RESUMEN
This manuscript describes the discovery of a series of macrocyclic inhibitors of FXIa with oral bioavailability. Assisted by structure based drug design and ligand bound X-ray crystal structures, the group linking the P1 moiety to the macrocyclic core was modified with the goal of reducing H-bond donors to improve pharmacokinetic performance versus 9. This effort resulted in the discovery of several cyclic P1 linkers, exemplified by 10, that are constrained mimics of the bioactive conformation displayed by the acrylamide linker of 9. These cyclic P1 linkers demonstrated enhanced bioavailability and improved potency.
Asunto(s)
Diseño de Fármacos , Descubrimiento de Drogas , Factor XIa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Compuestos Macrocíclicos/administración & dosificación , Compuestos Macrocíclicos/química , Inhibidores de Serina Proteinasa/administración & dosificación , Inhibidores de Serina Proteinasa/química , Administración Oral , Disponibilidad Biológica , Humanos , Ligandos , Compuestos Macrocíclicos/farmacología , Modelos Moleculares , Estructura Molecular , Inhibidores de Serina Proteinasa/farmacología , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
We describe a custom Internet of Things (IoT) device used for tracking barcoded containers end to end in a high-throughput analysis and purification laboratory. Our IoT device fills an important gap that previously prevented us from fully tracking barcoded sample containers through manual steps in a multistep workflow, such as when samples are "parked" for temporary storage, or when using instrumentation not otherwise equipped with barcode scanners, a common occurrence found with specific centrifugal evaporation instruments. The custom device reads container barcodes and sends a small amount of data to our back-end data systems. Once data have been received and processed, users are alerted to any system responses via aural and visual feedback. Components of the IoT system include a low-cost headless IoT computer, a barcode reader, and a multicolor LED strip. We believe that the model for our device will facilitate simple and rapid deployment of IoT to the broader laboratory community. All source code and device configurations will be released into the public domain and made freely available.
Asunto(s)
Automatización de Laboratorios/instrumentación , Técnicas de Química Analítica/instrumentación , Ensayos Analíticos de Alto Rendimiento/instrumentación , Internet/instrumentaciónRESUMEN
Macrocyclic peptides containing N-alkylated amino acids have emerged as a promising therapeutic modality, capable of modulating protein-protein interactions and an intracellular delivery of hydrophilic payloads. While multichannel automated solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is a practical approach for peptide synthesis, the requirement for slow and inefficient chromatographic purification of the product peptides is a significant limitation to exploring these novel compounds. Herein, we invent a "catch-release" strategy for the nonchromatographic purification of macrocyclic peptides. A traceless catch process is enabled by the invention of a dual-functionalized N-terminal acetate analogue, which serves as a handle for capture onto a purification resin and as a leaving group for macrocyclization. Displacement by a C-terminal nucleophilic side chain thus releases the desired macrocycle from the purification resin. By design, this catch/release process is a logic test for the presence of the key components required for cyclization, thus removing impurities which lack the required functionality, such as common classes of peptide impurities, including hydrolysis fragments and truncated sequences. The method was shown to be highly effective with three libraries of macrocyclic peptides, containing macrocycles of 5-20 amino acids, with either thioether- or amine-based macrocyclic linkages; in this latter class, the reported method represents an enabling technology. In all cases, the catch-release protocol afforded significant enrichment of the target peptides purity, in many cases completely obviating the need for chromatography. Importantly, we have adapted this process for automation on a standard multichannel peptide synthesizer, achieving an efficient and completely integrated synthesis and purification platform for the preparation of these important molecules.
RESUMEN
A novel series of pyrrolidine-containing GPR40 agonists is described as a potential treatment for type 2 diabetes. The initial pyrrolidine hit was modified by moving the position of the carboxylic acid, a key pharmacophore for GPR40. Addition of a 4-cis-CF3 to the pyrrolidine improves the human GPR40 binding Ki and agonist efficacy. After further optimization, the discovery of a minor enantiomeric impurity with agonist activity led to the finding that enantiomers (R,R)-68 and (S,S)-68 have differential effects on the radioligand used for the binding assay, with (R,R)-68 potentiating the radioligand and (S,S)-68 displacing the radioligand. Compound (R,R)-68 activates both Gq-coupled intracellular Ca2+ flux and Gs-coupled cAMP accumulation. This signaling bias results in a dual mechanism of action for compound (R,R)-68, demonstrating glucose-dependent insulin and GLP-1 secretion in vitro. In vivo, compound (R,R)-68 significantly lowers plasma glucose levels in mice during an oral glucose challenge, encouraging further development of the series.
