Thermal efficiency dataset around Cuban seas (TEDACS).

Currently, the generation of electrical energy in Cuba is supported by oil and natural gas. These sources, as it is known, are directly linked to large emissions of pollutants that are released into the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to search for new energy options that are directed towards sustainable development, allowing the preservation of natural ecosystems. Owing to the location and geographical characteristics of Cuba, it is necessary to assess the energy possibilities of the seas that surround it and to search for the most feasible areas to obtain energy from the sea temperature. This renewable energy source, in addition to being used to generate electricity, can also be used in derived technologies, such as desalination, refrigeration, and aquaculture. Hence, a dataset is presented with the calculation of the thermal efficiency for the exploitation of thermal energy from the sea, which is based on the thermal gradient between the sea potential temperatures between the shore and the level of depth being analyzed. Outputs of 27 years of daily data from the Copernicus Marine Environmental Monitoring Service (CMEMS) GLOBAL_MULTIYEAR_PHY_001_030 product with a spatial resolution of 1/12° were used. The calculation was made using a Python script of the daily thermal efficiency at depths of 763, 902, and 1062 m, as these are the levels that are traditionally studied for the exploitation of sea thermal energy. In this way, 27 files of each level were generated for a total of 81 files in text format separated by commas. Each file is presented with the date, level, coordinates, and thermal efficiency. The dataset is available from the Science Data Bank repository ( https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.10037).

Effects of meteo-oceanographic conditions on the weathering processes of oil spills in northeastern Brazil.

This paper presents the graphical results of the Lagrangian-model and the weathering processes associated with oil spills in the tropical South Atlantic, taking into account the meteorological and oceanographic conditions of the study region. The scenarios were created in the Brazilian-NE waters adjacent, with simulation times of 670 h, and densities of 35, 25, and 15API with volume of 1590 m3 were considered. The main results showed that the meteo-oceanographic characteristics of the study region influence the trajectories and weathering processes in the oil spill. The trajectories varied for each launch point and reached the continent severely in January and October. The associated weathering processes showed higher rates in September and lower rates in April, indicative of the influence of phenomena such as Intertropical Tropical Convergence Zone and warm pool in the South Atlantic region. Sea surface temperature and wind speed are key factors that correlate positively with these months.

Possible Amazonian contribution to Sargassum enhancement on the Amazon Continental Shelf.

The Amazon Continental Shelf (ACS) has a coastline of ∼1000 km and is situated in a humid equatorial region with two distinct seasons, wet and dry, and two transitional climatic periods. A total of eight oceanographic cruises were conducted to investigate the dynamics of the inorganic nutrients dissolved in the surface layer of the water column of the ACS and their associations with Sargassum blooms. An excess of nitrogen-N* (NH4+ = 0.01-9.30 µmol l-1) was verified through the salinity gradient from the continent to the ACS, mainly during the period of maximum discharge of the Amazon and Tocantins-Pará rivers. The highest NH4+ concentrations coincided with the occurrence of macrophyte (Sargassum sp.) blooms in the mesohaline and oceanic regions. During this period the high values of NH4+ accompany the low values of Sea Surface Salinity (SSS), indicating the advection of the Amazonian plume towards the Caribbean Sea. In the Sargassum belts we observed a N:P ratio = 60:1 during wet period, while outside this region, the N:P ratio was 34:1. According to DIN vs. AOU ratio, we observed that heterotrophic processes prevail over productive processes, mainly in the mesohaline and low salinity regions. Nitrogen concentrations from runoff, mainly from hydrographic basins, showed significant increases in the last decade, mainly due to anthropogenic factors such as agriculture, deforestation, livestock, urban sewage (domestic and industrial), and demographic growth of the population in the Tocantins-Pará Basin. Additionally, associations of diatoms and cyanobacteria provide more nitrogen in the mesohaline and oceanic regions that nourishes Sargassum blooms. Seasonal comparisons (October and April) of Sargassum belts with other studies, indicated that currents play a fundamental role in the transport of these macrophytes from the east edge (Africa) to the west edge (Brazil and French Guiana) towards the Caribbean Sea in the tropical Atlantic.

Long-term water quality conditions and trends in 12 tropical coastal rivers in Northeast Brazil.

