Effects of Light and Dark Conditions on the Transcriptome of Aging Cultures of Candidatus Puniceispirillum marinum IMCC1322.

To elucidate the function of proteorhodopsin in Candidatus Puniceispirillum marinum strain IMCC1322, a cultivated representative of SAR116, we produced RNA-seq data under laboratory conditions. We examined the transcriptomes of six different cultures, including sets of expression changes under constant dark (DD), constant light (LL), and diel-cycled (LD; 14 h light: 10 h dark) conditions at the exponential and stationary/death phases. Prepared mRNA extracted from the six samples was analyzed on the Solexa Genome Analyzer with 36 cycles. Differentially expressed genes on the IMCC1322 genome were distinguished as four clusters by K-mean clustering and each CDS (n = 2546) was annotated based on the KEGG BRITE hierarchy. Cluster 0 (n = 1573) covered most constitutive genes including proteorhodopsin, retinoids, and glycolysis/TCA cycle. Cluster 1 genes (n = 754) were upregulated in stationary/death phase under constant dark conditions and included genes associated with bacterial defense, membrane transporters, nitrogen metabolism, and senescence signaling. Cluster 2 genes (n = 197) demonstrated upregulation in exponential phase cultures and included genes involved in genes for oxidative phosphorylation, translation factors, and transcription machinery. Cluster 3 (n = 22) contained light-stimulated upregulated genes expressed under stationary/phases. Stringent response genes belonged to cluster 2, but affected genes spanned various cellular processes such as amino acids, nucleotides, translation, transcription, glycolysis, fatty acids, and cell wall components. The coordinated expression of antagonistic stringent genes, including mazG, ppx/gppA, and spoT/relA may provide insight into the controlled cultural response observed between constant light and constant dark conditions in IMCC1322 cultures, regardless of cell numbers and biomass.

Flavivirga spongiicola sp. nov. and Flavivirga abyssicola sp. nov., Isolated from Marine Environments.

Two novel Gram-stain-negative, strictly-aerobic, rod-shaped (1.2 ± 3.4 µm × 0.3 ± 0.7 µm), and non-motile marine bacterial species, designated MEBiC05379T and MEBiC07777T, were isolated from a marine sponge Pseudaxinella sp. in Gangneung City and deep-sea sediments of the Ulleung basin in the East Sea of Korea, respectively. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed high levels of similarities between these strains and members of the genus Flavivirga (97.0-98.4% sequence identities). Both novel strains revealed as mesophilic, neutrophilic in pH and slightly halophilic. Similar to those of other Flavivirga members, the primary cellular fatty acids of both strains were iso-C15:0, iso-C15:1 G, iso-C15:03-OH, and iso-C17:0 3-OH, with MEBiC05379T and MEBiC07777T containing relatively higher proportions of C12:0 and summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c). In both taxa, the major isoprenoid quinone was MK-6. The DNA G + C contents of MEBiC05379T and MEBiC07777T genomes were 32.62 and 32.46 mol%, respectively. Compared to other members of Flavivirga, both strains exhibited similar DNA G + C ratio and fatty acids pattern, yet enzyme expression and carbon sources utilization pattern were different. Genomes of the genus Flavivirga showed enzyme preferences to fucoidan and sulfated galactans. Considering the monophyly rule, AAI values delineate the genus Flavivirga from adjacent genera calculated to be 76.0-78.7%. Based on the phenotypic, genomic and biochemical data, strains for MEBiC05379T and MEBiC07777T thus represent two novel species in the genus Flavivirga, for which the names Flavivirga spongiicola sp. nov. (MEBiC05379T [= KCTC 92527 T = JCM 16662 T]), and Flavivirga abyssicola sp. nov. (MEBiC07777T [= KCTC 92563 T = JCM 36477 T]) are proposed.

NADP+ or CO2 reduction by frhAGB-encoded hydrogenase through interaction with formate dehydrogenase 3 in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus onnurineus NA1.

IMPORTANCE: The strategy using structural homology with the help of structure prediction by AlphaFold was very successful in finding potential targets for the frhAGB-encoded hydrogenase of Thermococcus onnurineus NA1. The finding that the hydrogenase can interact with FdhB to reduce the cofactor NAD(P)+ is significant in that the enzyme can function to supply reducing equivalents, just as F420-reducing hydrogenases in methanogens use coenzyme F420 as an electron carrier. Additionally, it was identified that T. onnurineus NA1 could produce formate from H2 and CO2 by the concerted action of frhAGB-encoded hydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase Fdh3.

