Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome induces metabolomic changes in expressed prostatic secretions and plasma.

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a complex disease that is often accompanied by mental health disorders. However, the potential mechanisms underlying the heterogeneous clinical presentation of CP/CPPS remain uncertain. This study analyzed widely targeted metabolomic data of expressed prostatic secretions (EPS) and plasma to reveal the underlying pathological mechanisms of CP/CPPS. A total of 24 CP/CPPS patients from The Second Nanning People's Hospital (Nanning, China), and 35 asymptomatic control individuals from First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University (Nanning, China) were enrolled. The indicators related to CP/CPPS and psychiatric symptoms were recorded. Differential analysis, coexpression network analysis, and correlation analysis were performed to identify metabolites that were specifically altered in patients and associated with various phenotypes of CP/CPPS. The crucial links between EPS and plasma were further investigated. The metabolomic data of EPS from CP/CPPS patients were significantly different from those from control individuals. Pathway analysis revealed dysregulation of amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and the citrate cycle in EPS. The tryptophan metabolic pathway was found to be the most significantly altered pathway associated with distinct CP/CPPS phenotypes. Moreover, the dysregulation of tryptophan and tyrosine metabolism and elevation of oxidative stress-related metabolites in plasma were found to effectively elucidate the development of depression in CP/CPPS. Overall, metabolomic alterations in the EPS and plasma of patients were primarily associated with oxidative damage, energy metabolism abnormalities, neurological impairment, and immune dysregulation. These alterations may be associated with chronic pain, voiding symptoms, reduced fertility, and depression in CP/CPPS. This study provides a local-global perspective for understanding the pathological mechanisms of CP/CPPS and offers potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets.

Biotransformation and metabolite activity analysis of flavonoids from propolis in vivo.

Propolis is a natural resinous compound produced by bees, mixed with their saliva and wax, and has a range of biological benefits, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This article reviews the in vivo transformation of propolis flavonoids and their potential influence on drug efficacy. Despite propolis is widely used, there is little research on how the active ingredients of propolis change in the body and how they interact with drugs. Future research will focus on these interactions and the metabolic fate of propolis in vivo.

A molecular mechanism for embryonic resetting of winter memory and restoration of winter annual growth habit in wheat.

The staple food crop winter bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) acquires competence to flower in late spring after experiencing prolonged cold in temperate winter seasons, through the physiological process of vernalization. Prolonged cold exposure results in transcriptional repression of the floral repressor VERNALIZATION 2 (TaVRN2) and activates the expression of the potent floral promoter VERNALIZATION 1 (TaVRN1). Cold-induced TaVRN1 activation and TaVRN2 repression are maintained in post-cold vegetative growth and development, leading to an epigenetic 'memory of winter cold', enabling spring flowering. When and how the cold memory is reset in wheat is essentially unknown. Here we report that the cold-induced TaVRN1 activation is inherited by early embryos, but reset in subsequent embryo development, whereas TaVRN2 remains silenced through seed development, but is reactivated rapidly by light during seed germination. We further found that a chromatin reader mediates embryonic resetting of TaVRN1 and that chromatin modifications play an important role in the regulation of TaVRN1 expression and thus the floral transition, in response to developmental state and environmental cues. The findings define a two-step molecular mechanism for re-establishing vernalization requirement in common wheat, ensuring that each generation must experience winter cold to acquire competence to flower in spring.

[Proteomic study of Jingfang Mixture on urticaria based on label-free quantitative proteomics technology].

