CeRA-eSP: Code-Expanded Random Access to Enhance Success Probability of Massive MTC.

With the growing interest in the Internet of Things (IoT), research on massive machine-type communication (mMTC) services is being actively promoted. Because mMTC services are required to serve a large number of devices simultaneously, a lack of resources during initial access can be a significant problem when providing mMTC services in cellular networks. Various studies on efficient preamble transmission have been conducted to solve the random access problem of mMTC services. However, supporting a large number of devices simultaneously with limited resources is a challenging problem. In this study, we investigate code-expanded random access (CeRA), which extends the limited preamble resources to the code domain to decrease the high collision rate. To solve the existing CeRA phantom codeword and physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) resource shortage problems, we propose an optimal preamble codeword set selection algorithm based on mathematical analysis. The simulation results indicate that the proposed code-expanded random access scheme to enhance success probability (CeRA-eSP) achieves a higher random access success rate with a lower access delay compared to the existing random access schemes.

Anti-Fatigue Activity of a Mixture of Stauntonia hexaphylla (Thunb.) Decaisne and Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb. Fruit Extract.

Stauntonia hexaphylla (Thunb.) Decaisne and Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb. are commonly used in traditional herbal medicine and food and both exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Herein, hot-water extracts of Stauntonia hexaphylla (Thunb.) Decaisne and Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb. fruits (1:1 mixture) were used to produce a complex extract NET-1601. The anti-fatigue activity of NET-1601 was evaluated in an in vitro oxidative stress model induced by treating C2C12 myotubes with H2O2. An exhaustive swimming test (EST) in vivo model was established using ICR mice. NET-1601-treated C2C12 myotubes (50, 100, and 200 mg/mL) with H2O2-induced oxidative stress displayed significantly increased cell viability and ATP content, but significantly decreased levels of reactive oxygen species. All NET-1601-treated EST models demonstrated significantly higher maximum swimming rates than control mice. Furthermore, serum lactate, lactate dehydrogenase activity, non-esterified fatty acid, and intramuscular glycogen levels were higher in NET-1601-treated mice than in control mice. In addition, mRNA levels of regulatory factors involved in muscle mitochondrial fatty acid ß-oxidation increased upon NET-1601 treatment. Moreover, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, and liver glutathione content, and antioxidant activity were higher in NET-1601-treated mice than in control mice. Reduced malondialdehyde levels indicated that NET-1601 treatment inhibited exercise-induced lipid peroxidation. Together, these results suggest that NET-1601 retains antioxidant enzyme activity during oxidative stress, simultaneously enhancing both muscle function via glycogen and fatty acid oxidation, thereby exerting a positive effect on recovery from fatigue.

The impact of a dose of the angiotensin receptor blocker valsartan on post-myocardial infarction ventricular remodelling.

AIMS: Although clinical guidelines advocate the use of the highest tolerated dose of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers after acute myocardial infarction (MI), the optimal dosing or the risk-benefit profile of different doses have not been fully identified. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this multicentre trial, 495 Korean patients with acute ST segment elevation MI and subnormal left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (<50%) were randomly allocated (2:1) to receive maximal tolerated dose of valsartan (titrated up to 320 mg/day, n = 333) or low-dose valsartan (80 mg/day, n = 162) treatment. The primary objective was to assess the changes in echocardiographic parameters of LV remodelling from baseline to 12 months after discharge. After treatment, end-diastolic LV volume (LVEDV) decreased significantly in the low-dose group, but the difference in LVEDV changes was insignificant between the maximal-tolerated-dose and low-dose groups. End-systolic LV volume decreased significantly in both groups, to a similar degree between groups. LV ejection fraction rose significantly in both study groups, to a similar degree. Changes in plasma levels of neurohormones were also comparable between the two groups. Drug-related adverse effects occurred more frequently in the maximal-tolerated-dose group than in the low-dose group (7.96 vs. 0.69%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, treatment with the maximal tolerated dose of valsartan did not exhibit a superior effect on post-MI LV remodelling compared with low-dose treatment and was associated with a greater frequency of adverse effect in Korean patients. Further study with a sufficient number of cases and statistical power is warranted to verify the findings of the present study.