Burden of disease attributable to risk factors in European countries: a scoping literature review.

OBJECTIVES: Within the framework of the burden of disease (BoD) approach, disease and injury burden estimates attributable to risk factors are a useful guide for policy formulation and priority setting in disease prevention. Considering the important differences in methods, and their impact on burden estimates, we conducted a scoping literature review to: (1) map the BoD assessments including risk factors performed across Europe; and (2) identify the methodological choices in comparative risk assessment (CRA) and risk assessment methods. METHODS: We searched multiple literature databases, including grey literature websites and targeted public health agencies websites. RESULTS: A total of 113 studies were included in the synthesis and further divided into independent BoD assessments (54 studies) and studies linked to the Global Burden of Disease (59 papers). Our results showed that the methods used to perform CRA varied substantially across independent European BoD studies. While there were some methodological choices that were more common than others, we did not observe patterns in terms of country, year or risk factor. Each methodological choice can affect the comparability of estimates between and within countries and/or risk factors, since they might significantly influence the quantification of the attributable burden. From our analysis we observed that the use of CRA was less common for some types of risk factors and outcomes. These included environmental and occupational risk factors, which are more likely to use bottom-up approaches for health outcomes where disease envelopes may not be available. CONCLUSIONS: Our review also highlighted misreporting, the lack of uncertainty analysis and the under-investigation of causal relationships in BoD studies. Development and use of guidelines for performing and reporting BoD studies will help understand differences, avoid misinterpretations thus improving comparability among estimates. REGISTRATION: The study protocol has been registered on PROSPERO, CRD42020177477 (available at: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ ).

Burden of infectious disease studies in Europe and the United Kingdom: a review of methodological design choices.

This systematic literature review aimed to provide an overview of the characteristics and methods used in studies applying the disability-adjusted life years (DALY) concept for infectious diseases within European Union (EU)/European Economic Area (EEA)/European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries and the United Kingdom. Electronic databases and grey literature were searched for articles reporting the assessment of DALY and its components. We considered studies in which researchers performed DALY calculations using primary epidemiological data input sources. We screened 3053 studies of which 2948 were excluded and 105 studies met our inclusion criteria. Of these studies, 22 were multi-country and 83 were single-country studies, of which 46 were from the Netherlands. Food- and water-borne diseases were the most frequently studied infectious diseases. Between 2015 and 2022, the number of burden of infectious disease studies was 1.6 times higher compared to that published between 2000 and 2014. Almost all studies (97%) estimated DALYs based on the incidence- and pathogen-based approach and without social weighting functions; however, there was less methodological consensus with regards to the disability weights and life tables that were applied. The number of burden of infectious disease studies undertaken across Europe has increased over time. Development and use of guidelines will promote performing burden of infectious disease studies and facilitate comparability of the results.

Methodological considerations in injury burden of disease studies across Europe: a systematic literature review.

BACKGROUND: Calculating the disease burden due to injury is complex, as it requires many methodological choices. Until now, an overview of the methodological design choices that have been made in burden of disease (BoD) studies in injury populations is not available. The aim of this systematic literature review was to identify existing injury BoD studies undertaken across Europe and to comprehensively review the methodological design choices and assumption parameters that have been made to calculate years of life lost (YLL) and years lived with disability (YLD) in these studies. METHODS: We searched EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Central, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, and the grey literature supplemented by handsearching, for BoD studies. We included injury BoD studies that quantified the BoD expressed in YLL, YLD, and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) in countries within the European Region between early-1990 and mid-2021. RESULTS: We retrieved 2,914 results of which 48 performed an injury-specific BoD assessment. Single-country independent and Global Burden of Disease (GBD)-linked injury BoD studies were performed in 11 European countries. Approximately 79% of injury BoD studies reported the BoD by external cause-of-injury. Most independent studies used the incidence-based approach to calculate YLDs. About half of the injury disease burden studies applied disability weights (DWs) developed by the GBD study. Almost all independent injury studies have determined YLL using national life tables. CONCLUSIONS: Considerable methodological variation across independent injury BoD assessments was observed; differences were mainly apparent in the design choices and assumption parameters towards injury YLD calculations, implementation of DWs, and the choice of life table for YLL calculations. Development and use of guidelines for performing and reporting of injury BoD studies is crucial to enhance transparency and comparability of injury BoD estimates across Europe and beyond.

Burden of non-communicable disease studies in Europe: a systematic review of data sources and methodological choices.