This study aims to explore the effect of Jingfang Mixture on the protein expression of urticaria in mice and explain the mechanism of Jingfang Mixture in the treatment of urticaria. Twenty-seven male Kunming mice were randomly divided into a normal group, a model group and a Jingfang Mixture group according to body weight. Except for the normal group, mice in the model group and the Jingfang Mixture group were injected with the mixture of ovalbumin and Al(OH)_3 gel for the first immunization, and the second immunization was performed on the 10 th day to induce the urticaria model. Mice in the Jingfang Mixture group started to be administered on the 6 th day after the initial immunization, and was administered continuously for 21 days. The normal group and the model group were replaced with the same amount of purified water. Twenty-four hours after the last administration, an appropriate amount of skin was taken, and label-free quantitative proteomics technology was used to detect the differences in protein expression in skin tissue. The signaling pathways involved in the differential proteins was further analyzed. The results of proteomics indicated that seventy-six proteins were involved in the intervention of Jingfang Mixture on mice with urticaria, and the differential proteins were mainly enriched in biological process(BP), molecular function(MF), and cellular component(CC). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) analysis showed that the signaling pathways regulated by Jingfang Mixture mainly involved carbon metabolism, metabolic pathways, glucagon signaling pathway, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, hypoxia inducible factor-1(HIF-1) signaling pathway, purine metabolism, adherens junction, calcium signaling pathway, leukocyte transendothelial migration, and inflammatory mediator regulation of transient receptor potential(TRP) channels, which were involved in skin tissue energy metabolism and immune regulation. The findings of this study showed that the protective effect of Jingfang Mixture on mice with urticaria was closely related to the regulation of immune disorders, and the regulatory effect on immune system may be achieved through the regulation of energy metabolism by Jingfang Mixture.

Protective effect of baicalein on DNA oxidative damage and its binding mechanism with DNA: An in vitro and molecular docking study.

In this work, the protective effect of baicalein on DNA oxidative damage and its possible protection mechanisms were investigated. 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) colorimetry and agarose gel electrophoresis study found that baicalein protected the deoxyribose residue and double-stranded backbone of DNA from the damage of hydroxyl radicals. Antioxidant analysis results showed that baicalein has excellent radicals scavenging effects and Fe2+ chelating ability, which might be the mechanism of baicalein protecting DNA. DNA binding studies indicated that baicalein bound to the minor groove of DNA with moderate binding affinity (K = (7.35 ±â€¯0.91) × 103 M-1). Hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces played a major role in driving the binding process. Molecular docking further confirmed the experimental results. This binding could stabilize DNA double helix structure, thereby protecting DNA from oxidative damage. This study may provide theoretical basis for designing new functional foods of baicalein for DNA damage protection.

The Histone H3K4 Demethylase JMJ16 Represses Leaf Senescence in Arabidopsis.

Leaf senescence is governed by a complex regulatory network involving the dynamic reprogramming of gene expression. Age-dependent induction of senescence-associated genes (SAGs) is associated with increased levels of trimethylation of histone H3 at Lys4 (H3K4me3), but the regulatory mechanism remains elusive. Here, we found that JMJ16, an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) JmjC-domain containing protein, is a specific H3K4 demethylase that negatively regulates leaf senescence through its enzymatic activity. Genome-wide analysis revealed a widespread coordinated upregulation of gene expression and hypermethylation of H3K4me3 at JMJ16 binding genes associated with leaf senescence in the loss-of-function jmj16 mutant as compared with the wild type. Genetic analysis indicated that JMJ16 negatively regulates leaf senescence, at least partly through repressing the expression of positive regulators of leaf senescence, WRKY53 and SAG201 JMJ16 associates with WRKY53 and SAG201 and represses their precocious expression in mature leaves by reducing H3K4me3 levels at these loci. The protein abundance of JMJ16 gradually decreases during aging, which is correlated with increased H3K4me3 levels at WRKY53 and SAG201, suggesting that the age-dependent downregulation of JMJ16 is required for the precise transcriptional activation of SAGs during leaf senescence. Thus, JMJ16 is an important regulator of leaf senescence that demethylates H3K4 at SAGs in an age-dependent manner.

SIZ1-Mediated SUMOylation of TPR1 Suppresses Plant Immunity in Arabidopsis.

