Educational interventions to improve women's preventive behavior of sexually transmitted infections (STIs): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Sexually active women aged 18 to 48 are within the population at risk for acquiring sexually transmitted infections. Some STIs can cause serious complications in women's reproductive health. Accordingly, this practical randomized trial aims to evaluate the effect of an interventional education based on the ISD model on improving preventive behaviors for Iranian women. METHODS: Women aged 18-48 years that refer to Tehran Municipality Health Houses will be invited to join the study. Recruitment will continue until a sample of 150 women participants. The study will be conducted using a mixed-methods protocol in three phases. In the first phase, women's educational and learning needs about STIs will be identified using a qualitative approach. In the second phase, the results from the qualitative approach will be used to design a training program based on an ISD model. The educational intervention will be performed in the third phase. Participants will be randomly allocated into two groups: (1) the intervention group and (2) the control group. Data will be collected using STI Four-Scale of Preventive Behaviors at baseline, immediately, 1-month, and 3-month follow-up assessments. The impact of the intervention on the promotion of preventive behaviors from STIs will then be evaluated. DISCUSSION: This study provides an educational program for empowering and promoting behaviors that prevent STIs. If the designed interventions in the present study are effective, it has practical potential to be generalized for Iranian women at risk of STIs. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov IRCT20200602047638N1 . Registered on 22 May 2021 with the IRCTID, V1.0.

Effects of educational program based on Precede-Proceed model in promoting low back pain behaviors (EPPLBP) in health care workers Shahid Beheshti University of medical sciences: randomized trial.

The PRECEDE-PROCEED model is an adaptable planning model that could be served in public health issues. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of an educational program based on Precede-Proceed model on promoting Low Back Pain (LBP) behaviors among health care workers (HCWs). This Double-blinded randomized trial study was conducted on 112 from 120 HCWs aged from 30 to 55 years The eligible HCWs were randomly divided to intervention group 1 (N = 38), respectively intervention group 2 and control group (N = 37) for which the Precede-Proceed - based educational program was implemented and control group (N = 37). The random multi-stage cluster sampling method was used to recruit HCWs. HCWs completed a self-reported questionnaire on their Low Back Pain Behaviors assessment questionnaire based on the Precede-Proceed Model and a visual analogue scale (VAS) was also used. The data were gathered at initial of the study, 6 and 12 months follow-ups from three groups and were analyzed through SPSS version 19. There was a significant interaction between the factors "group" and "test time" (p < 0.05, p < 0.001) of knowledge, perceived self-efficacy, and attitude, reinforcing factors, enabling factors, public health, quality of life and LBP preventive behaviors of the intervention group., although, no significant alternate became located in the mean score of above structures of the control group. The findings of the present study confirmed the effectiveness of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model-based educational program on preventing LBP by enhancing scores of model constructs. However, these results should be repeated in further studies to be able to apply this program in health system.

Comparison of the effect of educational methods on students' knowledge, attitude and behavior about hookah smoking.

INTRODUCTION: Smoking tobacco by hookah may seriously affect the health of smokers and those exposed to smoke. This study aimed to compare the effect of educational digital media versus pamphlets on the reduction of hookah use among male high school students in Zahedan, Iran. METHODS: A semi-experimental study was conducted on 200 male high school students of Zahedan using multi-stage random sampling for three months in 2014. The samples were divided into two groups - the test (educated using digital films) and the control (educated using pamphlets) groups, and measurement was performed before and after intervention. The data collection instrument was a 53-item questionnaire consisting of demographic, knowledge, attitude, behavior and self-efficacy questions. Its validity and reliability were confirmed. The results before and after the intervention were analyzed using SPSS version 18, Mann-Whitney U test, Pearson-product moment correlation coefficient and Chi square test as well as one directional variance analysis. RESULTS: There was no significant relation between demographic and basic variables before intervention (p>0.05); however, the mean scores of knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, and hookah using preventive behavior were significantly different between the two groups after the intervention (p<0.05). Moreover, there was a meaningful relation among the demographic characteristics including age and attitude- the previous educational year's GPA and self-efficacy; and there was a significant relation between father education and self-efficacy. Moreover, there was a significant relation between the main variables of the study, concerning the relation of knowledge and attitude- knowledge and self-efficacy, and attitude and self-efficacy. CONCLUSION: Educational digital media is more efficient than the pamphlet in the reduction of hookah use among the students; and that the media may be applied to prevent of hookah use among students.

Belief-based Tobacco Smoking Scale: Evaluating the Psychometric Properties of the Theory of Planned Behavior's Constructs.

BACKGROUND: At present, there are no comprehensive validated instruments for measuring adolescents' beliefs regarding tobacco smoking in the Iranian society. This study aimed to evaluate the validity, reliability and feasibility of the belief-based tobacco smoking scale using the Theory of Planned Behavior's (TPB) constructs as a theoretical framework. METHODS: This cross-sectional validation study was carried out on 410 male adolescents of Hamadan, west of Iran, recruited through multi-stage random sampling method. Reliability was assessed by internal consistency and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). In addition, Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) and Exploratory Factor Analyses (EFA) were performed to test construct validity. Content validity was examined using Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR). RESULTS: RESULTS obtained from factor analysis showed that the data was fit to the model (X(2)=391.43, P<0.001) and TPB consisted of 22 items measuring seven components which explaining 69.7% of the common variance. The mean scores for the CVI and CVR were 0.89 and 0.80; respectively. Additional anal-yses indicated acceptable results for internal consistency reliability values ranging from 0.55 to 0.92. CONCLUSION: The belief-based tobacco smoking questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument and now is acceptable and suitable and can be used in future studies.