Attitudes and purchase intentions of polish university students towards food made from insects-A modelling approach.

The marketing of insect-derived protein has led to the development of respective legal regulations on such insects-based foods in the European Union. Despite the interest in the area of insect-based food, European researchers have paid relatively little attention to consumer attitudes and behaviors towards such products or the factors that may affect them. Attempts undertaken so far in this respect are insufficient; therefore, there is a need to continue and expand research in this field. The present study attempts to verify the following research hypotheses: H1. Attitudes towards food containing insects are related to the attributes/characteristics of these products, care for health and the natural environment, and attitudes towards novelty (neophilic/neophobic); H2. Intentions to purchase food containing insects can be predicted based on attitudes towards food from insects, product attributes, and attitudes towards environmental health and novelties. An empirical study was conducted among university students (N = 1063) by an indirect interview method using a specially designed questionnaire, via an online platform (Computer-Assisted Web Interview, CAWI) in November 2023. The questionnaire was validated by assessing the construction validity and estimating the reliability of the scales used. The study results demonstrated that the attributes of insect-based food products can influence the positive attitudes towards them and behavioral intentions to consume them, and that the strength of the impact of health quality traits is far greater than that of the organoleptic or functional traits. A negative, statistically significant value of the correlation coefficient between neophobic attitude and intention to purchase this type of food was observed. Thus, respondents without food neophobia were characterized by a positive attitude towards the purchase of foods containing edible insects in their composition.

Effects of AIDiet intervention to improve diet quality, immuno-metabolic health in normal and overweight PCOS girls: a pilot study.

This study was conducted in two groups of girls with PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) categorized as slim (group N) and overweight-to-obese (group Ov/Ob). The study's primary outcome was to assess the impact of a 12-week anti-inflammatory diet (AIDiet) intervention, without energy deficit, on daily diet quality improvement, evaluated according to the KIDMED index. The secondary outcome was improving inflammatory, redox, hormonal, and metabolic statuses. In the study, which was completed by 13 girls from the Ov/Ob group and 19 girls from the N group, a significant improvement in the mean KIDMED score was obtained. Moreover, the intervention significantly improves concentration of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), fasting insulin, and the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index, in the Ov/Ob group, while both groups experienced a reduction in the concentration of interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α), and androstenedione. The AIDiet intervention effectively improved the quality of the subjects' diets, which was associated with the improvement of hormonal and immuno-metabolic markers. However, these changes in normal-weight patients were observed regardless of body weight reduction. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT04738409.

In Vitro Regeneration from Leaf Explants of Helianthus verticillatus, a Critically Endangered Sunflower.

Helianthus verticillatus (Asteraceae), a whorled sunflower, is a perennial species restricted to a few locations in the southeastern United States and is now considered endangered. Therefore, restoring and protecting H. verticillatus as a species is a priority. This study introduces a highly efficient in vitro adventitious plant regeneration system from leaf explants, utilizing five diverse specimens of H. verticillatus, each representing distinct genotypes with phenotypic variations in leaf and stem morphology. Key factors influencing in vitro morphogenesis, including genetic constitution, explant source, and plant growth regulators (PGRs), were identified. The study revealed a remarkably strong genotype-dependent impact on the regeneration efficiency of the investigated H. verticillatus genotypes, ranging from a lack of regeneration to highly effective regeneration. The selection of two genotypes with varying regeneration abilities provides valuable models for genetic analyses, offering insights into factors influencing the regeneration potential of this endangered species. Optimum adventitious shoot regeneration results were achieved using Murashige and Skoog basal media (MS) supplemented with 8.8 µM N6-benzyladenine (BA) and 1.08 µM α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). This combination yielded the highest adventitious shoot production. Subsequent successful rooting on ½ MS medium without PGRs further solidified the efficiency of the developed protocol. Regenerated plantlets, demonstrating robust shoots and roots, were successfully acclimatized to greenhouse conditions with a 95% survival rate. The protocol developed in this study is the first such report for this endangered species and is expected to contribute to future genetic manipulation and modification studies.