Description of Fervidibacillus gen. nov. with Two Species, Fervidibacillus albus sp. nov., and Fervidibacillus halotolerans sp. nov., Isolated from Tidal Flat Sediments and Emendation of Misclassificed Taxa in the Genus Caldibacillus.

Two Gram-stain-positive, motile, endospore-forming, facultatively anaerobic strains, designated MEBiC13591T and MEBiC13594T, were isolated from tidal flat sediment of the Incheon City on the west coast of Korea. Growth of both novel strains was observed at pH 5-9 (optimum, pH 7-7.5), and in 0-8% NaCl (optimum, 2% for MEBiC13591T and 3% for MEBiC13594T). Strains MEBiC13591T and MEBiC13594T grew optimally at 50 °C, (37.5-56.1 °C) and 44 °C (20.7-50.7 °C), respectively. The main cellular fatty acids of strain MEBiC13591T were iso-C15: 0, anteiso-C15: 0, iso-C16: 0, iso-C17: 0 and anteiso-C17: 0, while those for strain MEBiC13594T were C14: 0, iso-C14: 0, iso-C15: 0, anteiso-C15: 0 and C16: 0. In both taxa, the major isoprenoid was MK-7. The genomic DNA G + C contents were 34.1 and 37.0 mol% for MEBiC13591T and MEBiC13594T, respectively. A 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the novel strains showed high similarity with members of the genera Aeribacillus (95.0%) and Caldibacillus (93.5-94.5%); however, showed lower than 90% with Caldibacillus debilis TfT. Phylogenetic and Phylogenomic analysis revealed that two novel strains comprised distinct phyletic line with members formerly assigned to Caldibacillus. Based on genomic indices, such as AAI and ANI, members formerly affiliated with Caldibacillus and Bacillus as well as the novel strains should be classified into five independent genera. Based on the phenotypic, genomic and biochemical data, strains MEBiC13591T and MEBiC13594T represent two novel species in the novel genus, for which the names Fervidibacillus albus gen. nov., sp. nov. (MEBiC13591T [= KCCM 43317T = KCTC 43181T = JCM 33662T = MCCC 1K04565T]), and Fervidibacillus halotolerans sp. nov. (MEBiC13594T [= KCTC 43182T = JCM 34001T]) are proposed. Three additional genera Caldifermentibacillus, Palidibacillus, and Perspicuibacillus are also proposed by reclassification of the several species with valid names that formerly affiliated with the genera Caldibacillus.

Rare case of compartment syndrome provoked by inhalation of polyurethane agent: A case report.

BACKGROUND: The most common causes of compartment syndrome in the lower extremities include lower limb fractures, trauma-induced crushing injuries, severe burns, and non-traumatic factors. However, there have been no reports of compartment syndrome secondary to toxic inhalation. CASE SUMMARY: A 59-year-old man, who lost consciousness after applying polyurethane-based paint on a water tank, was brought to the emergency room. The initial blood test showed apparent rhabdomyolysis. One day later, pain and swelling in both legs were observed, and the physical examination confirmed the presence of compartment syndrome. Double-incision fasciotomy was performed on both legs. Frequent dressings and negative pressure wound treatment were done on both legs, and skin grafting was performed after healthy granulation tissue had been identified. No other complications were observed after treatment. However, symptoms of peroneal neuropathy, particularly limited ankle dorsiflexion and reduced sensation on the lower extremities, were observed. CONCLUSION: Workers using polyurethane agents should wear gas masks and be evaluated for compartment syndrome and rhabdomyolysis secondary to toxic inhalation.

Do closed reduction and fracture patterns of the nasal bone affect nasal septum deviation?

BACKGROUND: Many severe nasal bone fractures present with septal fractures, causing postoperative septal deviation and negatively affecting the patients' quality of life. However, when a septal fracture is absent, it is difficult to predict whether surgical correction can help minimize nasal septal deviation postoperatively. This study determined whether performing closed reduction on even mildly displaced nasal bone fracture could deter the outcome of septal deviation. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the data of 116 patients aged 21-72 years who presented at the outpatient clinic and emergency room with fractures of nasal bones only without any involvement of the septum from January 2014 to December 2020. Patients were classified into three fracture type groups: A (unilateral), B (bilateral), and C (comminuted with depression). The degree of septal deviation was calculated by measuring the angle between the apex of the most prominent point and the crista galli in the coronal view on computed tomography images. The difference between the angles of the initial septal deviation and that of the follow-up was calculated and expressed as delta (Δ). RESULTS: Closed reduction tended to decrease the postoperative septal deviation in all fracture types, but the values were significantly meaningful only in type A and B fractures. In the surgical group, with type A as the baseline, type B showed a significantly larger Δ value, but type C was not significantly different, although type C showed a smaller Δ value. In the conservative group, with type A as the baseline, the other fracture types presented significantly lower Δ values. CONCLUSION: For all fracture types, closed reduction significantly decreased the extent to which the nasal septum likely deviated. Therefore, when a patient is reluctant to undergo closed reduction, physicians should address the possible outcomes and prognosis of untreated nasal bone fractures.

