RESUMEN
Both human and non-human animals frequently deal with risky decisions in a social environment. Nevertheless, the influence of the social context on decision-making has been scarcely investigated. Here, we evaluated for the first time whether the presence of a conspecific influences risk preferences in rats and in tufted capuchin monkeys. Subjects received a series of choices between a constant, safe option and a variable, risky option, both alone (Alone condition) and when paired with a conspecific (Paired condition). The average payoff of the risky option was always lower than that of the safe option. Overall, the two species differed in their attitude towards risk: whereas rats were indifferent between options, capuchins exhibited a preference for the safe option. In both species, risk preferences changed in the Paired condition compared to the Alone condition, although in an opposite way. Whereas rats increased their risk preferences over time when paired with a conspecific, capuchins chose the risky option less in the Paired condition than in the Alone condition. Moreover, whereas anxiety-like behaviours decreased across sessions in rats, these behaviours where more represented in the Paired condition than in the Alone condition in capuchins. Thus, our findings extends to two distantly-related non-human species the evidence, so far available for human beings, that a decrease in anxiety corresponds to an increase in risk preferences, and vice versa. This suggests that the modulation of risk preferences by social influences observed in rats and capuchin monkeys may rely on a common, evolutionarily ancient, mechanism.
Asunto(s)
Cebus/psicología , Toma de Decisiones , Ratas Wistar/psicología , Asunción de Riesgos , Conducta Social , Animales , Femenino , Aseo Animal , Masculino , Pruebas Psicológicas , Especificidad de la Especie , Estrés Psicológico , Vocalización AnimalRESUMEN
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Podocyte loss by apoptosis, in addition to favouring progression of established diabetic nephropathy, has been recently indicated as an early phenomenon triggering the initiation of glomerular lesions. This study aimed to assess the rate of glomerular cell death and its relationship with renal functional, structural and molecular changes in rats with experimental diabetes. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes and coeval non-diabetic control animals were killed at 7 days and at 2, 4 and 6 months for the assessment of apoptosis, renal function, renal structure and the expression of podocyte markers and apoptosis- and cell cycle-related proteins. RESULTS: Glomerular cell apoptosis was significantly increased in diabetic vs non-diabetic rats at 4 months and to an even greater extent at 6 months, with podocytes accounting for 70% of apoptosing cells. The increase in apoptosis was preceded by increases in proteinuria, albuminuria and mean glomerular and mesangial areas, and by reductions in glomerular cell density and content of synaptopodin and Wilms' tumour protein-1. It coincided with the development of mesangial expansion and glomerular sclerosis, and with the upregulation/activation both of tumour protein p53, which increased progressively throughout the study, and of p21 (also known as cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A, CIP1 and WAF1), which peaked at 4 months and decreased thereafter. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Glomerular cell (podocyte) apoptosis is not an early feature in the course of experimental diabetic glomerulopathy, since it is preceded by glomerular hypertrophy, which may decrease glomerular cell density to the point of inducing compensatory podocyte hypertrophy. This is associated with reduced podocyte protein expression (podocytopathy) and proteinuria, and ultimately results in apoptotic cell loss (podocytopenia), driving progression to mesangial expansion and glomerular sclerosis.