Body image and willingness to change it-A study of university students in Poland.

The present study aimed to identify declared patterns of ideal appearance among students at selected higher education institutions in Poland. In the present study, we set out to identify the body image and the propensity to change it. In order to achieve the goal of the study, a nationwide survey was carried out using a voluntary diagnostic survey. A total of 810 respondents took part in the survey. The study was conducted using a custom-made self-designed survey questionnaire with an indirect interview technique via a web-based platform (CAWI). The study results indicate that women were far more eager to maintain an attractive appearance through dieting than men. Importantly, the respondents, both women and men, did not identify influencers as role models of attractive appearance. Results of the present survey reveal that attitudes towards one's physical appearance are diverse and influenced by the considered factors. The attributes that determined the perception of oneself as an attractive person included height, weight, and body build. Normal body weight is a key feature of an attractive appearance, according to the respondents; nevertheless, students show a higher tolerance for being overweight than for being underweight. Furthermore, preferences in this respect are largely conditioned by individual personal characteristics. According to young people, a person with an attractive appearance is one who eats and exercises regularly, and who does not fall into extremes in terms of their appearance. On the other hand, the fear of growing fat and losing one's attractive appearance was frequently indicated among the concerns over personal appearance. Only one in five respondents expressed complete satisfaction with how they looked, with men and those with a normal BMI significantly more likely to do so. Respondents expressed readiness to undertake a range of activities related to increased exercise regime, changes in their eating habits, or seeking assistance (e.g., of a personal trainer) to achieve the desired body shape. Our findings can be used as a basis for discussion and consideration in developing educational activities on nutrition, as well as on overweight- and obesity-related health issues.

Renal function is a major predictor of circulating acyl-CoA-binding protein/diazepam-binding inhibitor.

Objective: Acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP)/diazepam-binding inhibitor has lately been described as an endocrine factor affecting food intake and lipid metabolism. ACBP is dysregulated in catabolic/malnutrition states like sepsis or systemic inflammation. However, regulation of ACBP has not been investigated in conditions with impaired kidney function, so far. Design/methods: Serum ACBP concentrations were investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay i) in a cohort of 60 individuals with kidney failure (KF) on chronic haemodialysis and compared to 60 individuals with a preserved kidney function; and ii) in a human model of acute kidney dysfunction (AKD). In addition, mACBP mRNA expression was assessed in two CKD mouse models and in two distinct groups of non-CKD mice. Further, mRNA expression of mACBP was measured in vitro in isolated, differentiated mouse adipocytes - brown and white - after exposure to the uremic agent indoxyl sulfate. Results: Median [interquartile range] serum ACBP was almost 20-fold increased in KF (514.0 [339.3] µg/l) compared to subjects without KF (26.1 [39.1] µg/l) (p<0.001). eGFR was the most important, inverse predictor of circulating ACBP in multivariate analysis (standardized ß=-0.839; p<0.001). Furthermore, AKD increased ACBP concentrations almost 3-fold (p<0.001). Increased ACBP levels were not caused by augmented mACBP mRNA expression in different tissues of CKD mice in vivo or in indoxyl sulfate-treated adipocytes in vitro. Conclusions: Circulating ACBP inversely associates with renal function, most likely through renal retention of the cytokine. Future studies need to investigate ACBP physiology in malnutrition-related disease states, such as CKD, and to adjust for markers of renal function.

Chemical profile and analysis of biosynthetic pathways and genes of volatile terpenes in Pityopsis ruthii, a rare and endangered flowering plant.