The water quality and trends in 12 tropical rivers in northeastern Brazil over a 27-year period (1990-2016; N = 39,008 samples) were evaluated. The analyzed parameters included temperature, conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nitrogen (NH4+), total phosphorus (P), and fecal coliforms. Densely populated basins (> 1000 inhab km-2) presented lower DO values (average 3.4 mg l-1; 43% DO saturation), while those with low demographic density (< 100 inhab km-2) presented values that aligned well with the recommendations of environmental legislation (average 5.8 mg l-1; 75% DO saturation). The NH4+ and P compound concentrations were typical of water bodies affected by urban inputs. The average p values were above the allowable limit (< 0.1 mg l-1) at all stations. The NH4+ values were high at the stations showing low DO concentrations, which suggested that due to reducing conditions after NH4+ accumulation was favored in those aquatic systems. In densely populated basins, the average fecal coliform concentrations were > 40,000 MPN 100 ml-1, indicating the input of improperly treated domestic/industrial liquid wastes. For the period from 1990 to 2016, 45% of the stations (N = 19) showed a rate of DO reduction that ranged from 0.01 to 0.17 mg l-1.O2 year-1. An increase in NH4+ concentrations was observed in 33% of the stations (N = 14), with an estimated average increase rate from 0.013 to 1.8 mg l-1 NH4+ year-1. These results demonstrated that the rates of increase in anthropogenic factors were significant (p < 0.05), while the natural factors remained constant.

Uretroplasty with oral mucosal graft in patients with anterior urethral stenosis. Comparative study with conventional treatment.

ANTECEDENTES: El manejo con uretroplastía de la estenosis uretral es una opción quirúrgica fundamental, y comparar la uretroplastía con injerto de mucosa oral con la uretroplastía término-terminal tiene trascendencia para conocer la diferencia entre ambas técnicas. OBJETIVO: Comparar la uretroplastía con injerto de mucosa oral con la uretroplastía término-terminal en pacientes con estenosis uretral tipo Jordan C, D y E. MÉTODO: Cuasiexperimento realizado en pacientes con estenosis uretral anterior operados de uretroplastía con anastomosis término-terminal o con injerto de mucosa bucal. RESULTADOS: Veintinueve pacientes con una media de edad de 50.7 años, 6 diabéticos, 9 hipertensos, longitud media de la estenosis de 3.6 cm, 19 operados con uretroplastía termino-terminal (grupo 1) y uretroplastía con mucosa bucal (grupo 2). El Índice Internacional de Síntomas Prostáticos promedio preoperatorio fue grave en la mayoría de los pacientes (93%). Hubo mejoría significativa en el posoperatorio en ambos grupos (p = 0.0001 y p = 0.0011), así como en los resultados uroflujométricos (p = 0.0046 y p = 0.00062). CONCLUSIONES: Ambos procedimientos lograron mejorías significativas en la sintomatología urinaria a los 6 meses en comparación con los valores preoperatorios. BACKGROUND: Urethroplasty management of urethral stricture is a fundamental surgical option, and comparing urethroplasty with oral mucosal graft with end-to-end urethroplasty is important to know the difference between both techniques. OBJECTIVE: To compare urethroplasty with oral mucosal graft with end-to-end urethroplasty in patients with urethral stricture type Jordan C, D and E. METHOD: Quasi-experiment performed in patients with anterior urethral stricture operated with urethroplasty with end-to-end anastomosis or with oral mucosal graft. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients with a mean age of 50.7 years, 6 diabetic, 9 hypertensive, mean stenosis length of 3.6 cm, 10 with end-to-end urethroplasty (group 1) and 19 operated with urethroplasty with buccal mucosa (group 2). The average preoperative International Prostatic Symptom Index was severe in most patients (93%). There was significant improvement postoperatively in both groups (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0011), as well as in uroflowmetric results (p = 0.0046 and p = 0.00062). CONCLUSIONS: Both procedures achieved significant improvements in urinary symptomatology at 6 months compared to preoperative values.

Mucosectomía endoscópica para cáncer gástrico temprano: una alternativa vigente / Endoscopic mucosal resection for early gastric cancer: A current alternative

Resumen La mucosectomía endoscópica ha probado ser una alternativa efectiva para el tratamiento del cáncer gástrico temprano; sin embargo, se requiere de un seguimiento estricto para asegurar una conducta de manejo adecuada en caso de recurrencia. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 54 años, con hallazgo incidental de un carcinoma gástrico temprano, a quien se le realizó mucosectomía endoscópica, con un reporte final de histopatología compatible con adenocarcinoma gástrico temprano y márgenes de resección negativos, con un seguimiento endoscópico e histopatológico a 2 meses negativos para malignidad.

