was to characterize the relationship between resistin levels in obese subjects with and without IR among Hispanic subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed on 117 nondiabetic Hispanic subjects of both genders that were allocated into three study groups: A control group (n=47) of otherwise healthy individuals in metabolic balance, a group with obesity (OB) (n=36), and a group with obesity and IR (OB-IR) (n=34). Anthropometric and clinical characterization was carried out, and resistin levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: We found that resistin levels were higher in OB and OB-IR groups when compared to the control group (1331.79±142.15 pg/mL, 1266.28±165.97 pg/mL vs. 959.21±171.43 pg/mL; P<0.05), an effect that was not confounded by age (control, 34.04±10.00 years; OB, 37.30±10.78 years; and OB-IR, 35.67±10.15 years). In addition, we observed a significant correlation (P<0.001) between resistin levels and higher adiposity and insulin sensitivity (IS) in our cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that higher resistin levels are associated with higher adiposity and lower IS among obese Hispanic subjects.