It is critical to gather biological information about rare and endangered plants to incorporate into conservation efforts. The secondary metabolism of Pityopsis ruthii, an endangered flowering plant that only occurs along limited sections of two rivers (Ocoee and Hiwassee) in Tennessee, USA was studied. Our long-term goal is to understand the mechanisms behind P. ruthii's adaptation to restricted areas in Tennessee. Here, we profiled the secondary metabolites, specifically in flowers, with a focus on terpenes, aiming to uncover the genomic and molecular basis of terpene biosynthesis in P. ruthii flowers using transcriptomic and biochemical approaches. By comparative profiling of the nonpolar portion of metabolites from various tissues, P. ruthii flowers were rich in terpenes, which included 4 monoterpenes and 10 sesquiterpenes. These terpenes were emitted from flowers as volatiles with monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes accounting for almost 68% and 32% of total emission of terpenes, respectively. These findings suggested that floral terpenes play important roles for the biology and adaptation of P. ruthii to its limited range. To investigate the biosynthesis of floral terpenes, transcriptome data for flowers were produced and analyzed. Genes involved in the terpene biosynthetic pathway were identified and their relative expressions determined. Using this approach, 67 putative terpene synthase (TPS) contigs were detected. TPSs in general are critical for terpene biosynthesis. Seven full-length TPS genes encoding putative monoterpene and sesquiterpene synthases were cloned and functionally characterized. Three catalyzed the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes and four catalyzed the biosynthesis of monoterpenes. In conclusion, P. ruthii plants employ multiple TPS genes for the biosynthesis of a mixture of floral monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, which probably play roles in chemical defense and attracting insect pollinators alike.

A set of SSR markers to characterize genetic diversity in all Viburnum species.

About 160 species are classified within the Viburnum genus and many of these are cultivated for horticultural purposes. The vast dispersal of Viburnum makes the genus a useful model for studying evolutionary history and inferring how species expanded into their current distributions. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were previously developed for five Viburnum species that were classified within the four major clades (Laminotinus, Crenotinus, Valvatotinus, and Porphyrotinus). The ability of some of these markers to cross-amplify in Viburnum species has been scantly evaluated, but there has not been any genus-wide assessment for the markers. We evaluated a collection of 49 SSR markers for the ability to cross-amplify in 224 samples, including 46 Viburnum species, representing all 16 subclades, and five additional species in the Viburnaceae and Caprifoliaceae. A subset of 14 potentially comprehensive markers for Viburnum species was identified and evaluated for the ability to detect polymorphisms in species outside of their respective clades. The 49 markers had overall amplification success in 52% of the samples, including a 60% success rate within the Viburnum genus and 14% in other genera. The comprehensive marker set amplified alleles in 74% of all samples tested, including 85% of Viburnum samples and 19% of outgroup samples. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive set of markers able to characterize species across an entire genus. This set of markers can be used to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of most Viburnum species and closely allied species.

Is It Feasible to Predict Cardiovascular Risk among Healthy Vegans, Lacto-/Ovo-Vegetarians, Pescatarians, and Omnivores under Forty?

Guidelines for cardiovascular (CV) risk assessment among young adults are uncertain. Researchers are still looking for new tools for earlier diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), the leading cause of mortality in the modern world. This study aimed to assess whether CV risk estimation is possible in groups of healthy individuals under the age of 40 on different dietary patterns (vegans-VEGAN (n = 48), lacto-/ovo-vegetarians-VEGE (n = 49), pescatarians-PESCA (n = 23), and omnivores-OMN (n = 35)) during the pandemic period. Four metrics containing selected risk classifiers were created, and participants were assessed using them. Groups including meat consumption showed increased CV risk predictions in the metrics assessment. The next analyzes showed statistically significant relationships between the results from the created metrics and selected non-basic biomarkers for ApoA1 (OMN group, p = 0.028), IL-6 (PESCA group, p = 0.048), HCY (VEGAN group, p = 0.05), and hsCRP (OMN + PESCA groups, p = 0.025). We found that predicting CV risk among healthy people under 40 adhering to different dietary patterns, taking into account basic and non-basic laboratory assessments and created metrics, is challenging but feasible. Furthermore, the OMN group appeared to be at the highest risk of increased CV risk in the future, while risk tended to be the lowest in the VEGAN group.