Plant immune responses are tightly regulated to ensure their appropriate deployment. Overexpression of TOPLESS-RELATED 1 (TPR1), a SUPPRESSOR OF npr1-1, CONSTITUTIVE 1 (SNC1)-interacting protein, results in autoimmunity that reduces plant growth and development. However, how TPR1 activity is regulated remains unknown. Loss of function of SIZ1, a (SUMO) E3 ligase, induces an autoimmune response, partially due to elevated SNC1 levels. Here we show that SNC1 expression is upregulated in Arabidopsis thaliana siz1-2 due to positive-feedback regulation by salicylic acid. SIZ1 physically interacts with TPR1 and facilitates its SUMO modification. The K282 and K721 residues in TPR1 serve as critical SUMO attachment sites. Simultaneous introduction of K282R and K721R substitutions in TPR1 blocked its SUMOylation, enhanced its transcriptional co-repressor activity, and increased its association with HISTONE DEACETYLASE 19 (HDA19), suggesting that SUMOylation of TPR1 represses its transcriptional co-repressor activity and inhibits its interaction with HDA19. In agreement with this finding, the simultaneous introduction of K282R and K721R substitutions enhanced TPR1-mediated immunity, and the tpr1 mutation partially suppressed autoimmunity in siz1-2. These results demonstrate that SIZ1-mediated SUMOylation of TPR1 represses plant immunity, which at least partly contributes to the suppression of autoimmunity under non-pathogenic conditions to ensure proper plant development.

Cinnamaldehyde inhibit Escherichia coli associated with membrane disruption and oxidative damage.

In this study, the antimicrobial mechanism of cinnamaldehyde (CIN) against Gram-negative Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (E. coli) based on membrane and gene regulation was investigated. Treatment with low concentration (0, 1/8, 1/4, 3/8 MIC) of CIN can effectively suppress the growth of E. coli by prolonging its lag phase and Raman spectroscopy showed obvious distinction of the E. coli after being treated with these concentration of CIN. The determination of relative conductivity indicated that CIN at relatively high concentration (0, 1, 2, 4 MIC) can increase the cell membrane permeability, causing the leakage of cellular content. Besides, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of total superoxide dismutase (SOD) of E. coli increased with increasing treatment concentration of CIN, implying that CIN can cause oxidative damage on E. coli cell membrane and induce the increase of total SOD activity to resist this oxidative harm. Moreover, quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed the relationship between expression of antioxidant genes (SODa, SODb, SODc) and treatment CIN concentration, suggesting that SOD, especially SODc, played a significant role in resistance of E. coli to CIN. The underlying inactivation processing of CIN on E. coli was explored to support CIN as a potential and natural antimicrobial agent in food industry.

LEAFY COTYLEDONs: old genes with new roles beyond seed development.

Seed development is a complex process and consists of two phases: embryo morphogenesis and seed maturation. LEAFY COTYLEDON (LEC) transcription factors, first discovered in Arabidopsis thaliana several decades ago, are master regulators of seed development. Here, we first summarize molecular genetic mechanisms underlying the control of embryogenesis and seed maturation by LECs and then provide a brief review of recent findings in the role of LECs in embryonic resetting of the parental 'memory of winter cold' in Arabidopsis. In addition, we discuss various chromatin-based mechanisms underlying developmental silencing of LEC genes throughout the post-embryonic development to terminate the embryonic developmental program.

Hydroxyl-related differences for three dietary flavonoids as inhibitors of human purine nucleoside phosphorylase.

In this work, the hydroxyl-related differences of binding properties and inhibitory activities of dietary flavonoids, namely chrysin, baicalein and apigenin against purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) were investigated. It was found that the hydroxylation on position C4' of chrysin (→apigenin) mildly decreased the binding affinities for PNP, whereas on the position C6 of chrysin (→baicalein) significantly increased binding affinities. Comparatively, the hydroxylation on position C4' and C6 greatly improved their PNP inhibitory effects. The IC50 values of apigenin and baicalein were 6.09 × 10-5 M and 8.94 × 10-5 M, respectively, which is significantly lower than that of chrysin (2.13 × 10-4 M). Results from molecular modeling revealed that there are two binding sites, i.e. active site (major) and tryptophan site (minor) on PNP, and the binding of these flavonoids might induce a serious conformational destabilization of PNP as a result of altering the micro-environment and morphology by flavonoids.

Effects of light curing modes and ethanol-wet bonding on dentin bonding properties.