Asunto(s)
Hipoglucemiantes/farmacología , Pirrolidinas/farmacología , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/agonistas , Animales , Glucemia/análisis , Glucemia/metabolismo , Línea Celular , Células Cultivadas , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Péptido 1 Similar al Glucagón/metabolismo , Humanos , Hipoglucemiantes/química , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacocinética , Hipoglucemiantes/uso terapéutico , Insulina/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Modelos Moleculares , Pirrolidinas/química , Pirrolidinas/farmacocinética , Pirrolidinas/uso terapéutico , Ratas , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismoRESUMEN
A new class of Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors was discovered using a rationally designed pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyridazine-3-carboxamide scaffold. Preliminary studies identified (R)-(2,2-dimethylcyclopentyl)amine as a preferred C4 substituent on the pyrrolopyridazine core (3b). Incorporation of amino group to 3-position of the cyclopentane ring resulted in a series of JAK3 inhibitors (4g-4j) that potently inhibited IFNγ production in an IL2-induced whole blood assay and displayed high functional selectivity for JAK3-JAK1 pathway relative to JAK2. Further modifications led to the discovery of an orally bioavailable (2-fluoro-2-methylcyclopentyl)amino analogue 5g which is a nanomolar inhibitor of both JAK3 and TYK2, functionally selective for the JAK3-JAK1 pathway versus JAK2, and active in a human whole blood assay.
Asunto(s)
Descubrimiento de Drogas , Janus Quinasa 1/antagonistas & inhibidores , Janus Quinasa 2/antagonistas & inhibidores , Janus Quinasa 3/antagonistas & inhibidores , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Piridazinas/química , Pirroles/química , Administración Oral , Animales , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Humanos , Interferón gamma/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Modelos Moleculares , Estructura Molecular , Conformación Proteica/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/administración & dosificación , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacocinética , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Distribución TisularRESUMEN
A series of diphenylpyridylethanamine-based inhibitors of cholesteryl ester transfer protein with aminoheterocycles appended onto the N-terminus of the chemotype were explored as urea mimetics. Potent compounds were discovered and were further optimized to improve metabolic stability and PXR transactivation profile.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Transferencia de Ésteres de Colesterol/antagonistas & inhibidores , Compuestos Heterocíclicos/síntesis química , Compuestos Heterocíclicos/farmacología , Biomimética , Compuestos de Bifenilo/síntesis química , Compuestos de Bifenilo/química , Compuestos de Bifenilo/farmacología , Estabilidad de Medicamentos , Etilaminas/síntesis química , Etilaminas/química , Etilaminas/farmacología , Compuestos Heterocíclicos/química , Humanos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Estructura Molecular , Piridinas/síntesis química , Piridinas/química , Piridinas/farmacología , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Urea/químicaRESUMEN
A systematic method for assembling and solving complex compound distribution problems is presented in detail. The method is based on a model problem that enumerates the mathematical equations and constraints describing a source container, liquid handler, and three types of destination containers involved in a set of compound distributions. One source container and one liquid handler are permitted in any given problem formulation, although any number of compound distributions may be specified. The relative importance of all distributions is expressed by assigning weights, which are factored into the final mathematical problem specification. A computer program was created that automatically assembles and solves a complete compound distribution problem given the parameters that describe the source container, liquid handler, and any number and type of compound distributions. Business rules are accommodated by adjusting weighting factors assigned to each distribution. An example problem, presented and explored in detail, demonstrates complex and nonintuitive solution behavior.
Asunto(s)
Automatización de Laboratorios/métodos , Ensayos Analíticos de Alto Rendimiento/métodos , Manejo de Especímenes/métodos , Simulación por Computador , Programas InformáticosRESUMEN
A novel series of diphenylpyridylethanamine-based inhibitors of cholesteryl ester transfer protein is described. Optimization of the urea moiety, particularly by incorporation of fluorine, is explored to balance in vitro metabolic stability with CETP potency in the whole plasma assay.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Transferencia de Ésteres de Colesterol/antagonistas & inhibidores , Piridinas/química , Piridinas/farmacología , Urea/análogos & derivados , Urea/farmacología , Aminas/sangre , Aminas/química , Aminas/metabolismo , Aminas/farmacología , Animales , Proteínas de Transferencia de Ésteres de Colesterol/metabolismo , Halogenación , Humanos , Ratones , Piridinas/sangre , Piridinas/metabolismo , Ratas , Urea/sangre , Urea/metabolismoRESUMEN
The use of standardized lean manufacturing principles to improve drug discovery productivity is often thought to be at odds with fostering innovation. This manuscript describes how selective implementation of a lean optimized process, in this case centralized purification for medicinal chemistry, can improve operational productivity and increase scientist time available for innovation. A description of the centralized purification process is provided along with both operational and impact (productivity) metrics, which indicate lower cost, higher output, and presumably more free time for innovation as a result of the process changes described.
