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The fish diversity of Chuuk Micronesia is currently under threat due to rapid changes in the coral reef ecosystem. Thus, accurate fish identification using DNA barcodes is fundamental for exploring species biodiversity and resource protection. In this study, we analyzed 162 fish mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) barcodes from Chuuk Micronesia. Consequently, we identified 95 species from 53 genera in 26 families and seven orders. The average Kimura 2-parameter genetic distances within species, genera, families, and orders were calculated as 0.17%, 11.78%, 15.63%, and 21.90%, respectively. Also, we have utilized DNA barcodes to perform genetic divergence and phylogenetic analysis of families recognized as dominant groups in Chuuk State. Our findings confirm that DNA barcodes using COI are an effective approach in identifying coral reef fish species. We anticipate that the results of this study will provide baseline data for the protection of coral reef fish biodiversity at Chuuk Micronesia.
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BACKGROUND: The oculocardiac reflex (OCR) can be elicited during manipulation of the orbital structures in the strabismus correction surgery. A sinus bradycardia is the most common manifestation of OCR; and cardiac dysrhythmia and asystole may also occur. Various efforts to reduce OCR have been attempted, but without coherent outcome results. METHODS: Sixty one children, undergoing elective strabismus surgery, were randomly allocated into 2 groups: Group K received ketamine 1.0 mg/kg; and Group M received midazolam 0.15 mg/kg for induction of anesthesia. Anesthesia was maintained with 1-1.3 MAC of sevoflurane with 50% N2O in O2. Heart rate and blood pressure were measured 30 seconds before extraocular muscle (EOM) traction and immediately after traction. The OCR was defined as a decrease in heart rate more than 20% of the baseline heart rate, following manipulating EOM. Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and emergence agitation (EA) were assessed in postanesthetic care unit (PACU). RESULTS: Blood pressure before tightening EOM in Group K was higher than that in Group M (P < 0.05). However Δ HR (2.7 ± 15% vs. - 0.9 ± 16%) and incidence of OCR (10.0% vs. 19.4%) after traction an EOM were not different between the two groups. The occurrence of PONV (6.7 vs. 9.7%) and EA (30.0% vs. 22.6%) were similar. CONCLUSIONS: Ketamine does not reduce the incidence of OCR compared with midazolam in pediatric strabismus surgery. In addition, ketamine does not increase the incidence of PONV and EA. In conclusion, it is reliable to use ketamine in pediatric strabismus surgery.
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BACKGROUND: Gentamicin reduces acetylcholine release and clindamycin causes end-plate ion channel blockade. Because of these reasons, two drugs show muscular relaxant effect and potentiate the action of nondepolarizing neuromuscular agents. This study was intended to evaluate the effect of gentamicin and clindamycin on rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade and the interaction between these drugs. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats' phrenic nerves and diaphragms were installed in a bath containing Krebs solution. They were divided into three study groups. The first group was pre-treated with 0.1 (n = 3), 0.2 (n = 4) or 0.5 (n = 3) mM gentamicin and the tension was measured as the concentration of rocuronium was increased. The second group was experimented by increasing gentamicin on 0.25 (n = 5), 0.5 (n = 6) or 1.0 (n = 6) mM clindamycin. The final group was pre-treated with various combinations of gentamicin and clindamycin. The drug concentration was gradually increased until single twitch tension decreased by around 80%. Effective concentration was calculated using a probit model and interaction indices derived the Loewe additivity. RESULTS: The administration of gentamicin and the combination of gentamicin and clindamycin enhanced rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade. At 0.2 and 0.5 mM gentamicin, synergistic interactions with rocuronium were observed. Likewise, at 0.5 and 1.0 mM clindamycin, synergistic interactions with gentamicin appeared. When all three drugs were combined, in the tetanic fade, all the groups except for those administered with 0.01 mM gentamicin and 0.25 mM clindamycin showed synergistic interactions. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrate that gentamicin and clindamycin potentiated rocuronium induced neuromuscular blockade. Moreover, it was found that these drugs interacted synergistically.
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BACKGROUND: Etomidate has a stable hemodynamic profile after induction, but hypertension and tachycardia are frequent after intubation as well as myoclonus. We compared the effects of fentanyl and remifentanil on the hemodynamic response to intubation and myoclonus during etomidate induction in elderly patients. METHODS: Ninety ASA I or II patients aged over 65 were randomly assigned to 3 groups. Group C received normal saline 10 ml (n = 30), group F and R were pretreated with fentanyl 1.0 µg/kg (n = 30) or remifentanil 1.0 µg/kg with continuous infusion of 0.1 µg/kg/min (n = 30) 1 min before induction with etomidate 0.2 mg/kg. Endotracheal intubation was performed after administration of rocuronium 0.8 mg/kg. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean arterial pressure, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), and the incidence and intensity of myoclonus were recorded. RESULTS: After intubation, group R showed significant decreases compared with groups C and F for all of the hemodynamic variables measured. The incidences of increases in SBP and HR of more than 30% of the baseline levels, SBP of > 200 mmHg, and HR of > 120 beats/min were significantly lower in group R (0%, 10%, 0%, and 0%, respectively) compared with groups C (83%, 83%, 30%, and 13%, respectively) and F (63%, 77%, 13%, and 7%, respectively). The frequency and intensity of myoclonus were significantly decreased in both groups F and R compared with group C. CONCLUSIONS: Pretreatment with remifentanil suppressed cardiovascular reactions to endotracheal intubation more effectively than that of fentanyl during etomidate induction. Both opioids reduced the incidence of myoclonus.