Association between Malnutrition Severity and Swallowing Function in Convalescent Rehabilitation Wards: A Multi-Center Cohort Study in Malnourished Patients with Sarcopenic Dysphagia.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the characteristics of sarcopenic dysphagia (SD) and the prognosis of swallowing function in convalescent rehabilitation hospital patients; and to investigate the association between malnutrition severity and SD. DESIGN: A prospective, multi-center, cohort study. SETTING: We extracted registry data from the Japanese Sarcopenic Dysphagia Database, focusing on patients admitted to convalescent rehabilitation hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 207 participants were recruited and stratified according to the presence or absence of SD. Next, the participants were divided into groups based on nutrition status using the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition criteria: normal nutrition, moderate malnutrition, and severe malnutrition. We also compared the outcomes between patients with SD (SD group) and those without SD (no-SD group) according to malnutrition status. MEASUREMENTS: The Food Intake LEVEL Scale (FILS) score was the outcome measure. Higher scores on the FILS indicate better swallowing function. We compared the patient characteristics between the SD and non-SD groups among all patients and then according to the severity of malnutrition. RESULTS: A total of 207 patients were recruited. 11 were diagnosed with normal nutrition, 72 with moderate malnutrition, and 124 with severe malnutrition. There were 128 participants with SD and 79 participants without SD; the prevalence of SD was 61.8%. Hip fracture was the most common disease among the SD patients (34.4%). The median time to the end of follow-up was 73.5 days for the SD group and 84.0 days for the no-SD group. There was no significant difference in the FILS score between the SD and no-SD groups, but the increase in the FILS score was significantly lower in the SD group than the no-SD group among patients with severe malnutrition after adjusting for confounding factors (age, sex, FILS at admission, BMI, cognitive functional independence measure, and care level before onset) (ß = -0.206, p = 0.011, 95% confidence interval = -0.723, -0.098). CONCLUSION: Orthopedic diseases are the most common type of disease among SD patients in convalescent rehabilitation hospitals. Swallowing dysfunction was particularly severe in malnourished patients with SD. This result suggests the importance of the definition of SD for malnourished patients. We should practice nutritional management as soon as possible in severely malnourished patients diagnosed with SD.

Association between Inflammation and Functional Outcome in Patients with Sarcopenic Dysphagia.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate whether inflammation affects the outcome of swallowing ability to improve treatment for sarcopenic dysphagia. DESIGN: A retrospective observational cohort study was performed using data from the Japanese sarcopenic dysphagia database. SETTING: The database was constructed using data from 19 hospitals and one home visiting rehabilitation team. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with sarcopenic dysphagia with measurements of C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum albumin (Alb) were included. MEASUREMENTS: Patients were assigned to two groups using CRP, Alb, and the Japanese modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS). The Food Intake LEVEL Scale (FILS) was measured at the times of admission and follow-up (FILS follow-up) to assess swallowing function. RESULTS: A total of 197 patients were included. Mean or median values of each parameter were as follows: age: 83.8±8.7, Alb: 3.2 ± 0.6 g/dL, CRP: 8.0 [3.0, 29.0] mg/L, mGPS: 1 [1-2], FILS: 7 [6-8], FILS follow-up: 8 [7-8], and duration of follow-up: 57.0 [27.0, 85.0] days. The FILS score at follow-up was significantly lower in the high CRP group (≥ 5.0 mg/L) than in the low CRP group (< 5.0 mg/L) (p = 0.01). Further, the FILS score at follow-up was significantly lower in the high mGPS group (class; 2) than in the low mGPS group (class; 0 and 1) (p = 0.03). In the multiple linear regression analyses without FILS at baseline, CRP and mGPS were independent risk factors for FILS follow-up. When FILS at baseline was entered, CRP and mGPS were not an independent risk factors for FILS follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammation could modify the outcome of the patients with sarcopenic dysphagia. Inflammation may be an important risk factor in evaluating patients with sarcopenic dysphagia.

