Primary Repair of Posteriorly Located Anterior Skull Base Dural Defects Using Nonpenetrating Titanium Clips in Cranial Trauma.

Objective Primary repair of posteriorly located anterior skull base (ASB) dural defects following cranial trauma is made difficult by narrow operative corridors and adherent dura mater. Inadequate closure may result in continued cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak and infectious sequelae. Here, we report surgical outcomes following the use of nonpenetrating titanium microclips as an adjunctive repair technique in traumatic anterior skull base dural defects extending from the olfactory groove to the tuberculum sellae. Methods All trauma patients who underwent a bifrontal craniotomy from January 2013 to October 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with ASB defects located at posterior to the olfactory groove were analyzed. Patients with isolated frontal sinus fractures were excluded. All patients presented with CSF leak or radiographic signs of dural compromise. Patients were divided according to posterior extent of injury. Patient characteristics, imaging, surgical technique, and outcomes are reported. Results A total of 19 patients who underwent a bifrontal craniotomy for repair of posteriorly located ASB dural defects using nonpenetrating titanium microclips were included. Defects were divided by location: olfactory groove (10/19), planum sphenoidale (6/19), and tuberculum sellae (3/19). No patients demonstrated a postoperative CSF leak. No complications related to the microclip technique was observed. Clip artifact did not compromise postoperative imaging interpretation. Conclusion Primary repair of posteriorly located ASB dural defects is challenging due to narrow working angles and thin dura mater. Use of nonpenetrating titanium microclips for primary repair of posteriorly located dural defects is a reasonable adjunctive repair technique and was associated with no postoperative CSF leaks in this cohort.

Dynamic Occlusion of Distal Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Catheter after Infusion Port Placement: A New Shunt Malfunction.

Shunt failure requiring reintervention remains a common complication of hydrocephalus treatment. Here, we report a novel cause of mechanical shunt obstruction in an adult patient: position-dependent intermittent occlusion via an infusion port catheter. A 51-year-old woman with a grade II oligodendroglioma presented in a delayed fashion following surgery with a pseudomeningocele. She underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement due to communicating hydrocephalus, resolving her pseudomeningocele. Shortly thereafter, she underwent placement of a subclavian infusion port at an outside institution. Her pseudomeningocele returned. Imaging demonstrated close proximity of her port catheter to the shunt catheter overlying the clavicle. Her shunt was tapped demonstrating a patent ventricular catheter with normal pressure. She underwent shunt exploration after her pseudomeningocele did not respond to valve adjustment. Intraoperative manometry demonstrated head position-dependent distal catheter obstruction. Repeat manometry following distal catheter revision demonstrated normal runoff independent of position. Her pseudomeningocele was resolved on follow-up. To our knowledge, this is the only reported case of intermittent, position-dependent distal catheter obstruction. Shunted patients with concern for malfunction following subclavian infusion port placement should be evaluated for possible dynamic obstruction of their distal catheter when the two catheters are in close proximity along the clavicle.

Comparative Analysis of Survival Outcomes and Prognostic Factors of Supratentorial versus Cerebellar Glioblastoma in the Elderly: Does Location Really Matter?

BACKGROUND: Cerebellar glioblastomas (cGBMs) are rare tumors that are uncommon in the elderly. In this study, we compare survival outcomes and identify prognostic factors of cGBM compared with the supratentorial (stGBM) counterpart in the elderly. METHODS: Data from the SEER 18 registries were used to identify patients with a glioblastoma (GBM) diagnosis between 2000 and 2016. The log-rank method and a multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model were used for analysis. RESULTS: Among 110 elderly patients with cGBM, the median age was 74 years (interquartile range [IQR], 69-79 years), 39% were female and 83% were white. Of these patients, 32% underwent gross total resection, 73% radiotherapy, and 39% chemotherapy. Multivariable analysis of the unmatched and matched cohort showed that tumor location was not associated with survival; in the unmatched cohort, insurance status (hazard ratio [HR], 0.11; IQR, 0.02-0.49; P = 0.004), gross total resection (HR, 0.53; IQR, 0.30-0.91; P = 0.022), and radiotherapy (HR, 0.33; IQR, 0.18-0.61; P < 0.0001) were associated with better survival. Patients with cGBM and stGBM undergoing radiotherapy (7 months vs. 2 months; P < 0.001) and chemotherapy (10 months vs. 3 months; P < 0.0001) had improved survival. Long-term mortality was lower for cGBM in the elderly at 24 months compared with the stGBM cohort (P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: In our study, elderly patients with cGBM and stGBM have similar outcomes in overall survival, and those undergoing maximal resection with adjuvant therapies, independent of tumor location, have improved outcomes. Thus, aggressive treatment should be encouraged for cGBM in geriatric patients to confer the same survival benefits seen in stGBM. Single-institutional and multi-institutional studies to identify patient-level prognostic factors are warranted to triage the best surgical candidates.