Asunto(s)
Apoptosis/fisiología , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/complicaciones , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/fisiopatología , Nefropatías Diabéticas/etiología , Glomérulos Renales/fisiología , Podocitos/fisiología , Estreptozocina , Albuminuria/etiología , Animales , Glucemia/metabolismo , Peso Corporal/fisiología , Ciclo Celular/genética , Creatinina/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Nefropatías Diabéticas/sangre , Genes p53 , Glomérulos Renales/patología , Masculino , Proteínas de Microfilamentos/metabolismo , Podocitos/patología , Proteinuria/etiología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-DawleyRESUMEN
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: AGEs have been implicated in renal disease associated with ageing, diabetes and other age-related disorders. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) promote formation of AGEs, which cause AGE-receptor-mediated ROS generation with activation of signalling pathways leading to tissue injury and further AGE accumulation. ROS generation is regulated by the Src homology 2 domain-containing transforming protein C1 (Shc1) isoform p66(Shc), whose deletion has been shown to protect from tissue injury induced by ageing, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and ischaemia-reperfusion by preventing oxidative stress. This study was aimed at assessing the role of p66(Shc) in the modulation of oxidative stress and oxidant-dependent renal injury induced by AGEs. METHODS: For 10 weeks, male p66 (shc) knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were injected with 60 microg/day albumin modified or unmodified by N epsilon-(carboxymethyl) lysine (CML). Mice were then killed for the assessment of renal function and structure, as well as systemic and renal tissue oxidative stress. RESULTS: Upon CML injection, KO mice, in contrast to WT mice, showed no or only mild forms of proteinuria, glomerular hypertrophy, mesangial expansion, glomerular sclerosis, renal/glomerular cell apoptosis and extracellular matrix upregulation. Moreover, KO mice had lower circulating and tissue AGEs than WT mice and unchanged plasma isoprostane 8-epi-prostaglandin-F(2alpha) levels, renal/glomerular CML, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, AGE receptor and NAD(P)H oxidase 4 (NOX4) content (and expression of the corresponding genes), and nuclear factor kappaB activation (NFkappaB). Mesangial cells from KO mice exposed to CML showed no or slight increase in ROS levels and NFkappaB activation, again at variance with WT cells. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: These data indicate that p66(Shc) participates in the pathogenesis of AGE-dependent glomerulopathy by mediating AGE-induced tissue injury and further AGE formation through ROS-dependent mechanisms involving NFkappaB activation and upregulation of Nox4 expression and NOX4 production.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/deficiencia , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/genética , Mesangio Glomerular/patología , Enfermedades Renales/patología , Enfermedades Renales/prevención & control , Glomérulos Renales/patología , Receptores Inmunológicos/fisiología , Animales , Cartilla de ADN , Genotipo , Inmunohistoquímica , Glomérulos Renales/fisiopatología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Receptor para Productos Finales de Glicación Avanzada , Proteínas Adaptadoras de la Señalización Shc , Proteína Transformadora 1 que Contiene Dominios de Homología 2 de SrcRESUMEN
The authors take into consideration clinical, cytological, histological and ultrastructural pattern of 57 HIV+ patients. They want to quantify bone marrow alterations and research their relation with haematological pattern of these patients. They think that peripheral haematological deficit is related with cellular and stromal alterations of the bone marrow. In fact there are many morphological cellular alterations. The most characteristic are that of megakaryocytes. The alterations of these cells are, probably, responsible for bone marrow early sclerosis of these patients. The plasma cells are also numerous and activated. They respect an immunological response.
Asunto(s)
Médula Ósea/patología , Infecciones por VIH/patología , Adulto , Examen de la Médula Ósea , Recuento de Células , Femenino , Humanos , Linfoma Relacionado con SIDA/patología , Masculino , Megacariocitos/patología , Necrosis , Orgánulos/ultraestructura , Células Plasmáticas/patología , Mielofibrosis Primaria/patologíaRESUMEN
A case of an uncomplicated neurosurgical procedure in a patient affected by a rare bleeding disorder is described. The interest is twofold: first because of the possible influence of underlying coagulopathy in disclosing the vascular anomaly. And second although surgery in factor VII deficiency has been reported before, with and without replacement therapy, to our knowledge, this is the first neurosurgical case in which factor VII concentrate was used. This treatment allowed safe surgery and protected the patient from complications associated with plasma and protrombin complex use.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Encefálicas/cirugía , Hemorragia Cerebral/cirugía , Craneotomía , Deficiencia del Factor VII/cirugía , Factor VII/administración & dosificación , Hemangioma Cavernoso/cirugía , Premedicación , Adulto , Neoplasias Encefálicas/sangre , Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico , Hemorragia Cerebral/sangre , Hemorragia Cerebral/diagnóstico , Deficiencia del Factor VII/sangre , Deficiencia del Factor VII/complicaciones , Hemangioma Cavernoso/sangre , Hemangioma Cavernoso/diagnóstico , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Microcirugia , Lóbulo Parietal/patología , Lóbulo Parietal/cirugíaRESUMEN