Prevalence of Hoarseness and Its Association with Severity of Dysphagia in Patients with Sarcopenic Dysphagia.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of hoarseness and its association with the severity of dysphagia in patients with sarcopenic dysphagia. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study using the Japanese sarcopenic dysphagia database. SETTING: 19 hospitals including 9 acute care hospitals, 8 rehabilitation hospitals, 2 long-term care hospitals, and 1 home visit rehabilitation team. PARTICIPANTS: 287 patients with sarcopenic dysphagia, aged 20 years and older. MEASUREMENTS: Sarcopenic dysphagia was diagnosed using a reliable and validated diagnostic algorithm for the condition. The presence and characteristics of hoarseness classified as breathy, rough, asthenic, and strained were assessed. The prevalence of hoarseness and the relationship between hoarseness and Food Intake LEVEL Scale (FILS) were examined. Order logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, naso-gastric tube, and handgrip strength was used to examine the relationship between hoarseness and FILS at baseline and at follow-up. RESULTS: The mean age was 83 ± 10 years. Seventy-four (26%) patients had hoarseness, while 32 (11%), 20 (7%), 22 (8%), and 0 (0%) patients had breathy, rough, asthenic, and strained hoarseness, respectively. Median FILS at the initial evaluation was 7 (interquartile range, 5-8). Hoarseness (ß=0.747, 95% confidence intervals= 0.229, 1.265, p=0.005), age, sex, naso-gastric tube, and handgrip strength were associated independently with baseline FILS, while hoarseness (ß=0.213, 95% confidence intervals= -0.324, 0.750, p=0.438) was not associated independently with the FILS at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Hoarseness was associated with the severity of dysphagia at baseline, however not a prognostic factor for sarcopenic dysphagia. Resistance training of swallowing and respiratory muscles and voice training as part of rehabilitation nutrition might be useful for treating sarcopenic dysphagia.

Sarcopenia Is Associated with Fecal Incontinence in Patients with Dysphagia: Implication for Anal Sarcopenia.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationship between sarcopenia and fecal incontinence in patients with dysphagia. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study using the Japanese sarcopenic dysphagia database. SETTING: 19 hospitals including 9 acute care hospitals, 8 rehabilitation hospitals, 2 long-term care hospitals, and 1 home visit rehabilitation center. PARTICIPANTS: 460 dysphagic patients, aged 20 years and older. MEASUREMENTS: Sarcopenia was diagnosed by the 2019 criteria of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. Fecal incontinence was assessed by health care professionals at baseline according to the definition of the Japanese Practice Guidelines for Fecal Incontinence. We examined whether there was a significant difference between the rate of fecal incontinence in patients with/without sarcopenia. Age, sex, type of dwelling, Barthel index, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), calf circumference, handgrip strength, body mass index, malnourishment, C-reactive protein level, serum albumin level, and delivery of enteral nutrition by nasogastric and/or gastrostomy tube were measured. To examine the relationship between sarcopenia and fecal incontinence, logistic regression analysis was performed with adjustments for age, sex, sarcopenia, CCI, enteral nutrition, and dwelling. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 81 ± 10 years. Of the 460 study patients, 404 (88%) patients had sarcopenia and 104 had fecal incontinence (23%). The rate of fecal incontinence was higher in the sarcopenia group than the non-sarcopenia group (25% vs. 7%, P = 0.003). Logistic regression analysis showed that sarcopenia was independently associated with fecal incontinence (odds ratio: 3.114, 95% confidence interval: 1.045, 9.282). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of fecal incontinence was 23% in patients with dysphagia. Sarcopenia was independently associated with fecal incontinence, which suggests the presence of anal sarcopenia. Defecation control should be assessed in patients with sarcopenia.

Sarcopenic Dysphagia with Low Tongue Pressure Is Associated with Worsening of Swallowing, Nutritional Status, and Activities of Daily Living.

