Association between poverty, low educational level and smoking with adolescent's working memory: cross lagged analysis from longitudinal data.

Background: Working memory is a crucial element of cognitive function. Previous cross-sectional studies have identified various determinants of working memory in children and adolescents. Nonetheless, no study has yet demonstrated the causal relationship of social determinants with working memory in adolescents. Objective: This study explores the causal link between the level of education, smoking, and other factors with adolescent's working memory. Methods: This study analyzed secondary data from waves 4 and 5 of the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS), utilizing cross-lagged analysis in Jamovi version 2.4.8. The variables included working memory score, maternal education, household income, stress, educational level, smoking, urbanicity, and physical activity. These variables were extracted from IFLS waves 4 and 5, and each dependent variable in IFLS wave four was controlled by the same dependent variables in IFLS 5. Then, we used cross-lagged analysis to assess the causality between each dependent variable and a working memory score in IFLS wave 5. Result: The findings indicate that level of education had a positive impact on working memory in adolescents aged 15-18 years, with a Beta value of 0.18 (95% CI 0.81-0.2; p < 0.001). Smoking and age were negatively associated with working memory, with Beta values of -0.07 (95% CI -0.65 -0.04; p < 0.029) and - 0.10 (95% CI -0.25 -0.05; p < 0.003), respectively. No evidence was found for a significant correlation between poverty and adolescents's working memory. Conclusion: The findings indicate that increased education levels are associated with improved working memory in adolescents aged 15-18. At the same time, smoking has a negative impact on working memory in this age group.

Description of two new species in the genus Glyphodes Guene from Indonesia (Lepidoptera: Crambidae, Spilomelinae).

Two new species of Glyphodes Guene, 1854 from Indonesia are proposed as new to science, namely G. nurfitriae sp. nov. and G. ahsanae sp. nov. The total number of recorded Glyphodes for Indonesia is 48 at present. Images of adults and genitalia are provided for both new species.

The genus Agrioglypta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Crambidae, Spilomelinae) from Indonesia with descriptions of three new species.

Inventory studies on the genus Agrioglypta Meyrick, 1932 have been conducted in Java, Sulawesi, and Papua during 2007-2011. This study also aims to explore the diversity of Agrioglypta in Indonesia, and the possible apomorphic characteristics, especially genitalic characters, that support the monophyly of the genus. Three new species were discovered, A. hastantiae sp. nov., A. ubaidillahi sp. nov., and A. halimunensis sp. nov., for a total of nine species of the genus recorded in Indonesia. Images of adults and genitalia are provided for all new species.

Association between poverty and children's working memory abilities in developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: Working memory is critical in cognitive skills, especially among children. Children's ability to count and complete cognitive tasks are strongly associated with working memory abilities. Recent studies indicated that in addition to health factors, socioeconomic status also has a significant impact on children's working memory capacity. Despite these, evidence on the effects of socioeconomic status on working memory from developing countries yielded a somewhat puzzling picture. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis provide a comprehensive summary of the recent evidence concerning the socioeconomic status determinants of children's working memory in developing countries. We searched via Cochrane library, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, and ProQuest. The initial search terms were ["socioeconomic", "socio-economic", "socioeconomic status", "socio-economic status", "income", "poverty", "disadvantaged", "disparity"] AND ["working memory", "short term memory", "short-term memory", "cognitive", "achievement", "performance"] AND ["child*", "school child*"]. Odds ratio (for categorical outcome data) or standardized mean differences (for continuous data) and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated from the data generated. Results: This meta-analysis included five studies from 4 developing countries with a total of 4,551 subjects. Poverty was associated with a lower working memory score (OR: 3.12; 95% CI: 2.66, 3.65; p < 0.001). Another finding from 2 studies in this meta-analysis was that low mother education was associated with a lower score of working memory (OR: 3.26, 95% CI: 2.86, 3.71; p < 0.001). Discussion: Poverty and low level of mothers' education were significant risk factors for lowering working memory among children in developing countries. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier: CRD42021270683.

Comparing ultrasonographic optic nerve sheath diameter to head computed tomography scan to predict intracranial pressure elevation.

INTRODUCTION: Intracranial hypertension is an emergency condition that needs to be recognized as soon as possible. Lumbar puncture, the gold standard diagnostic procedure for intracranial hypertension, is contraindicated in some conditions while brain imaging procedures may be too difficult to be performed on critically ill patients. To solve this problem, this study aims to assess an alternative method to detect intracranial hypertension by measuring optic nerve sheath diameter using ocular ultrasound and optic nerve sheath diameter difference in each etiology. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Emergency Department of Dr Iskak Tulungagung General Hospital. Sixty-nine patients who visited the emergency room for the first onset of intracranial pathology were included for optic nerve sheath diameter measurement by ultrasound. Subjects were divided into elevated and non-elevated intracranial pressure groups based on head computed tomography scan findings. The optic nerve sheath diameter results were compared and analyzed. RESULT: There were 29 subjects in the elevated intracranial pressure group and 40 subjects in the non-elevated intracranial pressure group. The mean of optic nerve sheath diameter in the elevated and non-elevated intracranial pressure groups was 0.63 ± 0.06 and 0.57 ± 0.06 cm, respectively (p = 0.000). Based on receiver operating characteristics analysis, 0.58 cm was the most optimal cut-off value. CONCLUSION: Ultrasonographic optic nerve sheath diameter can be used to predict elevated intracranial pressure in suspected patients who are contraindicated to invasive intracranial pressure measurement or critically ill. There were significant differences between elevated and non-elevated intracranial pressure groups in stroke and trauma subjects.