OBJECTIVE: This study explored the effects of different light curing modes and ethanol-wet bonding on dentin bonding strength and durability. METHODS: A total of 54 molars were randomly divided into three groups: Single Bond 2, Gluma Comfort Bond, and N-Bond. Based on the three light-curing modes and presence or absence of ethanol pretreatment, the samples were assigned to six subgroups: high-light mode, ethanol pretreatment+high-light mode, soft-start mode, ethanol pretreatment+soft-start mode, standard mode, and ethanol pretreatment+standard mode. All samples were bonded with resin based on the experimental groups. After 24 h and 6 months of water storage, a universal testing machine was used to measure microtensile bond strength. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to observe mixed layer morphology. RESULTS: The 24-h and 6-month microtensile bond strengths of the ethanol pretreatment groups were significantly higher than those of the non-ethanol pretreatment groups at the same light modes (P<0.05). With or without ethanol pretreatment, the microtensile bond strengths of the high-light modes were significantly lower than those of the soft-start modes and standard modes (P<0.05). The microtensile bond strengths of samples from the 6-month water storage group significantly decreased compared with those of samples from the 24-h water storage group (P<0.05). The soft-start groups and standard groups formed better mixed layers than the high-light mode groups, whereas the ethanol pretreatment groups formed more uniform mixed layers than those without ethanol pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol-wet bonding technique, soft-start, and standard modes could improve dentin bonding properties.

An Arabidopsis SUMO E3 Ligase, SIZ1, Negatively Regulates Photomorphogenesis by Promoting COP1 Activity.

COP1 (CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1), a ubiquitin E3 ligase, is a central negative regulator of photomorphogenesis. However, how COP1 activity is regulated by post-translational modifications remains largely unknown. Here we show that SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) modification enhances COP1 activity. Loss-of-function siz1 mutant seedlings exhibit a weak constitutive photomorphogenic phenotype. SIZ1 physically interacts with COP1 and mediates the sumoylation of COP1. A K193R substitution in COP1 blocks its SUMO modification and reduces COP1 activity in vitro and in planta. Consistently, COP1 activity is reduced in siz1 and the level of HY5, a COP1 target protein, is increased in siz1. Sumoylated COP1 may exhibits higher transubiquitination activity than does non-sumoylated COP1, but SIZ1-mediated SUMO modification does not affect COP1 dimerization, COP1-HY5 interaction, and nuclear accumulation of COP1. Interestingly, prolonged light exposure reduces the sumoylation level of COP1, and COP1 mediates the ubiquitination and degradation of SIZ1. These regulatory mechanisms may maintain the homeostasis of COP1 activity, ensuing proper photomorphogenic development in changing light environment. Our genetic and biochemical studies identify a function for SIZ1 in photomorphogenesis and reveal a novel SUMO-regulated ubiquitin ligase, COP1, in plants.

A pair of light signaling factors FHY3 and FAR1 regulates plant immunity by modulating chlorophyll biosynthesis.

Light and chloroplast function is known to affect the plant immune response; however, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. We previously demonstrated that two light signaling factors, FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 3 (FHY3) and FAR-RED IMPAIRED RESPONSE 1 (FAR1), regulate chlorophyll biosynthesis and seedling growth via controlling HEMB1 expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, we reveal that FHY3 and FAR1 are involved in modulating plant immunity. We showed that the fhy3 far1 double null mutant displayed high levels of reactive oxygen species and salicylic acid (SA) and increased resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pathogen infection. Microarray analysis revealed that a large proportion of pathogen-related genes, particularly genes encoding nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat domain resistant proteins, are highly induced in fhy3 far1. Genetic studies indicated that the defects of fhy3 far1 can be largely rescued by reducing SA signaling or blocking SA accumulation, and by overexpression of HEMB1, which encodes a 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway. Furthermore, we found that transgenic plants with reduced expression of HEMB1 exhibit a phenotype similar to fhy3 far1. Taken together, this study demonstrates an important role of FHY3 and FAR1 in regulating plant immunity, through integrating chlorophyll biosynthesis and the SA signaling pathway.

Dihydroxanthenones from the fermentation product of an endophytic fungus Gliomastix murorum.

Three new dihydroxanthones, muroxanthenones A-C (1-3), together with three known dihydroxanthones (4-6) were isolated from the fermentation products of an endophytic fungus Gliomastix murorum. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including extensive 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Compound 3 showed high cytotoxicities against NB4 and PC3 cell with IC(50) values of 2.2 and 2.8 µM. The other compounds also showed moderate cytotoxicities for some tested cell lines with IC(50) values between 4.1 and 9.5 µM.

