The effect of Wharton's jelly-derived stem cells seeded/boron-loaded acellular scaffolds on the healing of full-thickness burn wounds in the rat model.

Burn wounds are the most destructive and complicated type of skin or underlying soft tissue injury that are exacerbated by a prolonged inflammatory response. Several cell-based therapeutic systems through the culturing of potent stem cells on modified scaffolds have been developed to direct the burn healing challenges. In this context, a new regenerative platform based on boron (B) enriched-acellular sheep small intestine submucosa (AOSIS) scaffold was designed and used as a carrier for mesenchymal stem cells derived from Wharton's jelly (WJMSCs) aiming to promote the tissue healing in burn-induced rat models. hWJMSCs have been extracted from human extra-embryonic umbilical cord tissue. Thereafter, 96 third-degree burned Wistar male rats were divided into 4 groups. The animals that did not receive any treatment were considered as group A (control). Then, group B was treated just by AOSIS scaffold, group C was received cell-seeded AOSIS scaffold (hWJMSCs-AOSIS), and group D was covered by boron enriched-cell-AOSIS scaffold (B/hWJMSCs-AOSIS). Inflammatory factors, histopathological parameters, and the expression levels of epitheliogenic and angiogenic proteins were assessed on 5, 14 and 21 d post-wounding. Application of the B/hWJMSCs-AOSIS on full-thickness skin-burned wounds significantly reduced the volume of neutrophils and lymphocytes at day 21 post-burning, whilst the number of fibroblasts and blood vessels enhanced at this time. In addition, molecular and histological analysis of wounds over time further verified that the addition of boron promoted wound healing, with decreased inflammatory factors, stimulated vascularization, accelerated re-epithelialization, and enhanced expression levels of epitheliogenic genes. In addition, the boron incorporation amplified wound closure via increasing collagen deposition and fibroblast volume and activity. Therefore, this newly fabricated hWJMSCs/B-loaded scaffold can be used as a promising system to accelerate burn wound reconstruction through inflammatory regulation and angiogenesis stimulation.

17ß-Estradiol-Loaded Exosomes for Targeted Drug Delivery in Osteoporosis: A Comparative Study of Two Loading Methods.

Purpose: Exosomes are natural nanoparticles that participate in intercellular communication through molecular transport. Recently, due to their membrane vesicular structure and surface proteins, exosomes have been used extensively in the research field of drug delivery. Osteoporosis is an inflammation in which the cellular balance of bone tissue is disturbed that reduces bone density and making bone prone to abnormal fractures with small amount of force. Utilizing estrogen is one of the main therapeutic strategies for osteoporosis. Despite the positive effects of estrogen on bone tissue, changes in the natural estrogen levels of the body can cause a number of diseases such as different types of cancer. Therefore, designing a therapeutic system which controls more accurate tissue targeting of estrogen seems to be a rational and promising practical approach. Methods: In this study, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs)-derived exosomes were loaded by estradiol using two different methods of drug loading, namely incubation and sonication methods and then the survival effects of the drug loaded exosomes on BMMSCs was investigated. Results: Examination of size, shape, and surface factors of exosomes in different states (pure exosomes and drug-loaded exosomes) showed that the round morphology of exosomes was preserved in all conditions. However, the particles size increased significantly when loaded by sonication method. The increased survival of BMMSCs was noted with estradiol-loaded exosomes when compared to the control group. Conclusion: The results suggest that estradiol-loaded exosomes have potential to be used as nano-drug carriers in the treatment of osteoporosis.

Kaempferol: A Dietary Flavonol in Alleviating Obesity.

Obesity is considered as a chronic and high-prevalence disease on a global scale which affects all genders and ages. Although various drugs have been confirmed for the treatment of obesity, these medications have been shown to have a number of adverse effects on health. It is highlighted that natural products have an alleviative role in a broad spectrum of diseases, in particular obesity, and diabetes. Kaempferol (KMP), a plant- derived flavonol, is considerably engaged in the suppression of oxidative stress, radical scavenging, opposing cellular toxicity, and induction of the production and release of growth factors. This flavonol combats obesity by suppressing adipogenesis, regulating lipid and glucose metabolism, changing gut microbiota, and activating autophagy. Also, studies have shown that KMP exerts its anti-obesity actions by decreasing the accumulation of lipids and triglycerides (TGs), increasing fatty acid oxidation, and regulating multiple metabolic genes in the adipocytes. Considering that KMP may be a potential candidate for combating obesity, this paper summarizes the possible therapeutic roles of KMP in the treatment and prevention of this disease.

Alleviative Effects of Adipose Tissue-derived Stem Cells and α-NETA on Metabolic, Biochemical, and Endocrine Parameters in a Letrozole-induced Rat Model of PCOS.

BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most prevalent reproductive disorder, is accompanied by hyperandrogenism (HA), ovulatory dysfunction (OD), and insulin resistance (IR). A number of reports indicate that adipokines play a vital role in the pathophysiology of PCOS. One of these adipokines is chemerin, which is engaged in metabolic disorders, especially obesity, diabetes, and PCOS. Based on the data, the circulating levels of chemerin and the expression of chemokine-like receptor-1 (CMKLR1) in white adipose tissue (WAT) of women with PCOS are significantly higher than in healthy ones. Currently, several scholars have emphasized the therapeutic capacities of stem cells, notably mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), for the treatment of PCOS. OBJECTIVE: In this study, for the first time, the impacts of 2-(α-naphthoyl) ethyltrimethylammonium iodide (α- NETA), an antagonist of CMKLR1, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), and their combinations on metabolic and endocrine aberrancies were assessed in the WAT and ovarian tissues of the letrozole (LET)-induced PCOS rats. METHODS: In the current study, 30 Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: control (n = 6), LET-induced PCOS (1.5 mg/kg p.o., n = 6), LET + ADSCs (106 ADSCs i.v., n = 6), LET + α-NETA (10 mg/kg p.o., n = 6), and LET + ADSCs + α-NETA (n = 6). The blood samples and adipose and ovarian tissues were obtained to evaluate the effects of ADSCs and α-NETA on hormonal and metabolic parameters in the PCOS rats. RESULTS: Our findings showed that the administration of α-NETA, ADSCs, and the combination of both favorably restored the irregular estrus cycle and considerably modulated the endocrine parameters in PCOS rats. In addition, these therapeutic factors remarkably regulated steroidogenic and adipogenic gene expressions, as well as the genes related to glucose metabolism and brown adipose tissue (BAT) markers in these animals. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that the combination of ADSCs and α-NETA can successfully ameliorate metabolic and endocrine dysfunction in LET-induced PCOS rats, and this strategy could be a new therapeutic choice for patients with PCOS.