Venous Compressive Disorders.

Venous compressive disorders are a heterogenous group of vascular syndromes characterized by extrinsic venous compression that can lead to complications of venous hypertension or venous thrombosis. Endovascular damage secondary to deep venous thrombosis (DVT) can result in post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS), a potentially debilitating condition that can be associated with significant morbidity in the pediatric population. Here we discuss 4 venous compressive disorders: iliac vein compression (May-Thurner syndrome [MTS]); subclavian vein compression at the venous thoracic inlet (Paget-Schroetter syndrome); left renal vein compression (nutcracker syndrome); and popliteal vein compression (popliteal entrapment syndrome) with a focus on clinical evaluation and diagnostic methods. Where endovascular therapy is appropriate, specific procedural considerations including procedure indications, equipment, procedural steps, technical challenges, complications, clinical follow-up and expected outcomes are discussed.

Magnetic resonance neurography techniques in the pediatric population.

The use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the evaluation of the central extracranial nervous system, namely the brachial and lumbosacral plexuses, is well established and has been performed for many years. Only recently after numerous advances in MRI, has image quality been sufficient to properly visualize small structures, such as nerves in the extremities. Despite the advances, peripheral MR Neurography remains a complex and difficult examination to perform, especially in the pediatric patient population, in which the risk for motion artifact and compliance is always of concern. Thus, technical aspects of the MR imaging protocol must be flexible but robust, to balance image quality with scan time, in a patient population of varying sizes. An additional important step for reliably performing a successful MR Neurography examination is the non-technical pre-imaging preparation, which includes patient/family education and open communication with referring teams. This paper will discuss in detail the individual technical and non-technical/operational aspects of peripheral MR Neurography, to help guide in building a successful program in the pediatric population.

Comparison of Transjugular Liver Biopsy and Percutaneous Liver Biopsy With Tract Embolization in Pediatric Patients.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to compare safety and efficacy of transjugular liver biopsy (TJLB) and percutaneous liver biopsy (PLB) with tract embolization in pediatric patients with liver disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: TJLB and PLB between December 2009 and October 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Primary endpoints were adequate sampling and complication rate. Patient age, weight, coagulation factors, ascites, blood transfusions, adequacy of biopsy sample, number of biopsy samples, and complications were compared. RESULTS: There were 39 TJLB (average age 10.6 years) and 120 PLB (average age 7.1 years) (P value <0.05). Average weight was 40.2 kg for TJLB and 26.8 kg for PLB (P value <0.05). Average platelets were 155 for TJLB and 252 for PLB (P value <0.05). Average international normalized ratio was 1.7 for TJLB and 1.3 for PLB (P value <0.05). Mean postbiopsy hematocrit decrease was 0.8 and 0.9, for TJLB and PLB, respectively. Mean postbiopsy hemoglobin decrease was 0.3 in both groups. Number of core biopsy samples was 4.5 and 4.3, for TJLB and PLB, respectively. There was 1 biopsy yielding insufficient sample in each group. TJLB had 1 (2.6%) complication of supraventricular tachycardia. PLB had 4 (3.3%) complications, with 1 hemoperitoneum, 1 hypotension, 1 patient with decreased hemoglobin, and 1 patient with bilious drainage from the biopsy site. CONCLUSIONS: TJLB and PLB with gelatin sponge pledget tract embolization are both safe and effective for the diagnosis of hepatic disease in pediatric patients. To avoid radiation, PLB may be considered as first-line approach in the pediatric population, even in the setting of coagulopathy.

Transiliopsoas approach: an alternative route to drain pelvic abscesses in children.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate an alternative route of pelvic abscess drainage in children via a transiliopsoas approach. BACKGROUND: Appendiceal perforations complicated by inflammatory masses, such as abscesses or phlegmon, are a common indication for abdominal drainage in pediatric interventional radiology. Certain locations of collections may present particular challenges for the operator, owing to numerous surrounding structures, including bowel and other pelvic anatomy. This series describes an alternative route for drainage, which involves traversing the iliopsoas muscle under US guidance to drain a deep pelvic abscess. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective chart review was performed of the transiliopsoas approach for abscess drainage during a 5-year period. The technique, pre- and post-drainage imaging, aspiration/drain output, duration of catheter dwell, procedure-related complications and abscess recurrence were reviewed. RESULTS: Transiliopsoas needle placement was successful in 14 of 14 patients (100%). Catheter placement was successful in 13 patients. Abscess wall rupture precluded catheter placement in one patient. Mean catheter duration was 4.9 days, with a range of 2 to 9 days. Clinical improvement was achieved in all 14 patients (100%). There were no major complications. Post-procedure pain with ambulation was reported in 3 of 14 patients (21.4%), which was successfully controlled in each case with medication, and resolved after 2 days. CONCLUSION: The transiliopsoas route is a safe and effective route for US-guided abscess drainage and catheter placement in children with deep pelvic collections. In selected cases, this approach provides a more easily accessible and safer route than more traditional interventional approaches.