Crystal structure of the phage-encoded N-acetyltransferase in complex with acetyl-CoA, revealing a novel dimeric arrangement.

Bacteriophages employ diverse mechanisms to facilitate the proliferation of bacteriophages. The Salmonella-infecting phage SPN3US contains a putative N-acetyltransferase, which is widely found in bacteriophages. However, due to low sequence similarity to the N-acetyltransferases from bacteria and eukaryotic cells, the structure and function of phage-encoded acetyltransferases are mainly unknown. This study determines the crystal structure of the putative N-acetyltransferase of SPN3US in complex with acetyl-CoA. The crystal structure showed a novel homodimeric arrangement stabilized by exchanging the C-terminal α-helix within the dimer. The following biochemical analyses suggested that the phage-encoded acetyltransferase might have a very narrow substrate specificity. Further studies are required to reveal the biochemical activity, which would help elucidate the interaction between the phage and host bacteria in controlling pathogenic bacteria.

Primary cutaneous apocrine carcinoma of the scalp: Two case reports and literature review.

RATIONALE: Apocrine carcinoma is a rare malignant sweat gland tumor that has been reported in approximately 200 cases. This tumor usually occurs in the axilla, but in rare cases, it can also develop in the scalp. In the present work, we report 2 cases of cutaneous apocrine carcinoma of the scalp. PATIENT CONCERNS: Two men visited our outpatient clinic with recurrence of tumor after undergoing surgery for scalp tumor at another hospital. DIAGNOSES: Brain magnetic resonance imaging of a 56-year old man showed the presence of a 5.0 × 4.5 × 4.4 cm scalp mass in the right parietal region, invading the skull and dura mater and a 2.2 × 2.0 × 0.7 cm bony mass without any skin lesions right next to the scalp mass. Neck magnetic resonance imaging of a 76-year-old man revealed the presence of a well-defined oval mass in the subcutaneous layer of the left occipital scalp and 2 enlarged lymph nodes in the left neck. Definite diagnoses were made postoperatively. The patients were diagnosed with cutaneous apocrine carcinoma. The diagnosis was confirmed through histopathological and immunohistochemical staining tests. INTERVENTIONS: The tumors were removed with a wide safety margin and reconstructive surgery was performed. OUTCOMES: Additional radiotherapy or chemotherapy was performed. Follow-up more than 6 months revealed no recurrence or metastasis. LESSONS: If accurate diagnosis and treatment had taken place at the initial stages of the primary cutaneous apocrine carcinoma, it would have been possible to prevent recurrence and intracranial invasion. As recurrent primary cutaneous apocrine carcinoma can become aggressive and difficult to treat, even a small mass on the scalp must be evaluated carefully and treated properly.

Constantimarinum furrinae gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from saline volcanic rock aquifer (lava seawater) at Jeju Island, Republic of Korea.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped (0.3-0.5 × 1.0-1.9 µm), non-motile marine bacterium designated as ALE3EIT was isolated from a saline volcanic rock aquifer (lava sea-water) on Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain ALE3EIT showed high similarity to 'Altibacter lentus' JLT2010T (97.2%), followed by Marixanthomonas ophiurae KMM 3046T (94.5%). Growth was observed at 10-41°C (optimum, 30°C), at pH 6.0-8.5 (optimum, pH 7.5) and at 0.5-8% (optimum, 4.0%) NaCl. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15:0 (23.5%), iso-C16:0 (10.2%), iso-C16:0 3OH (10.5%), and iso-C17:0 3OH (16.8%). The DNA G + C contents was 40.4 mol%. The major respiratory quinone was MK-6. The major polar lipids were determined to be phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified glycolipids, and two unidentified aminolipids. Several phenotypic characteristics such as production of acetoin, activities of arginine dihydrolase and acid phosphatase, and utilization pattern of carbon sources differentiate strain ALE3EIT from 'A. lentus' JLT2010T. Activities of the lipase, trypsin, α-chymotrypsin and gelatinase and utilization pattern of carbon sources differentiate strain ALE3EIT from M. ophiurae KMM 3046T. The genome of strain ALE3EIT is 3.0 Mbp long and its ANI and AAI values against 'A. lentus' JLT2010T were 76.58 and 72.76, respectively, however, AAI values against members in other genera were lower than 72%. The phylogenomic tree inferred by PhyloPhlAn clearly differentiated the strain ALE3EIT together with strain JLT2010T from other genera in the Falvobacteriaceae. This polyphasic taxonomic data indicates that strain ALE3EIT should be identified as a novel species in the genus 'Altibacter', however, the name has not been validated. Therefore, the strain is classified as a novel genus and is proposed as Constantimarinum furrinae gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is ALE3EIT (= KCCM 43303T = JCM 33022T).