BACKGROUND: Assessment of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) resulting from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) requires specific calculation methods and input data. The aims of this study were to (i) identify existing NCD burden of disease (BoD) activities in Europe; (ii) collate information on data sources for mortality and morbidity; and (iii) provide an overview of NCD-specific methods for calculating NCD DALYs. METHODS: NCD BoD studies were systematically searched in international electronic literature databases and in grey literature. We included all BoD studies that used the DALY metric to quantify the health impact of one or more NCDs in countries belonging to the European Region. RESULTS: A total of 163 BoD studies were retained: 96 (59%) were single-country or sub-national studies and 67 (41%) considered more than one country. Of the single-country studies, 29 (30%) consisted of secondary analyses using existing Global Burden of Disease (GBD) results. Mortality data were mainly derived (49%) from vital statistics. Morbidity data were frequently (40%) drawn from routine administrative and survey datasets, including disease registries and hospital discharge databases. The majority (60%) of national BoD studies reported mortality corrections. Multimorbidity adjustments were performed in 18% of national BoD studies. CONCLUSION: The number of national NCD BoD assessments across Europe increased over time, driven by an increase in BoD studies that consisted of secondary data analysis of GBD study findings. Ambiguity in reporting the use of NCD-specific BoD methods underlines the need for reporting guidelines of BoD studies to enhance the transparency of NCD BoD estimates across Europe.

Vigilancia en salud pública: una necesidad inaplazable / Public health surveillance: a pressing need

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Salud mental y salud pública en España: vigilancia epidemiológica y prevención / Mental health and public health in Spain: epidemiological surveillance and prevention

Este documento destaca aspectos de la salud mental de interés en salud pública según una reunión de profesionales. La prevención primaria (más factible en daño cerebral traumático, depresión por estrés sociolaboral o económico, conductas adictivas en jóvenes y trastornos de incidencia creciente) habría de completarse con prevención secundaria y terciaria. La vigilancia según el esquema de las enfermedades crónicas (estudios de encuestas, publicaciones científicas, etc.) priorizaría la depresión, el suicidio, las adicciones y las patologías del espectro autista, así como los pacientes crónicos complejos. Serian abordajes específicos: 1) El estudio de diagnósticos al alta hospitalaria y de causas de muerte para trastornos mayores, suicidios, tentativas de suicidio, nuevos pacientes psicóticos y trastornos de personalidad y de conducta alimentaria en adolescentes y jóvenes. 2) La identificación de una red clínica de salud mental de base poblacional capaz de revelar determinados eventos centinela: ejemplo de Italia. 3) La realización de encuestas sobre determinadas problemáticas en población asistida (AU)

This document highlights aspects of mental health of interest in Public Health, as identified in a meeting of health professionals. Primary prevention (most feasible in traumatic brain injury, depression induced by socio-occupational or financial stress, addictive behaviours among adolescents and young adults, and disorders in which incidence is on the increase) would have to be completed with secondary and tertiary prevention. Surveillance patterned on that of chronic diseases (survey studies, scientific papers, etc.) would prioritise depression, suicide, addictions, autism spectrum disorders and complex chronic patients. This would entail specific approaches such as: 1) The study of hospital discharge diagnoses and causes of death for major disorders, suicides, attempted suicide, new psychotic patients, and personality and eating disorders among adolescents and youth. 2) The identification of a population-based, clinical mental-health networks capable of pinpointing certain sentinel events, as for example in Italy. 3) The undertaking of surveys of certain problem areas in the population requiring assistance (AU)

[Educational inequalities in mortality and survival of women and men in the Americas, 1990-2010]. / Desigualdades educacionales en mortalidad y supervivencia de mujeres y hombres de las Américas, 1990-2010.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze magnitude and trends in educational inequality in mortality and survival of women and men in countries of the Americas. METHODS: Gap and gradient metrics were used to calculate inequality between countries in adult mortality, average age of death, life expectancy, and healthy life expectancy, according to educational level in men and women for 1990 and 2010. RESULTS: Between 1990 and 2010, the average number of years of education increased from 8 to 10 with no difference between sexes. Adult mortality (15-59 years) did not change: 1.9 per 1 000 women and 3.7 per 1 000 men. The slope index of inequality (SII) increased from -1.0 to -2.0 per 1 000 women and from -1.2 to -4.4 per 1 000 men. Life expectancy increased from 75.6 to 78.7 years in women and from 68.9 to 72.4 in men; absolute inequality decreased from 7.8 to 7.2 years in women and increased from 7.2 to 9.2 years in men. Healthy life expectancy increased from 63.7 to 65.9 years in women and from 59.5 to 62.5 years in men; the SII declined from 6.9 to 5.8 years in women and increased from 6.9 to 7.8 years in men. CONCLUSIONS: In the countries of the Americas, men are at greater risk of dying, die earlier, and live fewer disease- and disability-free years than women; educational level is a determinant of mortality and survival in both sexes, and educational inequalities are more pronounced and increasing among men, and are disproportionately concentrated in the most socially disadvantaged populations.