Presenting NIHSS predicts 90-day functional outcome after mechanical thrombectomy for basilar artery occlusion: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The prediction of outcome after mechanical thrombectomy (MT) of basilar artery occlusion (BAO) remains an area of investigation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prognostic role of presenting National Institute Health of Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores in predicting favorable 90-day functional outcome. A survey of 7 electronic databases from inception to May 2020 was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Articles were screened against pre-specified criteria. Multivariate odds ratios (ORs) for favorable 90-day function outcome (modified Rankin Score 0-2) were extracted and pooled by meta-analysis of proportions with random effects modeling. A total of 10 individual studies satisfied criteria for selection and described a total of 941 BAO patients managed by MT. Analysis revealed 590 (63%) males with a mean age of 66.6 years. The median presenting NIHSS was 19, and 316 (34%) patients were reported to have a favorable functional status 90-days after treatment. Lower presenting NIHSS scores independently and significantly predicted favorable 90-day functional outcome in BAO patients with a pooled OR of 0.89 (95% CI, 0.87-0.92; I2 = 18%; P-heterogeneity = 0.28). Meta-regression did not detect any clinical parameter that influenced this trend direction or its significance, and bias assessments were unremarkable. We confirm in this study via a consensus within the literature that the presenting NIHSS score predicts 90-day functional outcome in BAO patients treated by MT. Further, its standardized use allows more meaningful comparisons between interventions and anatomical locations.

Effect of surgery and chemotherapy on long-term survival in infants with congenital glioblastoma: an integrated survival analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Glioblastoma (GBM) during infancy is rare, and the clinical outcomes of congenital GBM are not well understood. Correspondingly, the aim of this study was to present a long-term survivor case from the authors' institution, and establish an integrated cohort of cases across the published literature to better understand the clinical course of this disease in this setting. METHODS: The authors report the outcomes of an institutional case of congenital GBM diagnosed within the first 3 months of life, and performed a comprehensive literature search for published cases from 2000 onward for an integrated survival analysis. All cases were integrated into 1 cohort, and Kaplan-Meier estimations, Fisher's exact test, and logistic regression were used to interrogate the data. RESULTS: The integrated cohort of 40 congenital GBM cases consisted of 23 (58%) females and 17 (42%) males born at a median gestational age of 38 weeks (range 22-40 weeks). Estimates of overall survival (OS) at 1 month was 67%, at 1 year it was 59%, and at 10 years it was 45%, with statistically superior outcomes for subgroups in which patients survived to be treated by resection and chemotherapy. In the overall cohort, multivariable analysis confirmed resection (p < 0.01) and chemotherapy (p < 0.01) as independent predictors of superior OS. Gestational age > 38 weeks (p < 0.01), Apgar scores ≥ 7 at 5 minutes (p < 0.01), absence of prenatal hydrocephalus (p < 0.01), and vaginal delivery (p < 0.01) were associated with greater odds of surgical diagnosis versus autopsy diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Congenital GBM can deviate from the expected poor prognosis of adult GBM in terms of OS. Both resection and chemotherapy confer statistically superior prognostic advantages in those patients who survive within the immediate postnatal period, and should be first-line considerations in the initial management of this rare disease.

Anatomy and white matter connections of the fusiform gyrus.