Isolation, cultivation, and genome analysis of proteorhodopsin-containing SAR116-clade strain Candidatus Puniceispirillum marinum IMCC1322.

Strain IMCC1322 was isolated from a surface water sample from the East Sea of Korea. Based on 16S rRNA analysis, IMCC1322 was found to belong to the OCS28 sub-clade of SAR116. The cells appeared as short vibrioids in logarithmic-phase culture, and elongated spirals during incubation with mitomycin or in aged culture. Growth characteristics of strain IMCC1322 were further evaluated based on genomic information; proteorhodopsin (PR), carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP)-utilizing enzymes. IMCC1322 PR was characterized as a functional retinylidene protein that acts as a light-driven proton pump in the cytoplasmic membrane. However, the PR-dependent phototrophic potential of strain IMCC1322 was only observed under CO-inhibited and nutrient-limited culture conditions. A DMSP-enhanced growth response was observed in addition to cultures grown on C1 compounds like methanol, formate, and methane sulfonate. Strain IMCC1322 cultivation analysis revealed biogeochemical processes characteristic of the SAR116 group, a dominant member of the microbial community in euphotic regions of the ocean. The polyphasic taxonomy of strain IMCC1322 is given as Candidatus Puniceispirillum marinum, and was confirmed by chemotaxonomic tests, in addition to 16S rRNA phylogeny and cultivation analyses.

Comparative genome analysis of the Flavobacteriales bacterium strain UJ101, isolated from the gut of Atergatis reticulatus.

Here we report the comparative genomic analysis of strain UJ101 with 15 strains from the family Flavobacteriaceae, using the CGExplorer program. Flavobacteriales bacterium strain UJ101 was isolated from a xanthid crab, Atergatis reticulatus, from the East Sea near Korea. The complete genome of strain UJ101 is a 3,074,209 bp, single, circular chromosome with 30.74% GC content. While the UJ101 genome contains a number of annotated genes for many metabolic pathways, such as the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the glyoxylate cycle, genes for the Entner-Douddoroff pathway are not found in the UJ101 genome. Overall, carbon fixation processes were absent but nitrate reduction and denitrification pathways were conserved. The UJ101 genome was compared to genomes from other marine animals (three invertebrate strains and 5 fish strains) and other marine animal- derived genera. Notable results by genome comparisons showed that UJ101 is capable of denitrification and nitrate reduction, and that biotin-thiamine pathway participation varies among marine bacteria; fish-dwelling bacteria, freeliving bacteria, invertebrate-dwelling bacteria, and strain UJ101. Pan-genome analysis of the 16 strains in this study included 7,220 non-redundant genes that covered 62% of the pan-genome. A core-genome of 994 genes was present and consisted of 8% of the genes from the pan-genome. Strain UJ101 is a symbiotic hetero-organotroph isolated from xanthid crab, and is a metabolic generalist with nitrate-reducing abilities but without the ability to synthesize biotin. There is a general tendency of UJ101 and some fish pathogens to prefer thiamine-dependent glycolysis to gluconeogenesis. Biotin and thiamine auxotrophy or prototrophy may be used as important markers in microbial community studies.

Genome Sequence of Deinococcus marmoris PAMC 26562 Isolated from Antarctic Lichen.

Deinococcus marmoris strain PAMC 26562 was isolated from Usnea sp., a lichen collected from King George Island, Antarctica. We report here the draft genome sequence of strain PAMC 26562, which has xanthorhodopsin and carbon monoxide dehydrogenase genes in addition to major metabolic pathways presented in deinococcal genomes.

Complete Genome Sequence of Flavobacteriales Bacterium Strain UJ101 Isolated from a Xanthid Crab.