Although the histogenesis of meningeal hemangiopericytomas (HMP) remains controversial, both biological and clinical evidence seems to identify these neoplasms as a separate entity with respect to meningiomas. In order to assess the current prognosis of HMP we reviewed our personal experience limited to the last decade (1986-1995): during this period 7 patients (4M, 3F) were treated by surgery alone or surgery combined with postoperative radiotherapy. In spite of meticulous attempts at radical resection, the tumors recurred in all but two cases with a mean interval of 85 months, and a total of 18 operations were performed (2.57/patient; range 1-4). Massive intratumoral hemorrhage determined acute deterioration and required emergency surgery in two cases while in one patient diffuse visceral metastases were discovered at autopsy. Five patients are still alive at follow-up but only 2 of them are in good neurological conditions and without evidence of disease. These results are similar to those reported in other series. In view of our results we conclude that intracranial hemangiopericytomas still have a dismal prognosis. Advances in neuroimaging, neuroanesthesia, microneurosurgery and adjuvant therapy do not seem to have significantly affected the recurrence rate, quality of life and mortality.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Encefálicas , Hemangiopericitoma , Neoplasias Meníngeas , Adulto , Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patología , Neoplasias Encefálicas/terapia , Angiografía Cerebral , Femenino , Hemangiopericitoma/diagnóstico , Hemangiopericitoma/patología , Hemangiopericitoma/terapia , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Neoplasias Meníngeas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Meníngeas/patología , Neoplasias Meníngeas/terapia , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
The isolated retroperitoneal malignant schwannoma unassociated with Von Recklinghausen's disease is an unusual neoplasm, representing 0.01% of all retroperitoneal malignant neoplasms, with a poor prognosis, and an average survival at 5 years of 50% in patients treated by radical exeresis. At present, it is impossible, without histologic and immunohistochemical examinations, to differentiate it from other isolated retroperitoneal sarcomatous neoplasms. The authors report a case of retroperitoneal malignant schwannoma 20 cm in diameter in a 62-year-old woman surgically treated by radical exeresis. Postoperative complications were absent, and the patient, discharged from the hospital on the 12th postoperative day, died 8 months later of diffuse metastases, without local relapse. Despite the patient's short survival, the authors believe radical surgery to be the best therapeutic choice. Only surgery can establish a final diagnosis and can offer the best chance of survival and a significant and sometimes prolonged relief of symptomatology.
Asunto(s)
Neurilemoma/patología , Neoplasias Retroperitoneales/patología , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neurilemoma/cirugía , Neoplasias Retroperitoneales/cirugíaRESUMEN
A case of spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage from a cavernous angioma of the cauda equina is reported. The patient was a 28-year-old man who complained of a sudden low-back pain and neck stiffness. Laminectomy at L1-L2 was performed with total removal of the tumor.
Asunto(s)
Cauda Equina , Hemangioma Cavernoso/complicaciones , Hemorragia Subaracnoidea/etiología , Adulto , Cauda Equina/diagnóstico por imagen , Cauda Equina/patología , Cauda Equina/cirugía , Hemangioma Cavernoso/diagnóstico por imagen , Hemangioma Cavernoso/cirugía , Humanos , Masculino , Hemorragia Subaracnoidea/diagnóstico por imagen , Hemorragia Subaracnoidea/cirugía , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
The authors take into consideration 40 cases of lung neoplasms in order to see the relationship between DNA index examined by image analysis, and histological grading we deduced from the results that DNA index agrees with the grading and better points out the biological pattern of the neoplasm, beharing differently in each histological type.
Asunto(s)
ADN de Neoplasias/análisis , Neoplasias Pulmonares/química , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , PloidiasRESUMEN
The authors take into consideration 19 cases of lung neoplasm to see the relationship of clinical behaviour and C219. They found a cutoff (25%) to separate drug resistant by drug sensibility. Marker sensitivity was 84.2% and relation with PCNA was negative (-0.384).
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Portadoras/análisis , Resistencia a Medicamentos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/análisis , Proteínas de Neoplasias/análisis , Miembro 1 de la Subfamilia B de Casetes de Unión a ATP , Anticuerpos Monoclonales , Antígenos de Neoplasias/análisis , Proteínas Portadoras/inmunología , Método Doble Ciego , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/química , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/inmunología , Proteínas de Neoplasias/inmunología , Proteínas Nucleares/análisis , Antígeno Nuclear de Célula en Proliferación , Estudios RetrospectivosAsunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Carcinoma/patología , Región Organizadora del Nucléolo/patología , Adhesión en Parafina , Tinción con Nitrato de Plata , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Neoplasias de la Mama/química , Humanos , Antígeno Ki-67 , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proteínas de Neoplasias/análisis , Proteínas Nucleares/análisisRESUMEN
The Authors consider 30 patients with ECA; 15 of these were treated with IFN and 15 were not treated. The Authors think that the statistically significant difference between patient groups, is a parameter of the pharmacological effects on the horx.