Abstract Endoscopic mucosal resection has proven to be an effective alternative for the treatment of early gastric cancer. However, strict follow-up is necessary to ensure adequate management in the event of recurrence. This is the case of a 54-year-old patient with an incidental finding of early gastric carcinoma. He underwent endoscopic mucosal resection, with a final histopathology report compatible with early gastric adenocarcinoma and negative resection margins. Endoscopic and histopathological follow-up at 2 months showed negative results for malignancy.

Prevalencia de embarazos con infección por virus Zika en una Unidad de Primer Nivel de Atención en Coatzacoalcos Veracruz México del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social / PREVALENCE OF PREGNANCIES WITH ZIKA VIRUS INFECTION IN A FIRST LEVEL CARE UNIT IN COATZACOALCOS VERACRUZ MEXICO OF THE MEXICAN INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SECURITY

El virus Zika, es un arbovirus del género flavivirus (familia Flaviviridae), muy cercano filogenéticamente al del dengue, fiebre amarilla, la encefalitis japonesa, o el virus del Nilo Occidental. El presente estudio exploratorio busca identificar los casos confirmados y sugestivos de infección por virus Zika en mujeres embarazadas en la Unidad de Medicina Familiar N° 60 del IMSS de Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz. México como primera aproximación epidemiológica en esta región.

The Zika virus is an arbovirus of the genus flavivirus (family Flaviviridae), very closely phylogenetically a virus such as dengue fever, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, or West Nile virus. According to the Epidemiological Surveillance System for Zíka Virus Disease, until November 4th, 2016, in Mexico there were 6,094 confirmed cases of infection and 3,167 suspected cases of Zika virus infection in pregnant women in 24 states of the Mexican Republic, with a higher prevalence in Veracruz, Chiapas, Colima, Campeche, Yucatan and Quintana Roo. This is an original study that focuses on identifying the confirmed and suggestive cases of Zika virus infection in pregnant women in the Family Medicine Unit No. 60 of the IMSS in Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz. Mexico; It is an exploratory study in the registry of cases of pregnant women with Zika virus infection in the Family Medicine Unit No. 60 of Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, Mexico as epidemiological basis

Trophic dynamics (Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen-DIN and Dissolved Inorganic Phosphorus-DIP) in tropical urban estuarine systems during periods of high and low river discharge rates.

This paper focused on the use of the biogeochemical LOICZ (Land Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone) to investigate the dynamics of DIN and DIP nutrients among three highly urbanized tropical estuaries (Barra das Jangadas (BJ), Recife (RE) and Timbó (TB)), located in the northeastern region of Brazil. The input data were obtained through in situ measurements (2007) and governmental agency databases (2001-2007). The balances of the non-conservative elements showed that the RE and TB systems alternated between sources and sinks during the observation periods (0.2-0.8 mmoles DIP m-2 d-1 and 0.1-10 mmoles DIN m-2 d-1). The metabolism rates in the systems indicated that the BJ system was autotrophic during the two observation periods (10-26 mmoles C m-2 d-1), while the RE system was heterotrophic (9-12 mmoles C m-2 d-1). The river discharge rates observed during the period 2001-2007 showed averages ranging from 9.4±3.8 to 18.4±7.7 m3s-1. Measurements of the trophic status in the RE system during 2007 characterized the system as eutrophic, thereby demonstrating high levels of chlorophyll-a and inorganic nutrients. The applications of balance sheets modeling proved to be very useful toward understanding the dynamics of estuarine systems dominated by large urban centers.

A Synoptic Assessment of the Amazon River-Ocean Continuum during Boreal Autumn: From Physics to Plankton Communities and Carbon Flux.