Flavobacteriales bacterium strain UJ101 was isolated from a xanthid crab species collected from the East Sea of Korea. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of strain UJ101 for the study of major metabolic pathways related to microbial species from marine invertebrate species.

Complete genome sequence of Celeribacter marinus IMCC12053(T), the host strain of marine bacteriophage P12053L.

Isolated from coastal seawater from Yellow Sea of Korea, Celeribacter marinus IMCC12053 was used as the host bacterium for bacteriophage P12053L. Here we report the complete genome sequence of strain IMCC12053 for further study of the marine bacteriophage P12053L functional genes. Single molecule real-time technology (PacBio RSII) was used for the single circular chromosome that is 3,096,705 base pairs in length and the GC content is 56.24%. It contains 3155 ORFs with 45 tRNAs and 6 rRNAs genes. N(6)-methyladenosine patterns were also investigated for 32 unmethylated genes and intergenic regions that covered many regulators and phage genes as well as ribosomal RNA genes and tRNA genes. Cryptic N(4)-methylcytosine pattern was investigated to speculate GpC methylase activity throughout the genome. Comparative genomics with other Celeribacter genomes were carried out for polyaromatic hydrocarbon degradation, but there were no aromatic ring oxygenases in IMCC12053 when compared to Celeribacter indicus P73.

Marine actinobacteria: an important source of bioactive natural products.

Marine environment is largely an untapped source for deriving actinobacteria, having potential to produce novel, bioactive natural products. Actinobacteria are the prolific producers of pharmaceutically active secondary metabolites, accounting for about 70% of the naturally derived compounds that are currently in clinical use. Among the various actinobacterial genera, Actinomadura, Actinoplanes, Amycolatopsis, Marinispora, Micromonospora, Nocardiopsis, Saccharopolyspora, Salinispora, Streptomyces and Verrucosispora are the major potential producers of commercially important bioactive natural products. In this respect, Streptomyces ranks first with a large number of bioactive natural products. Marine actinobacteria are unique enhancing quite different biological properties including antimicrobial, anticancer, antiviral, insecticidal and enzyme inhibitory activities. They have attracted global in the last ten years for their ability to produce pharmaceutically active compounds. In this review, we have focused attention on the bioactive natural products isolated from marine actinobacteria, possessing unique chemical structures that may form the basis for synthesis of novel drugs that could be used to combat resistant pathogenic microorganisms.

Carboxylicivirga gen. nov. in the family Marinilabiliaceae with two novel species, Carboxylicivirga mesophila sp. nov. and Carboxylicivirga taeanensis sp. nov., and reclassification of Cytophaga fermentans as Saccharicrinis fermentans gen. nov., comb. nov.

Two facultatively anaerobic mesophilic bacteria, strains MEBiC 07026(T) and MEBiC 08903(T), were isolated from two different tidal flat sediments and both strains showed approximately 92.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with [Cytophaga] fermentans DSM 9555(T). 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the two new isolates was 97.5 % but levels of DNA-DNA relatedness between the two were 31.3-31.8 %. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two isolates and [Cytophaga] fermentans DSM 9555(T) were affiliated with the family Marinilabiliaceae in the class Bacteroidia. The dominant fatty acids of strains MEBiC 07026(T), MEBiC 08903(T) and [Cytophaga] fermentans DSM 9555(T) were branched-type or hydroxylated C15 : 0, but [Cytophaga] fermentans DSM 9555(T) contained a higher proportion of anteiso-branched fatty acids. The two new isolates contained a markedly higher proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids than other members of the family Marinilabiliaceae. The major respiratory quinone of the strains was MK-7. Strains MEBiC07026(T) and MEBiC08903(T) utilized a wide range of carboxylic acids whereas [Cytophaga] fermentans DSM 9555(T) utilized carbohydrates rather than carboxylic acids. The DNA G+C content of the novel strains was about 44 mol% but that of [Cytophaga] fermentans DSM 9555(T) revealed from the genome sequence was 37.6 mol%. Based on evidence from this polyphasic taxonomic study, a novel genus, Carboxylicivirga gen. nov., is proposed in the family Marinilabiliaceae with two novel species, Carboxylicivirga mesophila sp. nov. with type strain MEBiC 07026(T) ( = KCCM 42978(T) = JCM 18290(T)) and Carboxylicivirga taeanensis sp. nov. with type strain MEBiC 08903(T) ( = KCCM 43024(T) = JCM 19490(T)). Additionally, [Cytophaga] fermentans DSM 9555(T) ( = ATCC 19072(T)) is reclassified as Saccharicrinis fermentans gen. nov., comb. nov.