OBJECTIVES: According to the recently proposed diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic dysphagia, sarcopenic dysphagia can be classified as probable or possible based on tongue pressure. However, it is unclear whether patients with probable and possible sarcopenic dysphagia have different characteristics. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether patients with possible and probable sarcopenic dysphagia have different clinical characteristics. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: A rehabilitation hospital. PARTICIPANTS: In total, 129 patients aged ≥65 years with sarcopenic dysphagia were included. METHODS: A tongue pressure of <20 kPa was indicative of probable sarcopenic dysphagia, and a tongue pressure of ≥20 kPa was indicative of possible sarcopenic dysphagia. Kuchi-Kara Taberu (KT) index scores were compared between the probable or possible sarcopenic dysphagia groups. RESULTS: According to the tongue pressure, 76 and 53 patients were classified into the probable and possible sarcopenic dysphagia groups, respectively. In multiple linear regression analysis, the presence of probable sarcopenic dysphagia was independently associated with the total KT index score (standardized coefficient: -0.313, regression coefficient: -4.500, 95% confidence interval [CI], -6.920 to -2.080, P < 0.001). The presence of probable sarcopenic dysphagia was independently associated with some subitems of the KT index (willingness to eat, cognitive function while eating, oral preparatory and propulsive phase, severity of pharyngeal dysphagia, eating behavior, and daily living activities). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with probable sarcopenic dysphagia were characterized by poor overall eating-related conditions, especially poor swallowing ability, ability to perform activities of daily living, and nutritional status.

Construction and Quality Evaluation of the Japanese Sarcopenic Dysphagia Database.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the activity and evaluate the quality of the Japanese sarcopenic dysphagia database. DESIGN: Cohort registry study. SETTING: 19 hospitals including 9 acute care hospitals, 8 rehabilitation hospitals, 2 long-term care hospitals, and 1 home visit rehabilitation team. PARTICIPANTS: 467 dysphagic patients, aged 20 years and older. MEASUREMENTS: The following indices were assessed at baseline: age, sex, main disease, sarcopenic dysphagia, whole body sarcopenia, Food Intake Level Scale (FILS), malnutrition diagnosed by the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition criteria, oral status assessed by the Revised Oral Assessment Guide or the Oral Health Assessment Tool, activities of daily living assessed by the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) or the Barthel Index (BI), Charlson comorbidity index, C-reactive protein and serum albumin levels, dysarthria, hoarseness, aphasia, pressure ulcers, bladder, bowel, and kidney function, respiratory status, polypharmacy, number of drugs, and involvement of health care professionals and rehabilitation nutrition team. FILS, FIM or BI, and outcome including discharge destination were assessed at follow-up. A simple comparison of cases and evaluation of the quality of data were performed. RESULTS: The mean age was 80.4 ± 11.4 yr. The variable input error was 0. The number of patients with missing data was high for estimated glomerular filtration rate, C-reactive protein, serum albumin, skeletal mass index, and tongue pressure. The prevalence of either probable, possible, or no sarcopenic dysphagia was 105 (23%), 182 (39%), or 179 (38%), respectively. Doctors including physiatrists, nurses, physical therapists, and registered dietitians were involved with most patients, while the rehabilitation nutrition team was involved in only 16% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of the database was relatively high. Sarcopenic dysphagia is common in patients with dysphagia.

The Mass of Geniohyoid Muscle Is Associated with Maximum Tongue Pressure and Tongue Area in Patients with Sarcopenic Dysphagia.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the associations about the mass of geniohyoid and tongue muscle and the maximum tongue pressure in patients with sarcopenic dysphagia using ultrasonography. DESIGN: Cross sectional study. SETTING: 5 hospitals including 3 acute and 2 rehabilitation hospitals and 1 older facility. PARTICIPANTS: 36 inpatients with sarcopenic dysphagia. MEASUREMENTS: Ultrasonography was performed for geniohyoid muscle and tongue. The area for geniohyoid and tongue muscles in sagittal plane and the mean brightness level (0-255) in the muscle area were calculated. Maximum tongue pressure as strength of swallowing muscle were investigated. Partial correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis adjusting for age and sex were performed. RESULTS: The mean age was 81.1 ± 7.9. Men were 23. The mean BMI was 19.0 ± 4.1. The mean maximum tongue pressure was 21.3 ± 9.3 kPa. The mean cross sectional area for geniohyoid muscles was 140 ± 47 mm2. The mean brightness for geniohyoid muscle was 18.6 ± 9.0. The mean cross sectional area for tongue muscles was 1664.1 ± 386.0 mm2. The mean brightness for tongue muscles was 34.1 ± 10.6. There was a significant positive correlation between area of geniohyoid muscle and maximum tongue pressure (r = 0.38, p = 0.04). Geniohyoid muscle area was an explanatory factor for maximum tongue pressure (p = 0.012) and tongue muscle area (p = 0.031) in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Geniohyoid muscle mass was an independent explanatory factor for maximum tongue pressure and tongue muscle mass.