The fusiform gyrus is understood to be involved in the processing of high-order visual information, particularly related to faces, bodies, and stimuli characterized by high spatial frequencies. A detailed understanding of the exact location and nature of associated white-tracts could significantly improve post-operative morbidity related to declining capacity. Through generalized q-sampling imaging (GQI) validated by gross dissection as a direct anatomical method of identifying white matter tracts, we have characterized these connections based on relationships to other well-known structures. We created the white matter tracts using GQI and confirmed the tracts using gross dissection. These dissections demonstrated connections to the occipital lobe from the fusiform gyrus along with longer association fibers that course through this gyrus. The fusiform gyrus is an important region implicated in such tasks as the visual processing of human faces and bodies, as well as the perception of stimuli with high spatial frequencies. Post-surgical outcomes related to this region may be better understood in the context of the fiber-bundle anatomy highlighted by this study.

Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy Case Series: Choosing the Correct Number of Fibers Depending on Lesion Size.

BACKGROUND: Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) is being used for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Lesions can be treated using 1 or multiple LITT fibers depending on the preference of surgeons. Usually, more fibers are needed for coverage of larger tumors. OBJECTIVE: To investigate and analyze how tumor size affected the number of LITT fibers used. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of patients undergoing treatment of recurrent GBM. Patients were treated with up to 4 LITT fibers for adequate tumor coverage. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, length of stay, complications, and biopsy results were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 43 cases were treated using LITT, and of these cases, 31 consisted of contiguous lesions. We used more fibers to treat larger tumor volumes. On average, for each 5 cc of tumor volume, a fiber was added for proper coverage (P = .554). Complications and length of stay were similar across the groups (P = .378, P = .941). CONCLUSION: LITT can be used for the treatment of recurrent GBM. For each 5 cc of tumor volume, a LITT fiber can be added to the treatment plan.

Cryptococcal Choroid Plexitis and Non-Communicating Hydrocephalus.

Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungus that commonly invades the central nervous system. While the choroid plexus, the site of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, serves as one potential entry point for the pathogen, disease involvement of the choroid plexus itself remains a very rare manifestation of Cryptococcus infection. In cases in which choroid plexus involvement blocks cerebrospinal fluid flow, obstructive hydrocephalus may occur. Here we report the case of a 63-year-old woman who presented with choroid plexitis causing obstructive hydrocephalus at the foramen of Monro. Endoscopic biopsy confirmed Cryptococcus neoformans, and the patient was successfully treated with amphotericin, flucytosine, and fluconazole. With proper recognition and treatment of this pathology, patients can fully recover from this condition.

The prognostic significance of CDKN2A homozygous deletion in IDH-mutant lower-grade glioma and glioblastoma: a systematic review of the contemporary literature.

BACKGROUND: The most recent cIMPACT-NOW update highlighted the homozygous deletion of the Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) gene as a clinically important molecular alteration in IDH-mutant glioma. Correspondingly, we systematically reviewed the contemporary literature to affirm the contemporary stance of the literature on the prognostic significance of this alteration in this setting based on the current World Health Organization (WHO) Grade classification. METHODS: A systematic search of seven electronic databases from inception to February 2020 was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Articles were screened against pre-specified criteria to include lower-grade glioma (LGG, WHO Grade II/III) and glioblastoma (GBM, WHO Grade IV) separately. Progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) from Kaplan-Meier and multivariable analyses were outcomes of interest. RESULTS: Nine institutional studies describing 2193 IDH-mutant gliomas satisfied criteria for evaluation, with 1756 (80%) LGG and 437 (20%) GBM. When reported, the proportion of CDKN2A homozygous deleted gliomas ranged from 9 to 43%, with a median incidence of 22%. For LGG, Kaplan-Meier analyses demonstrated shorter PFS in the presence of CDKN2A homozygous deletion in three studies (median values, 31 versus 91 months), and shorter OS in five studies (median values, 61 versus 154 months). For GBM, Kaplan-Meier analyses demonstrated shorter PFS in the presence of CDKN2A homozygous deletion in two studies (median values, 16 versus 30 months), and shorter OS in four studies (median values, 38 versus 86 months). By multivariable analyses, CDKN2A homozygous deletion was a predictor of significantly shorter PFS and OS in both LGG and GBM across all included studies. CONCLUSIONS: The CDKN2A homozygous deletion is an important prognostic factor for survival outcomes of IDH-mutant glioma patients across multiple histologic WHO grades with specific molecular features likely dependent on IDH-mutant status. Greater understanding of how identifying this deletion can assist in the stratification of management for these tumors to optimize clinical course is required.

Solitary osteochondroma of the cervical spine presenting with quadriparesis and hand contracture.