Death of 43 Indonesian women with ovarian cancer: A case series.

BACKGROUND: Ovarian cancer is a gynecological cancer with a higher mortality than other gynecological cancers. CASE REPORT: There were 43 cases of Indonesian women who died of ovarian cancer in 2015-2017. Patients were first diagnosed at the age of 40-59 years (65.11%), of which had normal BMI (62.72%) and mostly in stage III (39.53%). The histology was 88.3% epithelial ovarian cancer with the most subtypes of mucinous carcinoma (25.5%). The majority were referral patients (62.7%), but due to its malignancy, many died before receiving ovarian cancer treatment (40.74%). Of the 43 patients, 17 patients received chemotherapy, and 10 patients received a combination of surgical therapy and chemotherapy. Most of the deaths were caused by primary disease (69.77%). Patients with stages III and IV, as well as patients receiving surgery or chemotherapy alone had shorter survival times. CONCLUSION: Most ovarian cancer patients are first diagnosed at stage III with the mucinous carcinoma subtype. Most deaths are caused by primary ovarian cancer. The therapy that provides the longest survival is a combination of surgery and chemotherapy.

Eusocial wasp fauna of Sulawesi Island, the central island of Wallacea (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Polistinae, Vespinae).

Taxonomy of eusocial wasps (Polistinae and Vespinae) occurring in Sulawesi Island, the central island of Wallacea, is reviewed. Sixteen (12 polistine and four vespine) species are recognized. Polistes (Polistella) stigma, known to be widely distributed in southern Asia and Australasia, is newly recorded for Sulawesi Island. A key to the Sulawesian eusocial wasp species is provided. Their biogeographical characteristics are discussed to show that the Sulawesian eusocial wasp fauna is composed of Oriental elements.

Geographic variation of melanisation patterns in a hornet species: genetic differences, climatic pressures or aposematic constraints?

Coloration of stinging insects is often based on contrasted patterns of light and black pigmentations as a warning signal to predators. However, in many social wasp species, geographic variation drastically modifies this signal through melanic polymorphism potentially driven by different selective pressures. To date, surprisingly little is known about the geographic variation of coloration of social wasps in relation to aposematism and melanism and to genetic and developmental constraints. The main objectives of this study are to improve the description of the colour variation within a social wasp species and to determine which factors are driving this variation. Therefore, we explored the evolutionary history of a polymorphic hornet, Vespa velutina Lepeletier, 1836, using mitochondrial and microsatellite markers, and we analysed its melanic variation using a colour space based on a description of body parts coloration. We found two main lineages within the species and confirmed the previous synonymy of V. auraria Smith, 1852, under V. velutina, differing only by the coloration. We also found that the melanic variation of most body parts was positively correlated, with some segments forming potential colour modules. Finally, we showed that the variation of coloration between populations was not related to their molecular, geographic or climatic differences. Our observations suggest that the coloration patterns of hornets and their geographic variations are determined by genes with an influence of developmental constraints. Our results also highlight that Vespa velutina populations have experienced several convergent evolutions of the coloration, more likely influenced by constraints on aposematism and Müllerian mimicry than by abiotic pressures on melanism.

Review of potter wasps with a petiolate metasoma excluding so-called "Zethinae" (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) in the Lesser Sunda Islands of the Indonesian Archipelago.

Twenty species and six subspecies of nine genera of eumenine wasps with a petiolate metasoma occurring in the Lesser Sunda Islands are listed. New synonymies are proposed for Delta campaniforme campaniforme (Fabricius 1775) (=D. campaniforme gracilior Giordani Soika 1986, syn. nov.) and D. nigriculum Giordani Soika 1986, stat. nov. (=D. campaniforme rendalloide Giordani Soika 1993, syn. nov.). Eumenes piriformis de Saussure and E. inconspicuus Smith are newly recorded from the Lesser Sunda Islands; E. pius Giordani Soika, D. nigriculum Giordani Soika, D. pyriforme (Fabricius), D. sciarum (van der Vecht), Pareumenes nigerrimus van der Vecht, and Labus vandervechti Giordani Soika, are newly recorded from some islands of the Lesser Sunda. Hitherto unknown male of P. nigerrimus is described.