Ghrelin and Leptin among Patients with Urolithiasis with Concomitant Hyperuricemia and Metabolic Syndrome.

Introduction: The study evaluated the selected appetite hormones (ghrelin, leptin) and inflammatory parameters (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6)) in patients with urolithiasis, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and hyperuricemia. Materials: 57 patients with urolithiasis, MetS and hyperuricemia (UP group) and 29 healthy people as the control group (CG group) were recruited to the study. All persons were 22-60 age. Methods: After preliminary testing, the qualified participants were evaluated for fasting serum levels of ghrelin, leptin, IL-6, and TNF-α. Results: Our results revealed differences between average values of leptin (p = 0.045), ghrelin (p < 0.001), IL-6 (p < 0.001), and TNF-α (p < 0.001) in the studied groups. Moreover, in the UP group, significant correlations were found between ghrelin and leptin; between these hormones and IL-6, and between leptin and uric acid (UA). Besides, leptin concentration increased significantly along with the changes in the body mass index (BMI) categories in the UP group. Conclusions: This study showed that patients with urolithiasis, concomitant MetS, and high UA levels may have problems managing appetite hormones.

Hermetia illucens frass improves the physiological state of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and its nutritional value under drought.

To counterbalance the growing human population and its increasing demands from the ecosystem, and the impacts on it, new strategies are needed. Use of organic fertilizers boosted the agricultural production, but further increased the ecological burden posed by this indispensable activity. One possible solution to this conundrum is the development and application of more environmentally neutral biofertilizers. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two doses of Hermetia illucens frass (HI frass) with the commercial cattle manure in the cultivation of basil under drought. Soil without the addition of any organic fertilizer was used as a baseline control substrate for basil cultivation. Plants were grown with cattle manure (10 g/L of the pot volume) or HI frass at two doses (10 and 12.5 g/L). The health and physiological condition of plants were assessed based on the photosynthetic activity and the efficiency of photosystem II (chlorophyll fluorescence). Gas exchange between soil and the atmosphere were also assessed to verify the effect of fertilizer on soil condition. In addition, the mineral profile of basil and its antioxidant activity were assessed, along with the determination of the main polyphenolic compounds content. Biofertilizers improved the fresh mass yield and physiological condition of plants, both under optimal watering and drought, in comparison with the non-fertilized controls. Use of cattle manure in both water regimes resulted in a comparably lower yield and a stronger physiological response to drought. As a result, using HI frass is a superior strategy to boost output and reduce the effects of drought on basil production.

Mechanical properties of murine hippocampal subregions investigated by atomic force microscopy and in vivo magnetic resonance elastography.

The hippocampus is a very heterogeneous brain structure with different mechanical properties reflecting its functional variety. In particular, adult neurogenesis in rodent hippocampus has been associated with specific viscoelastic properties in vivo and ex vivo. Here, we study the microscopic mechanical properties of hippocampal subregions using ex vivo atomic force microscopy (AFM) in correlation with the expression of GFP in presence of the nestin promoter, providing a marker of neurogenic activity. We further use magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) to investigate whether in vivo mechanical properties reveal similar spatial patterns, however, on a much coarser scale. AFM showed that tissue stiffness increases with increasing distance from the subgranular zone (p = 0.0069), and that stiffness is 39% lower in GFP than non-GFP regions (p = 0.0004). Consistently, MRE showed that dentate gyrus is, on average, softer than Ammon´s horn (shear wave speed = 3.2 ± 0.2 m/s versus 4.4 ± 0.3 m/s, p = 0.01) with another 3.4% decrease towards the subgranular zone (p = 0.0001). The marked reduction in stiffness measured by AFM in areas of high neurogenic activity is consistent with softer MRE values, indicating the sensitivity of macroscopic mechanical properties in vivo to micromechanical structures as formed by the neurogenic niche of the hippocampus.

Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor seed treatments positively affect the physiological condition of maize under drought stress.

Improvements in agricultural production are needed, as the growing human population demands more resources and exerts stronger effects on climate. Water scarcity is one of the main factors limiting the yield of maize in many regions of the world. One possible method to mitigate the negative effects of drought is seed mortars; its use improves plant development from the early stages onwards. In this study, we tested 12 various seed treatments with and without succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI; sedaxane) on maize "SY Fanatic." Physiological parameters of germinating seeds, of young maize seedlings under drought, and of seedlings recuperated from drought were assessed and compared across 12 seed treatments and with non-stressed plants. The seed treatments varied greatly in their influence on the germination and the physiological state of seedlings under drought and after regeneration. Seeds under treatments No. 6, 11, and 12 showed the highest germination energy (97.3%). The use of SDHI-containing seed treatments significantly improved the development of the maize root system. The longest roots, ~13 cm in length, were recorded for treatments No. 6 and 12, both containing sedaxane. These treatments also boosted the functioning of plants growing under optimal soil moisture conditions and under drought stress, influencing the photosynthesis process, increasing the absorption of CO2, and improving the parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence in relation to non-treated controls. Our data indicated that using substances from the SDHI group can possibly reduce the drought-related stress reactions in maize, helping this important crop to face the progressing climate change.

Development and Characterization of 20 Genomic SSR Markers for Ornamental Cultivars of Weigela.

Weigela (Caprifoliaceae) is a genus of ornamental plants popular for its phenotypic variation and hardiness, that includes species hybridized to produce the commercially available cultivars. Despite its popularity, limited genetic resources exist for the genus. Twenty genomic simple sequence repeat (gSSR) markers distributed across the genome were developed using low coverage whole-genome sequencing data of Weigela Spilled Wine®. A cross-amplification evaluation with these 20 gSSR markers on a collection of 18 Weigela cultivars revealed a total of 111 unique alleles, including 36 private alleles. A diagrammatic key was constructed to identify cultivars using only six of the gSSR markers, demonstrating the newly developed gSSR markers are immediately useful for cultivar identification. Future uses could include breeding with marker-assisted selection, determining the history of hybridization of the current cultivated lines, aiding in the construction of genetic maps, and assessing the patterns of population genetic structure of Weigela spp.

Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Causes Changes in Serotonin-Positive Neurons in the Small Intestine in Pig Model.

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter of the central and peripheral nervous systems, predominantly secreted in the gastrointestinal tract, especially in the gut. 5-HT is a crucial enteric signaling molecule and is well known for playing a key role in sensory-motor and secretory functions in the gut. Gastroenteropathy is one of the most clinical problems in diabetic patients with frequent episodes of hyperglycemia. Changes in 5-HT expression may mediate gastrointestinal tract disturbances seen in diabetes, such as nausea and diarrhea. Based on the double immunohistochemical staining, this study determined the variability in the population of 5-HT-positive neurons in the porcine small intestinal enteric neurons in the course of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. The results show changes in the number of 5-HT-positive neurons in the examined intestinal sections. The greatest changes were observed in the jejunum, particularly within the myenteric plexus. In the ileum, both de novo 5-HT synthesis in the inner submucosal plexus neurons and an increase in the number of neurons in the outer submucosal plexus were noted. The changes observed in the duodenum were also increasing in nature. The results of the current study confirm the previous observations concerning the involvement of 5-HT in inflammatory processes, and an increase in the number of 5-HT -positive neurons may also be a result of increased concentration of the 5-HT in the gastrointestinal tract wall and affects the motor and secretory processes, which are particularly intense in the small intestines.

Is it time to change the goals of lipid management in type 1 diabetes mellitus? Changes in apolipoprotein levels during the first year of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Prospective InLipoDiab1 study.

