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Background: This scoping review examined the concept and scope of appropriateness of antimicrobial prescribing in the community setting and how it has been measured. Methods: Utilizing the Joanna Briggs Institute's methodology, we appraised peer-reviewed articles and unpublished studies, focusing on the US, UK, Canada, and Australia, with no limit to date. Results: Four basic components of antimicrobial prescribing to be evaluated during assessment of antimicrobial appropriateness in the community setting were identified: diagnosis for infection or indication for antimicrobial therapy, choice of antimicrobial therapy, dosing, and duration of therapy. The benchmark for definition of appropriateness is crucial in assessing antimicrobial prescribing appropriateness. The use of recommended guidelines as a benchmark is the standard for appropriate antimicrobial therapy, and when necessary, susceptibility testing should be explored. Conclusions: Studies evaluating the appropriateness of antimicrobial prescribing should assess these components of antimicrobial prescribing, and this should be clearly stated in the aim and objectives of the study.
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INTRODUCTION: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-containing regimens in the treatment of HIV-infected children have safety concerns with respect to renal and bone toxicity. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to systematically review and critically appraise the literature relating to the reported renal and bone adverse effects of TDF-based regimens in the treatment of HIV-infected children from 2 to 19 years old. METHODS: Searches were performed using the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), MEDLINE, OvidSP, ScienceDirect and Web of Science databases and platforms. All primary studies involving tenofovir use in HIV-infected children were sought. Studies that involved the use of TDF for pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection were excluded. Data on study characteristics, participant's characteristics, therapeutic intervention and adverse effects were extracted using a piloted tool. In addition, pharmacovigilance data from the WHO Adverse Reaction database were included. RESULTS: We identified 19 studies that reported the presence of renal and bone adverse effects of TDF and these included a total of 1100 study participants. The reports were in distinctly heterogeneous participant groups. A total of 287 renal and bone adverse effects were reported (250 renal and 37 bone adverse effects). Approximately 238 (21.6 %) participants were affected by these adverse effects. Of these, 15 participants stopped their TDF-containing regimen due to these adverse effects. In addition, the pharmacovigilance data from the WHO Adverse Reaction database reported 101 renal and bone adverse effects for patients whose indication was HIV/AIDS. CONCLUSION: This systematic review summarises the reports of renal and bone adverse effects of a TDF-containing regimen in the treatment of HIV-infected children. Our findings suggest that the benefits of using TDF in children need to be balanced against the potential risk of toxicity.