Xanthone derivatives from the fermentation products of an endophytic fungus Phomopsis sp.

Three new xanthones, 1,5-dihydroxy-3-hydroxyethyl-6-methoxycarbonylxanthone (1), 1-hydroxy-5- methoxy-3-hydroxyethyl-6-methoxycarbonylxanthone (2), and 1-hydroxy-3-hydroxyethyl- 8-ethoxycarbonylxanthone (3), along with seven known xanthones (4-10) were isolated from the fermentation products of an endophytic fungus Phomopsis sp.. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR techniques. Compounds 1-10 were also tested for their cytotoxicity against five human tumor cell lines (NB4, A549, SHSY5Y, PC3, and MCF7) by MTT method using paclitaxel as positive control. Compounds 1 and 3 showed cytotoxicity against A549 cell lines with IC50 values of 3.6 and 2.5 µM, respectively. In addition, 1 was cytotoxic to MCF7 cells with IC50 value of 2.7 µM.

[Effects of reforestation on soil chemical properties and microbial communities in a severely degraded sub-tropical red soil region].

Taking the long-term reforestation experimental base established in a severely degraded sub-tropical hilly red soil region in Taihe County of Jiangxi Province in 1991 as the object, this paper studied the changes of soil nutrients and microbial communities after 19 years reforestation of Pinus elliottii forest, Liquidambarformosana forest, and P. elliotti-L. formosana forest, with the naturally restored grassland as the control. The soil organic carbon content in the L. formosana and P. elliottii-L. formosana forests (15.16+/-3.53 and 16.42+/-0.49 g kg-1, respectively) was significantly higher than that in the control (9.30+/-1.13 g kg-1), the soil total phosphorus content was in the order of the control (0.30+/-0.02 g kg-1) > P. elliottii-L. formosana forest (0.22+/-0.04 g kg-1 ) > L. formosana forest (0.14+/-0.01 g kg-1 ), while the soil available phosphorus content was 1.66+/-0.02 mg kg-1 in L. formosana forest, 2.47+/-0. 27 mg kg- in P. elliottii-L. formosana forest, and 1. 15+/-0.71 mg kg-1 in P. elliottii forest, being significantly higher than that in the control (0.01+/-0.00 mg kg-1). The total amounts of soil microbes, the amount and percentage of soil bacteria, and the amount of inorganic and organic phosphate-solubilizing microbes in L. formosana forest and P. elliottii-L. formosana forest were all significantly higher than those in P. elliottii forest and the control, while the amount and percentage of soil fungi and the percentage of soil actinomycetes in L. formosana forest and P. elliottii-L. formosana forest were significantly lower than those in the control. The soil organic carbon content was significantly positively correlated with the percentage of soil bactera, but negatively correlated with the percentage of soil fungi and actinomycetes, while the soil available phosphorus content was significantly positively correlated with the amount of organic phosphate-solubilizing microes, but not with the amount of inorganic phosphate-solubilizing microbes. It was suggested that L. formosana forest and P. elliottii-L. formosana forest could be the recommended reforestation models in sub-tropical degraded red soil region.

Bioactive dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans from the stems of Schisandra neglecta.

Seven new unusual dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans, neglignans A-G (1-7), together with 16 known dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans, were isolated from the stems of Schisandra neglecta. Compounds 1 and 2 are the first dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans bearing a carboxyl group at C-4, and compounds 3 and 4 are the first 7,8-seco-dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans found from Nature. The new compounds (1-7) and several of the known compounds were evaluated for their anti-HIV activity and cytotoxicity. Compounds 2 and 6 showed anti-HIV-1 activities with therapeutic index values greater than 50, and compound 4 showed cytotoxicity against the NB4 and SHSY5Y cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 2.9 and 3.3 µM, respectively.

[Phylogenetic relationships of honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apinae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences].