Assignment of Dental Hygienists Improves Outcomes in Japanese Rehabilitation Wards: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVES: To clarify the effectiveness of ward-assigned dental hygienists (DHs) on rehabilitation outcomes in rehabilitation wards. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: The registry data from the Japanese Rehabilitation Nutrition Database. PARTICIPANTS: 656 patients with hip fracture or stroke admitted to convalescent rehabilitation wards. MEASUREMENTS: The main outcome measures were the Functional Independence Measure (FIM), the Food Intake Level Scale (FILS), and the home discharge rate. Patients were divided into two groups based on the ward setting: with an assigned DH (DH group) and without an assigned DH (NDH group). Clinical characteristics and outcomes were compered between the groups. Between-facility differences were adjusted by generalized estimating equation. We performed post-hoc power analysis to confirm that there were enough samples included in this study to detect a significant difference. RESULTS: Of 656 patients (mean age, 77 years; 57.1% female; 65.5% stroke) from 10 facilities, 454 patients (69.2%) from 4 facilities were in the DH group. FIM score at discharge (107 vs 90, P<0.001), percentage improvement in FILS score from admission to discharge (44.5% vs 22.8%, P<0.001) and home discharge rate (72.5% vs 61.4%, P<0.001) were significantly higher in the DH group than in the NDH group. After multivariate analysis, the FIM score at discharge (P=0.007), FILS score at discharge (P=0.024), and home discharge rate (P=0.007) were significantly higher in the DH group than in the NDH group. CONCLUSIONS: ADL and swallowing function were significantly improved at discharge and the home discharge rate was higher among patients in rehabilitation wards with DHs. Having a ward-assigned DH may lead to better rehabilitation outcomes in rehabilitation wards.

Concurrent and predictive validity of the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short-Form and the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index in older stroke rehabilitation patients.

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition may worsen clinical outcomes in stroke patients. Few malnutrition screening tools have been validated in the rehabilitation setting. The present study aimed to assess the concurrent and predictive validity of two malnutrition screening tools. METHODS: We retrospectively collected scores for the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short-Form (MNA-SF) and the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) in consecutive stroke patients aged ≥65 years in a rehabilitation hospital. Concurrent validity was confirmed against the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism diagnostic criteria for malnutrition (ESPEN-DCM). Malnutrition risk within the ESPEN-DCM process was assessed using the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool. Cut-off values with maximum Youden index, and with sensitivity (Se) >90% and specificity (Sp) >50%, were defined as appropriate for identification and screening of malnutrition, respectively. The Functional Independence Measure and discharge destination were used to explore predictive validity. RESULTS: Overall, 420 patients were analysed. Of these, we included 125 patients in the malnutrition group and 295 in the non-malnutrition group based on the ESPEN-DCM. Cut-off values for the identification and screening of malnutrition were 5 (Se: 0.78; Sp: 0.85) and 7 (Se: 0.96; Sp: 0.57) for the MNA-SF; 92 (Se: 0.74; Sp: 0.84) and 98 (Se: 0.93; Sp: 0.50) for the GNRI, respectively. The GNRI predicted discharge to acute care hospital, whereas the MNA-SF did not predict all outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS: The MNA-SF and the GNRI have a fair concurrent validity in stroke patients, although lower cut-off values than currently used were required for the MNA-SF. The GNRI exhibits good predictive validity for discharge destination.

Influence of Antipsychotics on Functional Prognosis after Geriatric Hip Fracture.