Asunto(s)
Descubrimiento de Drogas/economía , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/economía , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/aislamiento & purificación , Química Farmacéutica/economía , Química Farmacéutica/métodos , Química Farmacéutica/organización & administración , Descubrimiento de Drogas/métodos , Descubrimiento de Drogas/organización & administración , Eficiencia Organizacional , Humanos , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/químicaRESUMEN
A series of diphenylpyridylethanamine (DPPE) derivatives was identified exhibiting potent CETP inhibition. Replacing the labile ester functionality in the initial lead 7 generated a series of amides and ureas. Further optimization of the DPPE series for potency resulted in the discovery of cyclopentylurea 15d, which demonstrated a reduction in cholesterol ester transfer activity (48% of predose level) in hCETP/apoB-100 dual transgenic mice. The PK profile of 15d was suboptimal, and further optimization of the N-terminus resulted in the discovery of amide 20 with an improved PK profile and robust efficacy in transgenic hCETP/apoB-100 mice and in hamsters. Compound 20 demonstrated no significant changes in either mean arterial blood pressure or heart rate in telemeterized rats despite sustained high exposures.
Asunto(s)
Anticolesterolemiantes/química , Anticolesterolemiantes/farmacología , Proteínas de Transferencia de Ésteres de Colesterol/antagonistas & inhibidores , Piridinas/química , Piridinas/farmacología , Estilbenos/química , Estilbenos/farmacología , Animales , Anticolesterolemiantes/síntesis química , Apolipoproteína B-100/antagonistas & inhibidores , Apolipoproteína B-100/metabolismo , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de Transferencia de Ésteres de Colesterol/metabolismo , Enfermedad Coronaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Cricetinae , Descubrimiento de Drogas , Frecuencia Cardíaca/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , Estructura Molecular , Piridinas/síntesis química , Ratas , Estilbenos/síntesis químicaRESUMEN
Identification, synthesis and structure-activity relationship of small-molecule VIPR1 antagonists encompassing two chemical series are described.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/síntesis química , Compuestos de Bifenilo/síntesis química , Receptores de Tipo I del Polipéptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/antagonistas & inhibidores , Tiofenos/síntesis química , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Compuestos de Bifenilo/farmacología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Ensayos Analíticos de Alto Rendimiento , Humanos , Receptores de Tipo I del Polipéptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/metabolismo , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequeñas , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Tiofenos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
SAR studies of pyrrolo[1,2-f]triazines as JAK2 inhibitors is presented. Achieving JAK2 inhibition selectively over JAK3 is discussed.
Asunto(s)
Activación Enzimática/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Janus Quinasa 2/metabolismo , Janus Quinasa 3/metabolismo , Pirrolidinas/síntesis química , Triazinas/síntesis química , Triazinas/farmacología , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/síntesis química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Janus Quinasa 2/antagonistas & inhibidores , Modelos Moleculares , Estructura Molecular , Unión Proteica , Pirroles/síntesis química , Pirroles/química , Pirroles/farmacología , Pirrolidinas/química , Pirrolidinas/farmacología , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Triazinas/químicaRESUMEN
The synthesis, structure-activity relationships (SAR) and biological evaluation of thiazole based tricyclic inhibitors of IKK2 are described. Compound 9 was determined to be orally efficacious in a murine model of rheumatoid arthritis.
Asunto(s)
Artritis Reumatoide/tratamiento farmacológico , Quinasa I-kappa B/antagonistas & inhibidores , Imidazoles/química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/química , Piridinas/química , Tiazoles/química , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Perros , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Femenino , Quinasa I-kappa B/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacocinética , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/uso terapéutico , Piridinas/farmacocinética , Piridinas/uso terapéutico , Ratas , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Preparative HPLC and HPLC-MS are well established as the methods of choice for purification of pharmaceutical library compounds. Recent advances in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) have now made SFC a viable alternative to HPLC for this application. One of the potential arguments for using SFC in place of, or in addition to, HPLC is that it may offer different selectivity and thus has the potential for improved separation success rates. In this paper, we examine relative success rates for SFC and HPLC in obtaining adequate selectivity for successful separation. Our results suggest that use of SFC in addition to HPLC may result in a slight (1-2%) improvement in success rate compared to use of HPLC alone.
