miR-22a targets p62/SQSTM1 to negatively affect autophagy and disease resistance of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are integral to many biological functions, including autophagy, a process recently proven to be closely linked to innate immunity. In this study, we present findings on miR-22a, a teleost homolog of mammalian miR-22, illustrating its capacity to target the autophagy adaptor p62, subsequently inducing downregulation at both mRNA and protein levels. Utilizing Western blot analyses, we demonstrated that miR-22a inhibits the autophagy flux of CIK cells, correlated with an elevated presence of LC3 II. Additionally, the overexpression of miR-22a resulted in the suppression of NF-κB signaling, leading to reduced cellar antimicrobial abilities and increased apoptosis. These findings provide novel insights into the role of miR-22a as an autophagy-related miRNA and its immune mechanisms against pathogens via p62 in teleost, enriching our understanding of the interplay between autophagy and innate immunity.

miR-23a regulates the disease resistance of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) by targeting autophagy-related genes, ATG3 and ATG12.

miRNAs play a key role in the autophagy process. In recent years, the emerging role of autophagy in regulating immune response has attracted increasing attention. Since then, specific miRNAs have also been found to play an immune function indirectly by modulating autophagy as well. This study proved that miR-23a could downregulate grass carp autophagy simultaneously by targeting ATG3 and ATG12. Besides, both ATG3 and ATG12 mRNA levels were increased in kidney and intestine after being infected by Aeromonas hydrophila; yet almost at the same time, miR-23a was decreased. Besides, we illustrated that grass carp miR-23a could affect antimicrobial capacity, proliferation, migration, and antiapoptotic abilities of CIK cells. These results indicate that miR-23a was related to grass carp autophagy and plays an important role in antimicrobial immunity through targeting ATG3 and ATG12, which provides important information on autophagy-related miRNAs about the defense and immune mechanisms against pathogens in teleost.

LncRNA-adm2 targets adm2 via cid-miR-n3 and negatively regulates the inflammatory response in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which impact gene expression following pathogen infections, have garnered significant attention in recent years. Recent discoveries have revealed that lncRNAs play a crucial role in fish immune responses to pathogen infections. We investigated the influence of lncRNA-adm2 on the antibacterial immune response generated by Aeromonas hydrophila in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) through the adsorption of cid-miR-n3. Furthermore, we found that cid-miR-n3 interacts with lncRNA-adm2 and targets the 3' UTR of adm2. The upregulation of lncRNA-adm2 expression led to the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (il-1ß and il-6) in CIK cells, while anti-inflammatory cytokines (il-10) increased. Our research provides evidence that lncRNAs are involved in the antibacterial immune response of fish, expanding our understanding of the function of lncRNAs in teleosts.

Identification of multifunctionality of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) TBK1 during bacterial infection.

TBK1 is an atypical IκB kinase family member with a set of functions. It is involved in congenital immunization and autophagy in mammals. In this study, we reported that grass carp TBK1 gene expression could be upregulated by bacterial infection. Overexpression of TBK1 could decrease the number of adhesive bacteria in CIK cells. TBK1 could promote cellular migration, proliferation, vitality, and anti-apoptosis ability. Furthermore, the expression of TBK1 could activate the NF-κB signaling pathway by inducing inflammatory cytokines. In addition, we found that the grass carp TBK1 could cause the autophagy level of CIK cells within the decreasing level of p62 protein. Our finding indicated that TBK1 participated in grass carp innate immune progress and autophagy. This study provides evidence of the positive regulation of TBK1 in teleost innate immunity with its multiple functions. It thus may provide important information about the defense and immune mechanisms used by teleost against pathogens.

Clustering pattern and evolution characteristic of microRNAs in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).

BACKGROUND: A considerable fraction of microRNAs (miRNAs) are highly conserved, and certain miRNAs correspond to genomic clusters. The clustering of miRNAs can be advantageous, possibly by allowing coordinated expression. However, little is known about the evolutionary forces responsible for the loss and acquisition of miRNA and miRNA clusters. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that several novel miRNAs arose throughout grass carp evolution. Duplication and de novo production were critical strategies for miRNA cluster formation. Duplicates accounted for a smaller fraction of the expansion in the grass carp miRNA than de novo creation. Clustered miRNAs are more conserved and change slower, whereas unique miRNAs usually have high evolution rates and low expression levels. The expression level of miRNA expression in clusters is strongly correlated. CONCLUSIONS: This study examines the genomic distribution, evolutionary background, and expression regulation of grass carp miRNAs. Our findings provide novel insights into the genesis and development of miRNA clusters in teleost.

Association of Obesity and Hypertension: A Cohort Study in China.

The prevalence of general and central obesity has increased rapidly in China for decades, while little is known on obesity-normal weight-central obesity (NWCO) in China. In this study, we aim to depict the trend of the three kinds of obesity and to explore their associations with hypertension in a cohort study in China. We used data from eight waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) in 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2011, and 2015 for analysis. The Cochran-Armitage test was used for trend of the three kinds of obesity or hypertension. Mixed logistic regression was used to explore their relationship. In this study, we found the prevalence of general obesity increased from 20.81% in 1993 to 50.57% in 2015 in China, which was from 19.23% to 56.15% for central obesity and from 27.20% to 49.07% for NWCO, respectively. Males had the highest increase among all the subgroups. The RR for hypertension and general obesity was 3.71 (95%CI: 3.26-4.22), 3.62 (95%CI 3.19-4.12) for central obesity, and 1.60 (95%CI 1.23-2.06) for NWCO after adjusted for age, sex, education, smoking, alcohol drinking, marriage status, urbanicity and income. Both prevalence of obesity and hypertension have increased significantly in China for the two decades. The general obesity was most likely to develop hypertension compared to central or NOCWO in this study.