OBJECTIVE: To investigated the effects of antipsychotics on rehabilitation outcomes for geriatric hip fracture inpatients. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: The registry data from the Japan Rehabilitation Nutrition Database for analysis. PARTICIPANTS: Of the 234 patients in the Japan Rehabilitation Nutrition Database admitted between November 2015 and March 2018, 214 met the eligibility criteria. MEASUREMENTS: The antipsychotics were phenothiazine, butyrophenone, benzamide, and atypical antipsychotics. For hip fracture patients, the following information was registered: (a) admission data: age, sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index, Functional Independence Measure (FIM) at admission, medications, height, body weight, and Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form score (MNA-SF) and (b) discharge data: discharge destination, FIM at discharge, MNA-SF, and total units of provided rehabilitation therapy (one unit = 20 minutes based on the national healthcare insurance policy). RESULTS: Thirteen patients (6.1%) were prescribed antipsychotics. According to the multiple linear regression analysis, antipsychotics negatively affected FIM efficiency (ß=-0.190, 95% confidence interval, -0.652 to -0.104, p=0.007). Furthermore, on logistic regression analysis, fall during hospitalization was correlated with the use of antipsychotics (odds ratio=4.376, 95% confidence interval: 1.153 to 16.612, p=0.030). CONCLUSION: The use of antipsychotics impaired the improvement of the activities of daily living (ADL) and increased the incidence of fall during hospitalization. Reviewing medication therapies at admission may further improve ADL.

Rehabilitation Nutrition for Iatrogenic Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Dysphagia.

Sarcopenia is a very important issue in rehabilitation medicine and nutritional care. The prevalence of sarcopenia in older people is approximately 50% in the rehabilitation setting, and also approximately 15% of inpatients without sarcopenia upon admission developed sarcopenia during hospitalization. There is a concern that secondary sarcopenia may occur iatrogenically during hospitalization. Iatrogenic sarcopenia is defined as sarcopenia caused by the activities of medical staff including doctors, nurses, or other health care professionals in healthcare facilities. Iatrogenic sarcopenia is categorized into activity-related, nutrition-related and disease-related-iatrogenic sarcopenia. Especially in acute phase hospitals, concentrating on the treatment of diseases with less attention to nutrition and activity is more likely to cause iatrogenic sarcopenia. Sarcopenic dysphagia is also an important aspect in rehabilitation medicine and nutritional care. Sarcopenic dysphagia is characterized by swallowing difficulty because of a loss of mass and function in whole-body skeletal and swallowing muscles. Sarcopenic dysphagia can be diagnosed using a 5-step algorithm for the condition. Iatrogenic sarcopenia and sarcopenic dysphagia are affected by nutrition, activity and diseases in a complex manner. Therefore, treatment of iatrogenic sarcopenia and sarcopenic dysphagia requires comprehensive interventions through nutrition management and rehabilitation. Rehabilitation nutrition is effective for preventing and treating iatrogenic sarcopenia and sarcopenic dysphagia. Rehabilitation nutrition can be practiced more effectively and comprehensively by using the rehabilitation nutrition care process, which is a systematic problem-solving method. Further research is required to verify the efficacy of rehabilitation nutrition for preventing or improving iatrogenic sarcopenia and/or sarcopenic dysphagia.

Impact of Body Mass Index on Activities of Daily Living in Inpatients with Acute Heart Failure.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the impact of body mass index on activities of daily living in inpatients with acute heart failure. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study. SETTING: A hospital-based database contains Diagnosis Procedure Combination survey data from 100 participating acute-care hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: 11,301 inpatients aged 20 year or older who were admitted to the participating hospitals with a diagnosis of acute heart failure. MEASUREMENTS: The Barthel Index score at discharge and hospital death. RESULTS: The number of patients with a body mass index of <18.5 kg/m2 (underweight), 18.5-22.9 kg/m2 (low-normal weight), 23.0-24.9 kg/m2 (high-normal weight), 25.0-29.9 kg/m2 (overweight), and ≥30.0 kg/m2 (obesity) were 1689 (15%), 4715 (42%), 1809 (16%), 2306 (20%), and 782 (7%), respectively. Median Barthel Index scores at admission and discharge were 65 and 100, respectively. Hospital death occurred in 101 (0.9%) patients. Lower body mass index was associated with lower Barthel Index score at discharge and higher mortality. Multivariable analysis adjusted for body mass index, age, sex, New York Heart Association classification, Barthel Index score at admission, the updated Charlson Comorbidity Index, length of hospital stay, number of drugs administered, and rehabilitation during hospitalization revealed that body mass index was independently associated with Barthel Index score at discharge (beta: 0.354; 95% confidence interval: 0.248-0.461) and hospital death (odds ratio: 0.926, 95% confidence interval: 0.877-0.978). CONCLUSION: Overweight and obese inpatients showed greater independence in activities of daily living at discharge and lower rates of mortality, indicating the obesity paradox. A combination of rehabilitation and improved nutrition seems to be important in underweight patients with acute heart failure.