BACKGROUND: Spinal osteochondromas are rare, benign tumors arising from the cartilaginous elements of the spine that may appear as solitary lesions versus multiple lesions in patients with hereditary multiple exostoses. Here, we present a 15-year-old female with a solitary C3-C4 osteochondroma who presented with a progressive quadriparesis and hand contracture successfully managed with a laminectomy/posterior spinal fusion. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 15-year-old female presented with a 3-month history of progressive quadriparesis and hand contracture secondary to a magnetic resonance (MR) documented C3-C4 cervical spine osteochondroma. The MR imaging revealed a solitary osseous extramedullary outgrowth arising from the left laminar cortex of the C-3 vertebral body extending to C-4. Due to the marked resultant canal stenosis, the patient underwent a cervical laminectomy of C3- C4 with posterior spinal fusion. Gross total resection was achieved, and the pathology confirmed an osteochondroma. The patient's myelopathy resolved, and 2 years later, she demonstrated no residual deficits or tumor recurrence. CONCLUSION: Here, we report the successful management of a 15-year-old female with a C3-C4 osteochondroma and progressive quadriparesis through cervical laminectomy/fusion.

Carbon ion radiotherapy for skull base chordomas and chondrosarcomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis of local control, survival, and toxicity outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) is an emerging radiation therapy to treat skull base chordomas and chondrosarcomas. To date, its use is limited to a few centers around the world, and there has been no attempt to systematically evaluate survival and toxicity outcomes reported in the literature. Correspondingly, the aim of this study was to qualitatively and quantitatively assess these outcomes. METHODS: A systematic search of seven electronic databases from inception to November 2019 was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Articles were screened against pre-specified criteria. Outcomes were then pooled by random-effects meta-analyses of proportions. RESULTS: A total of nine studies provided unique metadata for assessment, with six originating from Heidelberg, Germany. The surveyed cohort size was 632 patients, with 389 (62%) chordomas and 243 (38%) chondrosarcomas of the skull base. Across all studies, median cohort age at therapy and female proportion were 46 years and 51% respectively. Estimates of local control incidence at 1-, 5-, and 10-years in chordoma-only studies were 99%, 80%, and 56%, and in chondrosarcoma-only studies were 99%, 89%, and 88%. Estimates of overall survival probability at 1-, 5-, and 10-years in chordoma-only studies were 100%, 94%, and 78%, and in chondrosarcoma-only studies were 99%, 95%, and 79%. The incidence of early and late toxicity (Grade ≥ 3) ranged from 0 to 4% across all study groups. CONCLUSIONS: The emerging use of CIRT to treat skull base chordomas and chondrosarcomas appear promising with regard to tumor control, overall survival, and risk profile of early and late toxicity. The current literature suffers from the fact only a few centers in the world currently employ this technology.

Surgical Treatment of Tethered Cord Syndrome in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: In the healthy spine, the spinal cord moves unimpeded with spinal fluid pulsation in the rostral and caudal directions. When a portion of the spinal cord becomes attached to lesions within the spinal column, excess strain can cause signs and symptoms such as pain, motor deficits, sensory deficits, bladder dysfunction, and bowel dysfunction. This condition is termed tethered cord syndrome. There are no clear guidelines for offering surgical intervention, although there is a general consensus that worsening signs and symptoms increase the likelihood that patients will need surgery. METHODS: In this article, we conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis for all available literature within the Ovid (MEDLINE), PubMed, and Google Scholar databases to evaluate common symptoms among patients with tethered cord and to examine how surgery affects symptoms. RESULTS: Within the cohort of 730 patients, 708 (97%) were treated surgically by a detethering procedure. The most common preoperative sign or symptom was pain (81%), followed by motor deficits (63%), sensory deficits (61%), bladder dysfunction (56%), and bowel dysfunction (15%). One percent of patients had no deficit or symptom. Pain was the symptom that was most responsive to surgery, with 81% of patients reporting that their pain improved after detethering. CONCLUSIONS: Tethered cord syndrome should be included in the differential diagnosis in patients presenting with back or leg pain, somatosensory symptoms of the lower extremities, muscular weakness, urodynamic dysfunction, or bowel dysfunction. After a definitive diagnosis is made, patients should be counseled about surgical detethering as an option.

Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy for Metastatic Melanoma After Failed Radiation Therapy: A Case Series.