Desigualdades educacionales en mortalidad y supervivencia de mujeres y hombres de las Américas, 1990-2010 / Educational inequalities in mortality and survival of women and men in the Americas, 1990-2010

OBJETIVO: Analizar la magnitud y tendencias de las desigualdades educacionales en mortalidad y supervivencia de mujeres y hombres entre países de las Américas. MÉTODOS: Se calcularon métricas de brecha y gradiente de desigualdad en mortalidad adulta, edad promedio de muerte, esperanza de vida y esperanza de vida saludable, según nivel educativo entre países en hombres y mujeres para 1990 y 2010. RESULTADOS: Entre 1990-2010 el promedio de años de escolaridad aumentó de 8 a 10 sin diferencia entre sexos. La tasa de mortalidad adulta (15-59 años) no cambió: 1,9 por 1 000 mujeres y 3,7 por 1 000 hombres. El índice de desigualdad de la pendiente aumentó de -1,0 a -2,0 por 1 000 mujeres y de -1,2 a -4,4 por 1 000 hombres. La esperanza de vida aumentó de 75,6 a 78,7 años en mujeres y de 68,9 a 72,4 en hombres; la desigualdad absoluta disminuyó de 7,8 a 7,2 años en mujeres y aumentó de 7,2 a 9,2 años en hombres. La esperanza de vida saludable aumentó de 63,7 a 65,9 años en mujeres y de 59,5 a 62,5 años en hombres; el índice de desigualdad de la pendiente se redujo de 6,9 a 5,8 años en mujeres y aumentó de 6,9 a 7,8 años en hombres. CONCLUSIONES: Entre países de las Américas, los hombres tienen mayor riesgo de morir, mueren más tempranamente y viven menos años libres de enfermedad y discapacidad que las mujeres; el nivel educativo es un determinante de la mortalidad y la sobrevida en ambos sexos y las desigualdades educacionales son más pronunciadas y ascendentes entre hombres y desproporcionadamente concentradas en las poblaciones socialmente más desaventajadas.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze magnitude and trends in educational inequality in mortality and survival of women and men in countries of the Americas. METHODS: Gap and gradient metrics were used to calculate inequality between countries in adult mortality, average age of death, life expectancy, and healthy life expectancy, according to educational level in men and women for 1990 and 2010. RESULTS: Between 1990 and 2010, the average number of years of education increased from 8 to 10 with no difference between sexes. Adult mortality (15-59 years) did not change: 1.9 per 1 000 women and 3.7 per 1 000 men. The slope index of inequality (SII) increased from -1.0 to -2.0 per 1 000 women and from -1.2 to -4.4 per 1 000 men. Life expectancy increased from 75.6 to 78.7 years in women and from 68.9 to 72.4 in men; absolute inequality decreased from 7.8 to 7.2 years in women and increased from 7.2 to 9.2 years in men. Healthy life expectancy increased from 63.7 to 65.9 years in women and from 59.5 to 62.5 years in men; the SII declined from 6.9 to 5.8 years in women and increased from 6.9 to 7.8 years in men. CONCLUSIONS: In the countries of the Americas, men are at greater risk of dying, die earlier, and live fewer disease- and disability-free years than women; educational level is a determinant of mortality and survival in both sexes, and educational inequalities are more pronounced and increasing among men, and are disproportionately concentrated in the most socially disadvantaged populations.