Association of salivary lactate dehydrogenase level with systemic inflammation in a Japanese population.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Salivary lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was reported to be a useful parameter for the screening of periodontal disease. We performed a cross-sectional study to verify the usefulness of salivary LDH as a biomarker of periodontitis and to investigate the association of severity of periodontitis with systemic inflammation by measuring salivary LDH and serum high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels in a community-based middle-aged and elderly population in Japan. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We recruited 644 men and 1171 women, aged 30-79 years, who participated in the Toon Health Study during 2011-15. Periodontal condition was assessed by full-mouth examination including mean value of probing depth, percentage of probing depth of ≥4 mm and ≥6 mm, and bleeding on probing. Saliva and blood serum samples were collected for measurement of salivary LDH level and hs-CRP, respectively. A linear trend across quartiles of salivary LDH was calculated using linear regression. Interaction of salivary LDH and overweight status (body mass index of ≥25 kg/m2 ) was tested using the cross-product term of log-transformed continuous salivary LDH and overweight status. RESULTS: Analysis of covariance adjusted for potential confounders revealed strong associations between salivary LDH level and the indicators of periodontal condition (P < .01) in both men and women. Sex- and age-adjusted mean values of hs-CRP according to salivary LDH quartiles were 0.40, 0.45, 0.45 and 0.50 mg/L (P for trend <.01). Although the association was attenuated after further adjustment for body mass index, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, alcohol intake, smoking status and physical activity. When stratified by overweight status, the association remained significant in overweight individuals (P = .03). The multivariable adjusted odds ratio of hs-CRP level of ≥1 mg/L for the highest vs lowest quartile of salivary LDH was 1.93 (95% CI, 1.01-3.69) in overweight individuals, but not significant in non-overweight individuals. CONCLUSION: Salivary LDH appears to be a promising biomarker for the mass screening of periodontitis in local community health settings. High salivary LDH levels, particularly in overweight individuals might contribute to prevention of cardiovascular disease, through measuring systemic inflammatory burdens as well as traditional cardiovascular risk factors.

Scalloped tongue is associated with nocturnal intermittent hypoxia among community-dwelling Japanese: the Toon Health Study.

Scalloped tongue is considered as a possible clinical finding of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). There are few evidence of the association between scalloped tongue and OSA. To examine the association between scalloped tongue and nocturnal intermittent hypoxia (NIH), a surrogate marker of OSA, among a general Japanese population. Study participants were 398 men and 732 women aged 30-79 years who participated in the Toon Health Study from 2011 to 2014. Scalloped tongue was classified into three categories: none, mild and moderate-to-severe. Moderate-to-severe NIH was defined as the 3% oxygen desaturation index of ≥15 events/h during sleep for one night with pulse oximetry. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for moderate-to-severe NIH were calculated according to scalloped tongue categories using a logistic regression model. There were 69 (6·1%) moderate-to-severe NIH cases in this population. The multivariable-adjusted ORs (95% CIs) of moderate-to-severe NIH were 1·59 (0·85-2·95) for mild and 2·39 (1·10-5·17) for the moderate-to-severe scalloped tongue group compared with the group without scalloped tongues. When stratified by overweight status (BMI <25 or ≥25 kg m-2 ), the respective ORs (95% CIs) were 2·83 (1·06-7·55) and 4·74 (1·28-17·49) among overweight individuals, and 0·94 (0·40-2·70) and 1·52 (0·57-4·05) among non-overweight individuals. Scalloped tongue was associated with higher prevalence of moderate-to-severe NIH among the general Japanese population and this association was more evident in overweight individuals.