The Amazon generates the world's largest offshore river plume, which covers extensive areas of the tropical Atlantic. The data and samples in this study were obtained during the oceanographic cruise Camadas Finas III in October 2012 along the Amazon River-Ocean Continuum (AROC). The cruise occurred during boreal autumn, when the river plume reaches its maximum eastward extent. In this study, we examine the links between physics, biogeochemistry and plankton community structure along the AROC. Hydrographic results showed very different conditions, ranging from shallow well-mixed coastal waters to offshore areas, where low salinity Amazonian waters mix with open ocean waters. Nutrients, mainly [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], were highly depleted in coastal regions, and the magnitude of primary production was greater than that of respiration (negative apparent oxygen utilization). In terms of phytoplankton groups, diatoms dominated the region from the river mouth to the edge of the area affected by the North Brazil Current (NBC) retroflection (with chlorophyll a concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 0.94 mg m-3). The North Equatorial Counter Current (NECC) region, east of retroflection, is fully oligotrophic and the most representative groups are Cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates. Additionally, in this region, blooms of cyanophyte species were associated with diatoms and Mesozooplankton (copepods). A total of 178 zooplankton taxa were observed in this area, with Copepoda being the most diverse and abundant group. Two different zooplankton communities were identified: a low-diversity, high-abundance coastal community and a high-diversity, low-abundance oceanic community offshore. The CO2 fugacity (fCO2sw), calculated from total alkalinity (1,450 < TA < 2,394 µmol kg-1) and dissolved inorganic carbon (1,303 < DIC < 2,062 µmol kg-1) measurements, confirms that the Amazon River plume is a sink of atmospheric CO2 in areas with salinities <35 psu, whereas, in regions with salinities >35 and higher-intensity winds, the CO2 flux is reversed. Lower fCO2sw values were observed in the NECC area. The ΔfCO2 in this region was less than 5 µatm (-0.3 mmol m-2 d-1), while the ΔfCO2 in the coastal region was approximately 50 µatm (+3.7 mmol m-2 d-1). During the cruise, heterotrophic and autotrophic processes were observed and are indicative of the influences of terrestrial material and biological activity, respectively.

Carbon dioxide emissions from estuaries of northern and northeastern Brazil.

The carbon dioxide flux through the air-water interface of coastal estuarine systems must be quantified to understand the regional balance of carbon and its transport through adjacent coastal regions. We estimated and calculated the emissions of carbon dioxide (FCO2) and the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) values in 28 estuarine environments at a variety of spatial scales in the northern and northeastern regions of Brazil. The results showed a mean FCO2 (water to air) of 55 ± 45 mmol·m(-2)·d(-1). Additionally, a negative correlation between dissolved oxygen saturation and pCO2 was observed, indicating a control by biological processes and especially by organic matter degradation. This leads to increased dissolved CO2 concentration in estuarine waters which results in a pCO2 that reached 8,638 µatm. Our study suggests that northern and northeastern Brazilian estuaries act as sources of atmospheric CO2. The range of pCO2 observed were similar to those found in inner estuaries in other places around the world, with the exception of a few semi-arid estuaries (Köppen climate classification - BSh) in which record low levels of pCO2 have been detected.

Desenvolvimento de um programa computacional para avaliação postural de código aberto e gratuito

O uso de ferramentas computacionais para avaliação postural tem sido de grande valia na detecção das alterações posturais, porém a utilização destes programas exige estruturas de hardware complexas e implica em custos elevados para pesquisadores da fisioterapia, educação física e da comunidade científica. No ano 2005 foi criado o Software de Avaliação Postural (SAPO) que é uma opção gratuita para os mesmos fins, amplamente utilizada pela comunidade científica e profissional com ótimos resultados documentados. Apesar do sucesso do SAPO na comunidade científica este programa possui limitações. Neste âmbito a proposta do presente trabalho é desenvolver um software denominado ApLoB (Avaliação Postural do Laboratório de Biofísica) para avaliação postural, tendo como parâmetro de desenvolvimento o SAPO, mas tentando colaborar em relação à superação de suas limitações. Para isso, seu desenvolvimento é baseado nas estruturas e metodologias estabelecidas pela engenharia de software que permitam a continuidade do trabalho e melhorias de suas funcionalidades. O software foi desenvolvido utilizando a linguagem de programação Python, suas extensões científicas como NumPy, a biblioteca de processamento de imagem (PIL), a aplicação para interfaces gráficas (PyQt), além da biblioteca de plotagem de dados em 2D e desenvolvimento de aplicações de processamento de sinais (Guiqwt), dentre outros. O protótipo obtido foi testado e comparado em relação às suas funcionalidades com o software SAPO e foram considerados aceitáveis

The use of computational tools for postural evaluation has been very valuable in the detection of postural changes, however the use of these programs requires complex hardware structures and involves high costs for researchers in physiotherapy, physical education and the scientific community. In 2005, the Postural Assessment Software (SAPO) became to be a free option for the same purpose, widely used by the scientific community and professional with excellent documented results. Despite the success of SAPO in the scientific community, this software has limitations. So, the purpose of this study is to develop a software called ApLoB (Postural Assessment Laboratory of Biophysics) for postural assessment, having as parameter the development SAPO, but trying to collaborate on the overcome of its limitations. For this reason, its development is based on the structures and methods established by the software engineering that allow continuity of work and improved functionality. The software was developed using the Python programming language, scientific and NumPy extensions, the library of image processing (PIL), the application for graphical interfaces (PyQt), as well as data plotting library of 2D and application development signal processing (Guiqwt), among others. The prototype obtained was tested and its functionality was found to be acceptable, compared to SAPO

Nutrient budgets (C, N and P) and trophic dynamics of a Brazilian tropical estuary: Barra das Jangadas.