Introduction: Apolipoprotein complement is a critical determinant of lipoprotein function and metabolism. The relation between exogenous insulin and apolipoproteins (apos) in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has not yet been studied extensively. The aim of this study was to prospectively observe the changes in serum apos AI (apo AI) and AII (apo AII) in patients with newly diagnosed T1DM and their association with the daily insulin requirement. Material and methods: Thirty-four participants of the InLipoDiab1 study aged 26 (IQR: 22-32) were enrolled in this analysis. Apolipoprotein AI and AII concentrations were assessed at diagnosis and at follow-up after 3 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year of insulin treatment. The daily dose of insulin (DDI) was calculated as the amount of short- and long-acting insulin at discharge from the hospital and at follow-up visits. Results: The changes in apo AI concentration were observed after 3 weeks of insulin treatment (p = 0.04), with the largest increase between 3 weeks and 6 months of observation (p < 0.001). Apolipoprotein AII level did not change significantly after 3 weeks, while a significant increase was observed between 3 weeks and 6 months of treatment (p < 0.001). The correlations between DDI and apo concentration were not statistically significant. Conclusions: In the first year of T1DM, there is a significant increase in apos concentration. Due to the significant deviation of apos concentration from accepted norms, changes in the recommendations of lipid control criteria in T1DM may be considered.

Chloroplast genome of the invasive Pyrus calleryana underscores the high molecular diversity of the species.

The complete chloroplast genome of Pyrus calleryana (GenBank OM541581.1) was developed by de novo assembly from whole-genome sequencing data. Reference-guided (P. phaeocarpa) read mapping and assembly were followed by annotation and phylogenetic comparisons. The 159,965 bp P. calleryana chloroplast genome represented 36.56% GC content with a classical quadripartite architecture and two inverted repeats regions (IRs; each 26,392 bp) separating the large single-copy region (LSC; 87,942 bp) and the small single-copy region (SSC; 19.239 bp). In total, 125 unique features were annotated in that genome, including 83 protein coding genes, 38 tRNA coding genes, and 4 rRNA coding genes. Phylogenetic analyses based on the whole chloroplast genome sequences placed the P. calleryana among other Rosaceae plants, specifically among the Asian species of Pyrus.

Microsatellite Loci Reveal High Genetic Diversity, Mutation, and Migration Rates as Invasion Drivers of Callery Pear (Pyrus calleryana) in the Southeastern United States.

Pyrus calleryana Decne. (Callery pear) is a deciduous tree native to China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. It is a popular ornamental tree in the United States (US) with early spring blooms and vibrant fall color. There are at least 26 cultivars of P. calleryana available in the US of which "Bradford" is the most well-known. Open-pollinated P. calleryana escapees are becoming one of the most common invasive tree species in the eastern United States. Developing better management practices for invasive P. calleryana requires detailed knowledge about reproductive biology and genetic diversity of the species, however, little is currently known about genetic variability within those open-pollinated populations. We investigated genetic diversity and population structure of non-cultivated, escaped P. calleryana populations within a ∼177 km radius in the southeastern United States. Because P. calleryana exhibits a range of morphological variation with great evolutionary potential, we hypothesized that a high genetic diversity would be manifested among escaped P. calleryana. Using 15 previously developed microsatellite loci, we genotyped 180 open-pollinated P. calleryana individuals that were collected across six naturally occurring sites in Tennessee, Georgia, and South Carolina, United States. Our results demonstrated the presence of a population structure with high genetic diversity, high gene flow, and high genetic differentiation between individuals across collection sites. Our results revealed that P. calleryana populations had differentiated shortly after the introduction to the US, most likely from specimens imported from Asia, consistent with historical records and our prior findings. The high invasive potential of the species is perhaps best underscored by transformation of P. calleryana specimens introduced from Asia into escape populations at continental scale across the United States. Our data also provided novel insight into potential issues that could be problematic for the future as P. calleryana may pose a potential threat to the economy, ecology, and native biodiversity in invaded areas.