Asunto(s)
Hepatitis Crónica/tratamiento farmacológico , Hepatitis Crónica/genética , Interferones/uso terapéutico , Hígado/citología , Región Organizadora del Nucléolo , Adulto , Anciano , Biopsia , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
The Authors consider 349 liver biopsies; 32 of these showed cirrhosis. Patients with chronic hepatitis are at high risk for evolution to cirrhosis. Our aim is to establish the markers HBsAg and HBcAg comparing this with the risk groups and with the possible causes of cirrhosis.
Asunto(s)
Hepatitis/complicaciones , Cirrosis Hepática/etiología , Adulto , Anciano , Biopsia , Enfermedad Crónica , Femenino , Hepatitis/patología , Hepatitis B/complicaciones , Antígenos del Núcleo de la Hepatitis B/análisis , Antígenos de Superficie de la Hepatitis B/análisis , Hepatitis C/complicaciones , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Hígado/patología , Cirrosis Hepática/patología , Cirrosis Hepática Alcohólica/etiología , Cirrosis Hepática Alcohólica/patología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de RiesgoAsunto(s)
Antígenos del Núcleo de la Hepatitis B/análisis , Antígenos de Superficie de la Hepatitis B/análisis , Hepatitis B/diagnóstico , Hepatitis Crónica/diagnóstico , Hígado/patología , Adulto , Biopsia con Aguja , Femenino , Hepatitis B/patología , Hepatitis Crónica/patología , Humanos , Técnicas para Inmunoenzimas , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
The authors report a case of spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by neurofibromas of the cauda equina. An examination of the literature revealing 13 similar cases and an analysis of this case showing three neurofibromas of the cauda equina prompted an hypothesis emphasizing the origin of bleeding and the difficulties associated with a correct diagnosis.
Asunto(s)
Cauda Equina , Neurofibromatosis 1/complicaciones , Neoplasias del Sistema Nervioso Periférico/complicaciones , Hemorragia Subaracnoidea/etiología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neurofibromatosis 1/patología , Neurofibromatosis 1/cirugía , Neoplasias del Sistema Nervioso Periférico/patología , Neoplasias del Sistema Nervioso Periférico/cirugíaRESUMEN
Observation on value of estrogen and progesterone receptors in intracranial meningiomas. The authors take into consideration twenty intracranial meningiomas reperted in patients that differ for age, sex and histological pattern of the lesions, for value receptor content and their variability with mentioned variants. They report receptors contents of meningiomas and its variability with age and histological pattern.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Encefálicas/análisis , Meningioma/análisis , Receptores de Estrógenos/análisis , Receptores de Progesterona/análisis , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Biomarcadores de Tumor/análisis , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Meningioma/patología , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Ten cases of intracranial meningiomas in patient who differed by age, sex and histological characteristics of the lesion have been considered for the purpose of evaluating the lesion's receptor capacity and the changes in it with the above variations. Receptors were found and they varied with age and histological features.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Meníngeas/análisis , Meningioma/análisis , Receptores de Estrógenos/análisis , Receptores de Progesterona/análisis , Envejecimiento/metabolismo , Femenino , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente , Humanos , Masculino , Caracteres SexualesRESUMEN
Primary cardiac tumors are rare in children. The benign forms constitute 90% of cases, with often fatal clinical course due to the origin site. Here is reported a case of fibroelastic hamartoma in a four month baby, with multiple malformations, in which the initial signs have been alterations of ECG and of the cardiac profile at Rx chest. Bidimensional echocardiography suggested the correct diagnosis, revealing the mass in the interventricular septum. Cardiac catheterization excluded connections with coronary arteries. The baby died before cardiosurgical operation, probably because of a hyperkinetic ventricular arrhythmia. Anatomo-pathologic examination discusses the diagnosis of this tumor versus other kinds, defining our case as a fibroelastic hamartoma.
Asunto(s)
Hamartoma/patología , Neoplasias Cardíacas/patología , Femenino , Tabiques Cardíacos , Humanos , Lactante , UltrasonografíaRESUMEN
After a consultation of the literature on branchial cleft defects and double neoplastic pathology, it was decided to report the case of a patient given a cystectomy for bladder cancer (1983) and referred to hospital four years later with branchial cyst that had developed into epidermoid cancer.