This paper focuses on the nutrient dynamics of a tropical estuary on the northeastern Brazilian coast, studied using the LOICZ biogeochemical budgeting protocol. We describe the methodology and assumptions underlying this model. Input data (monthly for rainfall, evaporation, river discharge, and concentrations of salt, phosphorus and nitrogen) were obtained during field campaigns in the Barra das Jangadas Estuary (BJE) over a 5 years period (1999 to 2003). Mass balance results indicate large inputs of nutrients to the system. The model shows that the seasonal variation of the Net Ecosystem Metabolism (NEM) indicates that the system passes from a stage of organic matter liquid production and mineralization during the dry season (-0.5 mmoles C m(-2) d(-1)) to liquid mineralization during the rainy season (-19 mmoles C m(-2) d(-1)). We suggest that the system varies slightly between autotrophy and heterotrophy during the year due to the rainfall regime, human activities in the basin (density population and sugarcane plantations), and associated DIP riverine loads. High per capita loads of N and P indicate a high population density and high runoff. The application of flux balance modeling was useful to understand the nutrient dynamics of this typical small tropical estuary.

Nutrient budgets (C, N and P) and trophic dynamicsof a Brazilian tropical estuary: Barra das Jangadas

This paper focuses on the nutrient dynamics of a tropical estuary on the northeastern Brazilian coast, studied using the LOICZ biogeochemical budgeting protocol. We describe the methodology and assumptions underlying this model. Input data (monthly for rainfall, evaporation, river discharge, and concentrations of salt, phosphorus and nitrogen) were obtained during field campaigns in the Barra das Jangadas Estuary (BJE) over a 5 years period (1999 to 2003). Mass balance results indicate large inputs of nutrients to the system. The model shows that the seasonal variation of the Net Ecosystem Metabolism (NEM) indicates that the system passes from a stage of organic matter liquid production and mineralization during the dry season (-0.5 mmoles C m-2 d-1) to liquid mineralization during the rainy season (-19 mmoles C m-2 d-1). We suggest that the system varies slightly between autotrophy and heterotrophy during the year due to the rainfall regime, human activities in the basin (density population and sugarcane plantations), and associated DIP riverine loads. High per capita loads of N and P indicate a high population density and high runoff. The application of flux balance modeling was useful to understand the nutrient dynamics of this typical small tropical estuary.

Este trabalho se focalizou na dinâmica de nutrientes de um estuário tropical na costa nordeste brasileira, usando o protocolo LOICZ de balanços biogeoquímicos. Nós descrevemos a metodologia e os pressupostos subjacentes a este modelo. Os dados de entrada (precipitação e evaporação mensal, vazão do rio, e as concentrações de sal, fósforo e nitrogênio) foram obtidos durante as campanhas de campo no estuário de Barra das Jangadas - Brasil durante um período de 5 anos (1999 a 2003). Os resultados indicam grandes entradas de nutrientes ao sistema. O modelo mostrou que a variação sazonal do Metabolismo do Ecosistema (NEM) indica que o sistema passa de uma fase de produção de líquido da matéria orgânica, durante a estação seca (-0,5 mmoles C m-2 d-1) para uma mineralização líquida durante a estação chuvosa (-19 mmol m-2 C d-1). Sugerimos que o sistema varia ligeiramente entre autotrófica e heterotrófica durante o ano, devido ao regime de chuvas, as atividades antrópicas na bacia (densidade populacional e as plantações de cana de açúcar), e as cargas ribeirinhas de DIP associadas. A alta carga de N e P per capita, indica uma alta densidade populacional e um alto runoff. A aplicação da modelagem de balanço de fluxos foi útil para o entendimento da dinâmica de nutrientes em um pequeno estuário tipicamente tropical.