Salivary Morning Cortisol as a Potential Predictor for High Academic Stress Level in Dental Students: A Preliminary Study.

Students experience different levels of acute and chronic stress during the academic year. Selected salivary biochemical parameters change as a result of stress. Our preliminary study aimed to indicate possible links between alterations in the salivary biochemical parameters (such as cortisol and total antioxidant status) and different accompanying stress levels in dental students during the academic year. The study group consisted of 20 volunteer dental students at the Poznan University of Medical Sciences-both genders, aged 20-26 years. Students were asked to fill in the electronic version of the author's survey on experiencing and coping with stress. Samples of unstimulated saliva were collected in the morning and late evening at four-time points: in the middle of the academic year, during the examination period, at the beginning of the academic year, and in the middle of the following academic year, together with a determination of currently experienced stress on the Stress Numerical Rating Scale-11. According to the circadian rhythm of cortisol secretion, morning levels of the hormone in saliva were much higher than in the evening. In evening cortisol, significant differences were observed during the studied periods-the highest level was found at the beginning of the academic year. However, the morning cortisol concentrations correlated more strongly with the declared stress levels and showed better predictability for high-stress levels. Salivary morning cortisol could be a potential marker of academic stress levels. Further studies are needed on a larger group to confirm.

Microsatellite Markers from Peronospora tabacina, the Cause of Blue Mold of Tobacco, Reveal Species Origin, Population Structure, and High Gene Flow.

Peronospora tabacina is an obligate parasite that causes blue mold of tobacco. The pathogen reproduces primarily by sporangia, whereas the sexual oospores are rarely observed. A collection of 122 isolates of P. tabacina was genotyped using nine microsatellites to assess the population structure of individuals from subpopulations collected from central, southern, and western Europe; the Middle East; Central America; North America; and Australia. Genetic variations among the six subpopulations accounted for ∼8% of the total variation, including moderate levels of genetic differentiation, high gene flow among these subpopulations, and a positive correlation between geographic and genetic distance (r = 0.225; P < 0.001). Evidence of linkage disequilibrium (P < 0.001) showed that populations contained partially clonal subpopulations but that subpopulations from Australia and Mediterranean Europe did not. High genetic variation and population structure among samples could be explained by continuous gene flow across continents via infected transplant exchange and/or long-distance dispersal of sporangia via wind currents. This study analyzed the most numerous P. tabacina collection and allowed conclusions regarding the migration, mutation, and evolutionary history of this obligate biotrophic oomycete. The evidence pointed to the species origin in Australia and identified intracontinental and intercontinental migration patterns of this important pathogen.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

Genetic diversity in North American Cercis Canadensis reveals an ancient population bottleneck that originated after the last glacial maximum.

Understanding of the present-day genetic diversity, population structure, and evolutionary history of tree species can inform resource management and conservation activities, including response to pressures presented by a changing climate. Cercis canadensis (Eastern Redbud) is an economically valuable understory tree species native to the United States (U.S.) that is also important for forest ecosystem and wildlife health. Here, we document and explain the population genetics and evolutionary history of this deciduous tree species across its distributed range. In this study, we used twelve microsatellite markers to investigate 691 wild-type trees sampled at 74 collection sites from 23 Eastern U.S. states. High genetic diversity and limited gene flow were revealed in wild, natural stands of C. canadensis with populations that are explained by two major genetic clusters. These findings indicate that an ancient population bottleneck occurred coinciding with the last glacial maximum (LGM) in North America. The structure in current populations likely originated from an ancient population in the eastern U.S. that survived LGM and then later diverged into two contemporary clusters. Data suggests that populations have expanded since the last glaciation event from one into several post-glacial refugia that now occupy this species' current geographic range. Our enhanced understanding benchmarks the genetic variation preserved within this species and can direct future efforts in conservation, and resource utilization of adaptively resilient populations that present the greatest genetic and structural diversity.