Desigualdades educacionales en mortalidad y supervivencia de mujeres y hombres de las Américas, 1990–2010 / Educational inequalities in mortality and survival of women and men in the Americas, 1990–2010

Objetivo. Analizar la magnitud y tendencias de las desigualdades educacionales en mortalidad y supervivencia de mujeres y hombres entre países de las Américas. Métodos. Se calcularon métricas de brecha y gradiente de desigualdad en mortalidad adulta, edad promedio de muerte, esperanza de vida y esperanza de vida saludable, según nivel educativo entre países en hombres y mujeres para 1990 y 2010. Resultados. Entre 1990–2010 el promedio de años de escolaridad aumentó de 8 a 10 sin diferencia entre sexos. La tasa de mortalidad adulta (15–59 años) no cambió: 1,9 por 1 000 mujeres y 3,7 por 1 000 hombres. El índice de desigualdad de la pendiente aumentó de –1,0 a –2,0 por 1 000 mujeres y de –1,2 a –4,4 por 1 000 hombres. La esperanza de vida aumentó de 75,6 a 78,7 años en mujeres y de 68,9 a 72,4 en hombres; la desigualdad absoluta disminuyó de 7,8 a 7,2 años en mujeres y aumentó de 7,2 a 9,2 años en hombres. La esperanza de vida saludable aumentó de 63,7 a 65,9 años en mujeres y de 59,5 a 62,5 años en hombres; el índice de desigualdad de la pendiente se redujo de 6,9 a 5,8 años en mujeres y aumentó de 6,9 a 7,8 años en hombres. Conclusiones. Entre países de las Américas, los hombres tienen mayor riesgo de morir, mueren más tempranamente y viven menos años libres de enfermedad y discapacidad que las mujeres; el nivel educativo es un determinante de la mortalidad y la sobrevida en ambos sexos y las desigualdades educacionales son más pronunciadas y ascendentes entre hombres y desproporcionadamente concentradas en las poblaciones socialmente más desaventajadas.

Objective. Analyze magnitude and trends in educational inequality in mortality and survival of women and men in countries of the Americas. Methods. Gap and gradient metrics were used to calculate inequality between countries in adult mortality, average age of death, life expectancy, and healthy life expectancy, according to educational level in men and women for 1990 and 2010. Results. Between 1990 and 2010, the average number of years of education increased from 8 to 10 with no difference between sexes. Adult mortality (15-59 years) did not change: 1.9 per 1 000 women and 3.7 per 1 000 men. The slope index of inequality (SII) increased from –1.0 to –2.0 per 1 000 women and from –1.2 to –4.4 per 1 000 men. Life expectancy increased from 75.6 to 78.7 years in women and from 68.9 to 72.4 in men; absolute inequality decreased from 7.8 to 7.2 years in women and increased from 7.2 to 9.2 years in men. Healthy life expectancy increased from 63.7 to 65.9 years in women and from 59.5 to 62.5 years in men; the SII declined from 6.9 to 5.8 years in women and increased from 6.9 to 7.8 years in men. Conclusions. In the countries of the Americas, men are at greater risk of dying, die earlier, and live fewer disease- and disability-free years than women; educational level is a determinant of mortality and survival in both sexes, and educational inequalities are more pronounced and increasing among men, and are disproportionately concentrated in the most socially disadvantaged populations.

Brotes de linfogranuloma venéreo entre hombres homosexuales en Europa, 2003-2004 / Outbreaks of lymphogranuloma venereum among homosexual men in Europe, 2003-2004

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Condiciones precarias para el control de la epidemia del VIH / Precarious conditions for controlling the HIV epidemic

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Late diagnosis of HIV infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: consequences for AIDS incidence.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the repercussion of late diagnosis of HIV infection on AIDS incidence in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. DESIGN: Analysis of AIDS surveillance data. SETTING: Spain. PATIENTS: AIDS cases reported from 1994 though 2000. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Late testers were defined as persons who had a first positive HIV test in the month of or immediately preceding AIDS diagnosis. Their incidence trend was compared against that for the remaining cases, and the influence of demographic factors evaluated. RESULTS: Of 30 778 AIDS cases, 8499 (28%) were late testers, and of these, 1061 (12%) died within 3 months of diagnosis of HIV infection. From 1995 to 2000, AIDS diagnoses declined by 36% among late testers versus 67% for the remainder (P < 0.001). The percentage of late testers increased from 24% in 1994-1996 to 35% in 1998-2000 (P < 0.001). Among the 7825 AIDS cases diagnosed in 1998-2000, late testing was independently associated (P < 0.01) with male sex, age over 44 years, residence in provinces with a lower AIDS incidence, foreign origin, and no record of injecting drug use or prison stay. CONCLUSIONS: A growing proportion of AIDS cases involves late diagnosis of HIV infection. Persons who are unaware of their HIV infection cannot benefit from antiretroviral therapy and, hence, early diagnosis would strengthen the impact of such therapy and so reduce AIDS incidence.