Minke whale genome and aquatic adaptation in cetaceans.

The shift from terrestrial to aquatic life by whales was a substantial evolutionary event. Here we report the whole-genome sequencing and de novo assembly of the minke whale genome, as well as the whole-genome sequences of three minke whales, a fin whale, a bottlenose dolphin and a finless porpoise. Our comparative genomic analysis identified an expansion in the whale lineage of gene families associated with stress-responsive proteins and anaerobic metabolism, whereas gene families related to body hair and sensory receptors were contracted. Our analysis also identified whale-specific mutations in genes encoding antioxidants and enzymes controlling blood pressure and salt concentration. Overall the whale-genome sequences exhibited distinct features that are associated with the physiological and morphological changes needed for life in an aquatic environment, marked by resistance to physiological stresses caused by a lack of oxygen, increased amounts of reactive oxygen species and high salt levels.

Genome of a SAR116 bacteriophage shows the prevalence of this phage type in the oceans.

The abundance, genetic diversity, and crucial ecological and evolutionary roles of marine phages have prompted a large number of metagenomic studies. However, obtaining a thorough understanding of marine phages has been hampered by the low number of phage isolates infecting major bacterial groups other than cyanophages and pelagiphages. Therefore, there is an urgent requirement for the isolation of phages that infect abundant marine bacterial groups. In this study, we isolated and characterized HMO-2011, a phage infecting a bacterium of the SAR116 clade, one of the most abundant marine bacterial lineages. HMO-2011, which infects "Candidatus Puniceispirillum marinum" strain IMCC1322, has an ~55-kb dsDNA genome that harbors many genes with novel features rarely found in cultured organisms, including genes encoding a DNA polymerase with a partial DnaJ central domain and an atypical methanesulfonate monooxygenase. Furthermore, homologs of nearly all HMO-2011 genes were predominantly found in marine metagenomes rather than cultured organisms, suggesting the novelty of HMO-2011 and the prevalence of this phage type in the oceans. A significant number of the viral metagenome sequences obtained from the ocean surface were best assigned to the HMO-2011 genome. The number of reads assigned to HMO-2011 accounted for 10.3%-25.3% of the total reads assigned to viruses in seven viromes from the Pacific and Indian Oceans, making the HMO-2011 genome the most or second-most frequently assigned viral genome. Given its ability to infect the abundant SAR116 clade and its widespread distribution, Puniceispirillum phage HMO-2011 could be an important resource for marine virus research.

Brumimicrobium mesophilum sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat sediment, and emended descriptions of the genus Brumimicrobium and Brumimicrobium glaciale.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile and orange-coloured marine bacterium, YH207(T), was isolated from a tidal flat at Yeongheung-do on the coast of the Yellow Sea, Korea. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain YH207(T) was affiliated with the family Cryomorphaceae and showed highest similarity to Brumimicrobium glaciale IC156(T) (95.4 %). Growth was observed at 11-36 °C, at pH 6.5-10.0 and with 0.4-7.0 % NaCl. The predominant cellular fatty acids when grown at 20 °C were iso-C15 : 0 (44.2 %), iso-C15 : 1 G (34.3 %), iso-C17 : 0 3-OH (8.7 %) and summed feature 3 (comprising iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and/or C16 : 1ω7c; 2.3 %). The major respiratory quinone was MK-6. Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified lipids, three unidentified aminophospholipids, one unidentified phospholipid, four unidentified aminolipids and three unidentified glycolipids were identified as major polar lipids. The DNA G+C content was 34.3 mol%. On the basis of the data from our polyphasic taxonomic study, strain YH207(T) should be classified in a novel species in the genus Brumimicrobium, for which the name Brumimicrobium mesophilum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YH207(T) ( = KCCM 42331(T)  = JCM 14063(T)). Emended descriptions of the genus Brumimicrobium and Brumimicrobium glaciale Bowman et al. 2003 are also given.

Complete genome sequence of Marinomonas bacteriophage P12026.

Members of the genus Marinomonas in the Gammaproteobacteria are broadly distributed in marine environments where they could be infected by bacteriophages. Here we report the genome sequence of bacteriophage P12026 that can lytically infect bacterial strain IMCC12026, a member of the genus Marinomonas. To our knowledge, this is the first genome sequence of a lytic bacteriophage infecting the genus Marinomonas.