Moulages: Art and History of Medicine.

The aim of this article is to introduce the museum we have at the Pathology Department, School of Medicine of the National University of Rosario, Argentina. The origin dates from to 1922 when Dermatology Professor Dr. Enrique P. Fidanza bought moulages at L'Hôpital Saint-Louis in Paris for the purpose of teaching. The collection included around 100 moulages and was worth approximately 1000 dollars. These pieces were exhibited at the Dermatology Department for many years and later moved to the Pathology Department where some pieces started being repaired, whereas others have deteriorated. The collection is composed of 100 moulages done by a French craftsman by the name of Niclet and 258 made by Argentine craftsmen including Alba Ramirez and G. Rouzaut, among others. The pieces are classified according to different dermatological diseases such as: the different stages of syphilis, lupus, benign and malignant neoplasm, infectious diseases, etc.

Reference genes for real-time PCR quantification of microRNAs and messenger RNAs in rat models of hepatotoxicity.

Hepatotoxicity is associated with major changes in liver gene expression induced by xenobiotic exposure. Understanding the underlying mechanisms is critical for its clinical diagnosis and treatment. MicroRNAs are key regulators of gene expression that control mRNA stability and translation, during normal development and pathology. The canonical technique to measure gene transcript levels is Real-Time qPCR, which has been successfully modified to determine the levels of microRNAs as well. However, in order to obtain accurate data in a multi-step method like RT-qPCR, the normalization with endogenous, stably expressed reference genes is mandatory. Since the expression stability of candidate reference genes varies greatly depending on experimental factors, the aim of our study was to identify a combination of genes for optimal normalization of microRNA and mRNA qPCR expression data in experimental models of acute hepatotoxicity. Rats were treated with four traditional hepatotoxins: acetaminophen, carbon tetrachloride, D-galactosamine and thioacetamide, and the liver expression levels of two groups of candidate reference genes, one for microRNA and the other for mRNA normalization, were determined by RT-qPCR in compliance with the MIQE guidelines. In the present study, we report that traditional reference genes such as U6 spliceosomal RNA, Beta Actin and Glyceraldehyde-3P-dehydrogenase altered their expression in response to classic hepatotoxins and therefore cannot be used as reference genes in hepatotoxicity studies. Stability rankings of candidate reference genes, considering only those that did not alter their expression, were determined using geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper software packages. The potential candidates whose measurements were stable were further tested in different combinations to find the optimal set of reference genes that accurately determine mRNA and miRNA levels. Finally, the combination of MicroRNA-16/5S Ribosomal RNA and Beta 2 Microglobulin/18S Ribosomal RNA were validated as optimal reference genes for microRNA and mRNA quantification, respectively, in rat models of acute hepatotoxicity.

Estudio preliminar de la miocarditis chagásica aguda experimental y su relación con la administración de esteroides sexuales / Preliminary study of experimental acute Chagasic cardiomyopathy and its relation to sex steroid administration / Estudo preliminar de miocardite chagásica aguda experimental e sua relação com a administração de esteróides sexuais

Introducción. En nuestro modelo experimental, la infección aguda por Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) en ratas adultas cursa con una parasitemia poco evidente, mientras que en los animales prepúberes (PP) se registran parasitemias más elevadas. Estas discrepancias podrían asociarse a la inmadurez inmunológica que exhiben los animales más jóvenes, pero asimismo, a la diferente madurez sexual del huésped al momento de la infección. Siendo la testosterona (T) una hormona capaz de influir sobre las células del sistema inmune y en consecuencia modificar el curso de las infecciones parasitarias, nos propusimos evaluar el efecto de dosis fisiológicas de T sobre la miocarditis aguda en fase temprana en ratas PP. Material y métodos. Se inocularon 1 millón de T. cruzi al destete y dos dosis de T de 1 mg/kg de peso, previo al T. cruzi. Se realizaron los controles respectivos, incluido un grupo experimental que recibió bicalutamida, antagonista de la T (5 mg/kg/día) +T+T. cruzi. Se evaluó parasitemia a los 7, 10 y 14 días post infección (pi) y se realizó el estudio anátomo-patológico de corazón, timo y bazo a los 4, 7 y 14 días pi. Resultados. A los 14 días pi, los animales que recibieron dosis fisiológicas de T presentaron un incremento significativo en la parasitemia y desarrollaron una mayor esplenomegalia que el resto de los grupos infectados. El estudio histológico de esos grupos reveló una miocarditis de intensidad similar -moderada a intensa- y nidos de amastigotes, mientras que en los animales sacrificados al día 4 y 7, se observó nidos de amastigotes sin reacción inflamatoria. Los controles no presentaron alteraciones histológicas. Conclusiones. La administración de T en los animales PP, previo a la infección con T. cruzi, propició la replicación temprana del parásito, evidenciada por el aumento en la parasitemia; sin embargo, no fue capaz de modificar la lesión cardíaca aguda en fase temprana ni tardía.