The sequences of mitochondrial ND2, CO2, and 16S rRNA genes and nuclear ITPR gene were obtained from 22 samples of 5 Apis species from China. The characteristics of the sequences and the pairwise distances among species were analyzed. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed for Apis species using maximum parsimony, neighbor-joining and maximum likelihood methods together with the sequences of the other 4 Apis species downloaded from GenBank. Results supported that Apis species were divided into three major clusters: dwarf bees (A. florea and A. andreniformis), giant bees (A. dorsata and A. laboriosa), and cavity-nesting bees (A. mellifera, A. cerana, A. koschevnikovi, A. nigrocinta, and A. nuluensis). The dwarf honey bees were confirmed as basal lineage. Our study also revealed a high level of genetic divergence between A. dorsata from Hainan Island and China mainland.

[Eco-hydrological characteristics and soil and water conservation effect of citrus plantation on slope red soil of Jiangxi Province, China].

A 9-year observation was conducted at the experimental plots in the Citrus reticulata plantation in Jiangxi Provincial Eco-Technology Park to study the eco-hydrological characteristics and soil conservation benefits of the plantation on slope red soil. Seven treatments were designed and monitored over nine years. The average flow and the rate of sediment for the seven treatments were reduced by 78.5% and 77.2%, respectively. The reduction rates were the highest in treatments band coverage of Paspalum natatu, whole coverage of P. natatu, and level terrace with grass on ridge, with the values of 94.8%, 94.3% and 92.5%, respectively, followed by in treatment intercropping Glycine max (66.0%) and Raphanus sativus (77.5%), with horizontal planting being better than vertical planting, and the lowest in treatment without understory vegetation (33.1%). The observations on the precipitation redistribution of 43 rainfall events with a mean precipitation of 20.07 mm in 2009-2010 showed that the throughfall, stemflow, and canopy interception were 9.15, 4.72 and 6.20 mm, accounting for 44.7%, 25.7% and 29.6% of the precipitation, respectively. The throughfall and stemflow tended to increase with increasing precipitation. There was a significant liner negative correlation between the canopy interception rate and the precipitation when the rainfall was less than 10 mm, but no significant correlation when the rainfall was greater than 10 mm. The water holding rate of C. reticulata litters was logarithmically correlated with water soaking time, and the maximum water holding rate was 326%. It was considered that rational allocation of understory vegetation played an important role in the soil and water conservation of citrus orchard on slope red soil.

[Effects of long-term applying sulfur- and chloride-containing chemical fertilizers on weed growth in paddy field].

An investigation was made at a double-rice paddy field in the Qiyang Red Soil Field Experimental Station, Hunan Province, China to study the species and biomass of weeds growing in rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth season after 34-year application of sulfur (SO4(2-)) and chloride (Cl(-))-containing chemical fertilizers under the same application rates of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). Long-term application of Cl(-)-containing chemical fertilizer resulted in the greatest species number of weeds and the highest biomass of floating weeds and wet weeds, compared with long-term application of SO4(2-) and Cl(-) +SO4(2-)-containing chemical fertilizers. In early rice growth season, the biomass of weeds after applying Cl(-)-containing chemical fertilizer was 51.4% and 17.6% higher than that after applying Cl(-) + SO4(2-) and SO4(2-)-containing chemical fertilizers, respectively; in late rice growth season, the increment was 144% and 242%, respectively. More floating weeds were observed after applying Cl(-) + SO4(2-) and SO4(2-)-containing chemical fertilizers, but few of them were found after applying Cl(-)-containing chemical fertilizer. The total dry mass of weeds and the dry mass of wet weeds were positively correlated with soil Cl(-) content (r = 0.764, P < 0.01 and r = 0.948, P < 0.01, respectively), but negatively correlated with soil SO4(2-)-S content (r = 0.849, P < 0.01 and r = 0.641, P < 0.05). Soil alkali-hydrolyzable N and available P, under the co-effects of soil SO4(2-)-S, Cl(-), and pH, had indirect effects on the total dry mass of weeds. By adopting various fertilization measures to maintain proper soil pH and alkali-hydrolyzable N and available P contents, increase soil SO42(-)-S content, and decrease soil Cl(-) content, it could be possible to effectively inhibit the growth of wet weeds and to decrease the total biomass of weeds in double-rice paddy field.