Frecuencia de torus palatinus y torus mandibularis en cráneos de pobladores aborígenes de las culturas de la costa central y sur del antiguo Perú / Frequency of palatinus torus and mandibularis torus in skulls of aborigens of the central coast and south cultures of the ancient Peru

En dos muestras de 261 cráneos (149 masculinos y 112 femeninos) y en 224 cráneos con sus respectivas mandíbulas (114 masculinos y 110 femeninos) del Perú Precolombino, se registró la frecuencia de torus palatinus y torus mandibularis respectivamente. Del primer grupo de cráneos se encontró una frecuencia del 48,7 por ciento de torus palatinus; el 44,9 por ciento de los casos de torus palatinus fueron pequeños; el 48 por ciento y el 52 por ciento representaron las formas plana y fusiforme; y se concluyó que casi no hubo relación con la edad, el sexo y con la altura del paladar, lo cual es contrario al alto porcentaje encontrado en relación con el arco alveolar convergente (50,6 por ciento). Del segundo grupo de cráneos, la frecuencia de torus mandibularis fue del 11,6 por ciento; el 46 por ciento y el 8 por ciento presentaron sólo torus palatinus y sólo torus mandibularis; el 3,6 por ciento presentaron ambas variaciones a la vez, y el 53,8 por ciento de los torus mandibularis fueron simples unilaterales y localizados más en el lado derecho. Por último, no se encontró correlación entre la presencia de ambas variaciones anatómicas

Incidencia de chlamydia trachomatis en pacientes con esterilidad / Incidence of chlamydia trachomatis in sterile patients

Con el objeto de determinar el impacto de la Chlamydia trachomatis en las pacientes que consultan por esterilidad en el Hospital Chiquinquirá, se estudiaron dos grupos de pacientes: 45 mujeres que consultaron por esterilidad (GE) y 41 consultaron por otras razones en la consulta de ginecología las cuales representaron el grupo control (GC). Se practicaron 86 pruebas de Chlamydiazyme: 12 resultaron positivas (13.95%), en el GE fueron 4 (8.89%) positivas y en el GC 8 positivas (19.5); no encontrándose ninguna diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p = 0.3). Tampoco hubo diferencia significativa al comparar los resultados positivos obtenidos en la prueba de Chlamydia con el factor esterilidad (p = 0.5), antecedentes de patología tubárica (p =0.2), hallazgos patológicos en la histerosalpingografía (p = 0.2) y a la laparoscopia (p = 0.1). Concluimos, en base a nuestros resultados, que la C. trachomatis no se aisla en nuestras pacientes estéroles con la incidencia reportada por otros autores por lo que podemos asumir que el impacto sobre la esterilidad en nuestras pacientes es de poca importancia

Diseño de un estudio psicológico y antropológico de la raza amerindia / Design of a psychological and anthropological study of American Indian race

Se examinan en este estudio los siguientes temas relacionados con la raza aborigen peruana: 1. El factor racial propiamente dicho y el mestizaje; se señalan los criterios fundamentales actualmente establecidos acerca del racismo optándose por una concepción no uniforme de los valores. Cada raza afirma una actitud original ante la vida y aporta valores específicos en el desenvolvimiento humano. Tampoco el problema del mestizaje debe ser juzgado con criterio dogmático general, pues representa muy diversas posibilidades, según los tipos de mezclas. Como ejemplo se advierten las diferencias de los mestizos de blanco y negro y de blanco e indio. En los primero se descubre una gran capacidad de adaptación social y predomino del tipo extrovertido; en los últimos, deficiente capacidad de adaptación y predomino del tipo introvertido. 2. La influencia del ambiente, o influencia telúrica, es otra de las cuestiones que imponen una revisión profunda de los problemas raciales americanos. El autor de este ensayo sustenta la teoría de la regresión hacia los arquetipos y de la congruencia de las formas geográficas. Se realizaría este fenómeno en el cuádruple aspecto morfológico y cultural, lo cual se ilustra en el presente trabajo con diversos ejemplos. 3. Se contempla la importancia del idioma, en especial del bilingüismo, en el desarrollo psíquico y cultural de los pueblos. 4. Se establecen observaciones de la psicología del pueblo indígena peruano, descubriéndose el predominio del temperamento esquizotímico, con sus diferentes subformas, y de los caracteres introvertido y asténico, en el pueblo andino. En el indio del litoral se descubren algunas diferencias: es algo ciclotímico, extrovertido y expansivo. En el carácter nacional se descubre prevalecimiento de los rasgos del complejo histeroide (teatralismo, imitación, impulsividad e imprevisión) y consciencia cronológica puntualizada en el presente en los pueblos costeños; y prevalecimiento del carácter esquizoideà