Background. According to our experimental model, along the acute phase of Chagas illness, adult rats infected with Trypanosome cruzi (T. cruzi) presents very low and almost undetectable parasitemias, whereas in prepubertal animals (PP) parasitemias reported were higher than in the adult ones. These differences could be associated with the immunological immaturity exhibited by younger animals, but also owing to the different sexual maturity of the host at the time of infection. As testosterone (T) is a hormone that can influence immune system cells and thus modify the course of parasitic infections, we have evaluated the effect of physiological doses of T on early acute stage of myocarditis in rats PP. Methods and material. Two doses of T (1 mg/kg) were inoculated to weaning rats (prior infection) followed by the inoculation of 1 million of T. cruzi trypomastigotes. The proper controls were performed, including an experimental group which received a concomitant therapy of bicalutamide, an antagonist of T (5 mg/kg/day), plus T and T. cruzi inoculation. Parasitemia was assessed at 7, 10 and 14 days post infection (pi) and the anatomopathological studies of heart, thymus and spleen were also performed at 4, 7 and 14 days pi. Results. At 14 day pi, those animals receiving physiological doses of T showed a significant increase in parasitemia and developed a higher splenomegaly compare to the rest of the infected groups. The histological examination of these groups presented a myocarditis of similar intensity -moderate to intense-, and amastigotes nests, while at days 4 and 7, amastigotes nests were observed without inflammatory reaction. Controls did not present histological alterations. Conclusions. Administration of T in the PP animals prior to T. cruzi infection led to an early parasite replication, as evidenced by the increase in parasitemia, however, it was not able to modify the acute cardiac injury during the early or late stage.

Introdução. Em nosso modelo experimental, a infecção aguda pelo Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) em ratos adultos cursos com parasitemia evidente pouco, enquanto que em animais pré-púberes (PP) são registrados parasitemias mais elevadas. Estas discrepâncias podem estar associadas à imaturidade imunológica exibidos por animais mais jovens, mas também para a diferente maturidade sexual do parasitado no momento da infecção. Como o hormônio testosterona (T) que pode influenciar as células do sistema imunológico e, assim, modificar o curso das infecções parasitárias, nós avaliamos o efeito de doses fisiológicas de T em estágio inicial miocardite aguda em ratos PP. Material e métodos. Um milhão de T. cruzi foram inoculados a desmame e duas doses de T de 1 mg / kg, antes a T. cruzi. Respectivos controles foram realizados, incluindo um grupo experimental que receberam bicalutamida, um antagonista da T (5 mg/kg/dia) + T + T. cruzi. Parasitemia foi avaliada aos 7, 10 e 14 dias após a infecção (ai) e realizado o estudo patológico do coração, timo e baço a 4, 7 e 14 dias ai. Resultados. Aos 14 dias ai, os animais que receberam doses fisiológicas de T mostraram um aumento significativo na parasitemia e desenvolveram uma maior esplenomegalia que outros grupos infectados. Exame histológico desses grupos revelou uma intensidade similar de miocardite -moderada a intensa-, e ninhos de amastigotas, enquanto em animais sacrificados nos dias 4 e 7, ninhos de amastigotas foram observados sem reação inflamatória. Os controles não apresentaram alterações histológicas. Conclusões. A administração de T nos animais PP antes da infecção com T. cruzi, levou à replicação inicial do parasita, como evidenciado pelo aumento da parasitemia, entretanto, não foi capaz de modificar a lesão cardíaca aguda na fase precoce ou tardia.

Development and evaluation of a colorimetric PCR system for the detection and typing of human papillomaviruses.

In developing countries, the introduction of human papillomaviruses (HPV) DNA testing as an adjunct to cytological screening programs has been delayed due to the lack of high performance and cost effective diagnostic nucleic acid methods. In this study we report the development and evaluation of the L1HPVPCR, a PCR-based method for the detection and typing of five of the most prevalent high-risk HPV types. The L1HPVPCR assay combines amplification with the MY09/11 HPV consensus primer system, liquid hybridization of the PCR products with no radioactive probes and enzyme immunoassay analysis. The technique is a user-friendly system that allows accurate HPV DNA detection and typing with inexpensive instrumentation that could be performed with not sophisticated reagents in almost any laboratory. Different cutoff points for generic and specific HPV detection were determined using reproducibility analysis and receiver operating characteristic curves to ensure good analytical sensitivity and clinical effectiveness. We used the L1HPVPCR assay to estimate the prevalence of HPV infection in 127 women at risk of cervical cancer from the city of Rosario (Argentina), where no epidemiological data has been previously reported. Further, we explored the clinical utility of the L1HPVPCR assay respect the Pap smear using a combined diagnosis of cytology, histology and colposcopy as gold standard. In conclusion, our results indicate that the assay described here provides a tool for accurate HPV DNA testing and could be applied in regions where no commercial tests are available.