Accuracy of non-paralytic anthropometric data for nutritional screening in older patients with stroke and hemiplegia.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Although malnutrition commonly affects stroke patients, there are no validated screening tools. We verified the usefulness of non-paralytic anthropometric measurements for the nutritional screening of stroke. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in consecutive stroke patients with hemiplegia aged ⩾65 years, with Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form score ⩽11. Diagnostic malnutrition criteria from the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism were the reference standards: body mass index (BMI) <18.5 kg/m2 or weight loss >10%+BMI <22 or 20 kg/m2. Non-paralytic anthropometric measurements (calf circumference (CC), arm circumference (AC), triceps skinfold (TSF) and arm muscle circumference (AMC)) and serum albumin concentration (Alb) at admission were the index tests. Cutoffs were determined by receiver operation curve and Youden index, and accuracy by area under the curve (AUC) and kappa value. Functional independence measures at discharge and discharge destination were collected. RESULTS: We included 488 patients (224 men and 264 women) with a mean age of 78.8 years and mean BMI of 22.0 and 21.1 kg/m2, respectively. Eighty-one men and 124 women had malnutrition. The AUC for CC, AC, TSF, AMC and Alb was 0.859, 0.825, 0.764, 0.745 and 0.670 for men, and 0.881, 0.843, 0.796, 0.742 and 0.658 for women, respectively. In both sexes, CC had the highest kappa (0.533, 0.608; both P<0.001) with cutoff values ⩽31 and ⩽30 cm. Patients with lower CC showed significantly worse functional outcomes and lower proportion of return to home (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Non-paralytic CC indicated malnutrition with sufficient accuracy and good correlation with functional capacity; it may be a useful nutritional screening tool for stroke.

Analysis of the beam halo in negative ion sources by using 3D3V PIC code.

The physical mechanism of the formation of the negative ion beam halo and the heat loads of the multi-stage acceleration grids are investigated with the 3D PIC (particle in cell) simulation. The following physical mechanism of the beam halo formation is verified: The beam core and the halo consist of the negative ions extracted from the center and the periphery of the meniscus, respectively. This difference of negative ion extraction location results in a geometrical aberration. Furthermore, it is shown that the heat loads on the first acceleration grid and the second acceleration grid are quantitatively improved compared with those for the 2D PIC simulation result.

Effect of Coulomb collision on the negative ion extraction mechanism in negative ion sources.

To improve the H(-) ion beam optics, it is necessary to understand the energy relaxation process of surface produced H(-) ions in the extraction region of Cs seeded H(-) ion sources. Coulomb collisions of charged particles have been introduced to the 2D3V-PIC (two dimension in real space and three dimension in velocity space particle-in-cell) model for the H(-) extraction by using the binary collision model. Due to Coulomb collision, the lower energy part of the ion energy distribution function of H(-) ions has been greatly increased. The mean kinetic energy of the surface produced H(-) ions has been reduced to 0.65 eV from 1.5 eV. It has been suggested that the beam optics of the extracted H(-) ion beam is strongly affected by the energy relaxation process due to Coulomb collision.

Kinetic modeling of particle dynamics in H(-) negative ion sources (invited).

Progress in the kinetic modeling of particle dynamics in H(-) negative ion source plasmas and their comparisons with experiments are reviewed, and discussed with some new results. Main focus is placed on the following two topics, which are important for the research and development of large negative ion sources and high power H(-) ion beams: (i) Effects of non-equilibrium features of EEDF (electron energy distribution function) on H(-) production, and (ii) extraction physics of H(-) ions and beam optics.

Study of plasma meniscus and beam halo in negative ion sources using three dimension in real space and three dimension in velocity space particle in cell model.

Our previous study by two dimension in real space and three dimension in velocity space-particle in cell model shows that the curvature of the plasma meniscus causes the beam halo in the negative ion sources. The negative ions extracted from the periphery of the meniscus are over-focused in the extractor due to the electrostatic lens effect, and consequently become the beam halo. The purpose of this study is to verify this mechanism with the full 3D model. It is shown that the above mechanism is essentially unchanged even in the 3D model, while the fraction of the beam halo is significantly reduced to 6%. This value reasonably agrees with the experimental result.