RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that stimulates myeloid stem cell maturation, proliferation, and migration into circulation. Despite being a known growth factor, the impact of G-CSF on solid tumours has not been well examined. G-CSF receptor (G-CSFR) is expressed by some tumours, and thus the aim of this study was to examine the expression and impact of G-CSF and G-CSFR on gastrointestinal tumours. METHODS: In this study, G-CSF expression was examined in human gastric and colon tumours and by tumour-derived stromal myofibroblasts and carcinoma cells. G-CSFR expression was examined on carcinoma cells isolated from human tissues. The effects of G-CSF on gastric and colon carcinoma cell proliferation, migration, and signalling were examined. RESULTS: G-CSFR was highly expressed in 90% of human gastric and colon carcinomas. G-CSF was also found to be highly produced by stromal myofibroblasts and carcinoma cells. Exposure of carcinoma cells to G-CSF led to increased proliferation and migration, and expansion of a sub-population of carcinoma cells expressing stem-like markers. These processes were dependent on ERK1/2 and RSK1 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the G-CSF/R axis promotes gastric and colorectal cancer development and suggest they are potential tumour targets.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma/genética , Carcinoma/patología , Movimiento Celular/genética , Neoplasias del Colon/genética , Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Granulocitos/genética , Receptores de Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Granulocito/genética , Neoplasias Gástricas/genética , Células CACO-2 , Procesos de Crecimiento Celular/genética , Línea Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias del Colon/patología , Humanos , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas/genética , Miofibroblastos/patología , Proteínas Quinasas S6 Ribosómicas 90-kDa/genética , Neoplasias Gástricas/patologíaRESUMEN
We have developed a model of cutaneous herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) reactivation in SKH-1 hairless mice which closely mimics the condition in humans. Sixty plaque-forming units of HSV-1 strain 17 syn+ were applied to a superficially abraded area on the lateral body wall. More than 85% of mice developed primary HSV-1 infection characterized by a zosteriform pattern of cutaneous vesiculation and ulceration. Approximately one-third of mice with primary skin lesions succumbed to neurologic disease and in the remaining mice cutaneous lesions healed completely. Subsequent exposure of healed areas to two minimal inflammatory doses of UV resulted in recrudescence of skin lesions in the irradiated areas in almost 60% of mice. Lesions appeared approximately 4 days after irradiation, persisted for 3-5 days and then resolved completely. Reactivation rarely resulted in death due to neurologic disease. Primary lesions had a histologic appearance typical of cutaneous HSV-1 infection with vesicles and focal epithelial necrosis accompanied by the formation of epithelial syncytial cells and the presence of herpetic intranuclear inclusion bodies. In primary lesions HSV-1 was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry, polymerase chain reaction and culture. In reactivated lesions epithelial syncytia and inclusion bodies were not seen; however, virus was demonstrable by polymerase chain reaction and culture. Exposure of the uninfected side to UV did not stimulate disease recurrence suggesting that local effects of UV rather than systemic immunosuppression were responsible for reactivation. Reactivation could also be obtained with two minimal inflammatory doses of UV from a UV-340 light source which emits light approximating the solar spectrum.