BACKGROUND: Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) is a growing technology to treat a variety of brain lesions. It offers an alternative to treatment options, such as open craniotomy and stereotactic radiosurgery. OBJECTIVE: To analyze our experience using LITT for metastatic melanoma. METHODS: This is a retrospective chart review of the patients from our institution. Our case series involves 5 patients who had previously failed radiation treatment. RESULTS: Our patients have low complication rates and short hospital stays. Both are considerably lower when compared to the literature for metastatic melanoma. CONCLUSION: LITT is a safe therapy, with few complications and short hospital stays.

Embolization and Open Decompression of a Giant Aneurysm Involving the P2 Segment of the Posterior Cerebral Artery.

A 5-year-old girl was brought to the clinic because of chronic intermittent left-sided headaches. The patient underwent computed tomographic angiography, which demonstrated a giant aneurysm that involved the P2 segment of the left posterior cerebral artery. Before treatment proceeded, consent was obtained from the patient's legal guardian. A trapping-evacuation technique was used for proximal control and decompression so that a clip could be placed on the proximal inflow artery of the aneurysm. First, embolization was performed for aneurysm trapping and for sacrifice of the parent vessel. Two days later, the patient was taken to the operating room for open surgical decompression, clipping, and reconstruction. Heparin was administered during the embolization stage of the operation. The patient did well postoperatively and was discharged home. The 3-month follow-up evaluation demonstrated a right superior homonymous quadrantanopia and no other neurologic deficits. The patient's clinical course is summarized in Video 1.

Predicting Clinical Outcome After Mechanical Thrombectomy: The GADIS (Gender, Age, Diabetes Mellitus History, Infarct Volume, and Current Smoker [corrected]) Score.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate predictive factors and develop an outcome assessment tool to determine clinical outcome after endovascular mechanical thrombectomy (EMT) in patients presenting with large vessel occlusion (LVO). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was carried out of a prospective cohort of patients presenting with LVO who underwent EMT after adoption of an expanded time window of ≤24 hours. Final cerebral infarction volume (CIV) after EMT was estimated using magnetic resonance imaging segmentation software. Stepwise linear regression models were used to identify factors that determined clinical outcome and to develop a predictive scale. RESULTS: Ninety patients underwent EMT over 19 months (68 within 6 hours and 22 between 6 and 24 hours). Clinical outcome determined using modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at discharge and 3 months was no different among these subcohorts. A threshold of 16.99 mL of CIV, using the Youden index, resulted in a sensitivity of 90.5% and specificity of 58.1% for predicting mRS score of 0-2. A regression model identified gender, age, diabetes mellitus status, CIV, and smoking status as outcome determinants, which were used to develop the GADIS (Gender, Age, Diabetes Mellitus History, Infarct Volume, and Sex) scoring system to predict good clinical outcome. Using the GADIS score, <6 predicted mRS score 0-2 at discharge with a sensitivity of 83.3% and specificity of 80.6%. CONCLUSIONS: The GADIS score for patients with LVO-related acute ischemic stroke includes CIV after EMT and helps in early short-term prognostication. It is not intended to predict preintervention patient selection or outcome prediction.

Anatomy and white matter connections of the lateral occipital cortex.

PURPOSE: White matter tracts link different regions of the brain, and the known functions of those interconnected regions may offer clues about the roles that white matter tracts play in information relay. The authors of this report discuss the structure and function of the lateral occipital lobe and how the lateral occipital lobe communicates with other regions via white matter tracts. METHODS: The authors used generalized q-sampling imaging and cadaveric brain dissections to uncover the subcortical white matter connections of the lateral occipital lobe. The authors created GQI of ten healthy controls and dissected ten cadaveric brains. RESULTS: The middle longitudinal fasciculus, vertical occipital fasciculus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, optic radiations, and a diverse array of U-shaped fibers connect the lateral occipital lobe to itself, parts of the temporal, parietal, and medial occipital cortices. The complex functional processes attributed to the lateral occipital lobe, including object recognition, facial recognition, and motion perception are likely related to the subcortical white matter tracts described within this study. CONCLUSIONS: There was good concordance between the white matter tracts generated using GQI and the white matter tracts that were found after dissection of the cadaveric brains. This article presents the anatomic connections of the lateral occipital lobe and discusses the associated functions.