Asunto(s)
Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Cromatografía con Fluido Supercrítico/métodos , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequeñas/química , Diseño de FármacosRESUMEN
Several series of pyridine amides were identified as selective and potent 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors. The most potent inhibitors feature 2,6- or 3,5-disubstitution on the pyridine core. Various linkers (CH(2)SO(2), CH(2)S, CH(2)O, S, O, N, bond) between the distal aryl and central pyridyl groups are tolerated, and lipophilic amide groups are generally favored. On the distal aryl group, a number of substitutions are well tolerated. A crystal structure was obtained for a complex between 11beta-HSD1 and the most potent inhibitor in this series.
Asunto(s)
11-beta-Hidroxiesteroide Deshidrogenasa de Tipo 1/antagonistas & inhibidores , Amidas/síntesis química , Amidas/farmacología , Piridinas/síntesis química , Piridinas/farmacología , Amidas/química , Técnicas Químicas Combinatorias , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Diseño de Fármacos , Humanos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Conformación Molecular , Estructura Molecular , Piridinas/química , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
2-Arylbenzoxazole 5 was identified as a hit from a fluorescence-based high-throughput screen for CETP inhibitors. The synthesis and SAR investigation employing array synthesis of the A- and B-rings are described.
Asunto(s)
Benzoxazoles/síntesis química , Benzoxazoles/farmacología , Proteínas de Transferencia de Ésteres de Colesterol/antagonistas & inhibidores , Benzoxazoles/química , Proteínas de Transferencia de Ésteres de Colesterol/metabolismo , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Estructura Molecular , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
An amide library derived from the pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine scaffold led to the identification of modest inhibitors of Met kinase activity. Introduction of polar side chains at C-6 of the pyrrolotriazine core provided significant improvements in in vitro potency. The amide moiety could be replaced with acylurea and malonamide substituents to give compounds with improved potency in the Met-driven GTL-16 human gastric carcinoma cell line. Acylurea pyrrolotriazines with substitution at C-5 demonstrated single digit nanomolar kinase activity. X-ray crystallography revealed that the C-5 substituted pyrrolotriazines bind to the Met kinase domain in an ATP-competitive manner.
Asunto(s)
Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Pirroles/química , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas Receptoras/antagonistas & inhibidores , Receptores de Factores de Crecimiento/antagonistas & inhibidores , Neoplasias Gástricas/tratamiento farmacológico , Triazinas/química , Animales , Células CACO-2/efectos de los fármacos , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas/efectos de los fármacos , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/síntesis química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacocinética , Canales de Potasio Éter-A-Go-Go/antagonistas & inhibidores , Glutatión Transferasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Hepatocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Hepatocitos/metabolismo , Humanos , Ratones , Microsomas Hepáticos/efectos de los fármacos , Microsomas Hepáticos/metabolismo , Estructura Molecular , Conformación Proteica , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-met , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas Receptoras/metabolismo , Receptores de Factores de Crecimiento/metabolismo , Neoplasias Gástricas/sangre , Neoplasias Gástricas/enzimología , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
The synthesis and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of p38alpha MAP kinase inhibitors based on heterobicyclic scaffolds are described. This effort led to the identification of compound (21) as a potent inhibitor of p38alpha MAP kinase with good cellular potency toward the inhibition of TNF-alpha production. X-ray co-crystallography of an oxalamide analog (24) bound to unphosphorylated p38alpha is also disclosed.
Asunto(s)
Compuestos Bicíclicos con Puentes/síntesis química , Compuestos Bicíclicos con Puentes/farmacología , Compuestos Heterocíclicos/síntesis química , Compuestos Heterocíclicos/farmacología , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/síntesis química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Proteínas Quinasas p38 Activadas por Mitógenos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Compuestos Bicíclicos con Puentes/química , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Compuestos Heterocíclicos/química , Modelos Moleculares , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/química , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
The application of parallel synthesis to lead optimization programs in drug discovery has been an ongoing challenge since the first reports of library synthesis. A number of approaches to the application of parallel array synthesis to lead optimization have been attempted over the years, ranging from widespread deployment by (and support of) individual medicinal chemists to centralization as a service by an expert core team. This manuscript describes our experience with the latter approach, which was undertaken as part of a larger initiative to optimize drug discovery. In particular, we highlight how concepts taken from the manufacturing sector can be applied to drug discovery and parallel synthesis to improve the timeliness and thus the impact of arrays on drug discovery.