Prevalence and secular trends in premetabolic syndrome in the United States: Findings from 1999-2020 nationally representative data of adults.

PURPOSE: Although Premetabolic syndrome (PeMetSyn) is a precursor for metabolic syndrome (MetSyn), its prevalence and trends are unknown. This study examined the prevalence and trends in PreMetSyn and its association with sociodemographic risk factors in American adults. METHODS: The 1999-2000 to 2017-2020 United States National Health and Nutritional Health Surveys (NHANES) data were used. PreMetSyn was defined as co-occurrence two cardiometabolic risk factors consisting of abdominal obesity, elevated triglycerides, reduced HDL-C, elevated blood pressure, and fasting plasma glucose. We calculated sex-specific overall prevalence of PreMetSyn and by race/ethnicity, age, education, poverty, and body mass index (BMI) categories. Sex-specific logistic regression models were used to test the association between sociodemographic risk factors and PreMetSyn. RESULTS: From 1999 - 2000 to 2017-2020, the age-adjusted overall prevalence of PreMetSyn increased by 155.4% (from 9.2% to 23.5%) in men and by 131.3% (from 11.2% to 25.9%) in women. Increases in prevalence of PreMetSyn were observed by race/ethnicity, age, education, poverty and BMI levels in men and women from 1999-2000 to 2017-2020. Survey cycle, race/ethnicity, age, education, poverty-income ratio, and BMI were independently associated with greater odds of PreMetSyn in males and females. During this period, the co-occurrence of abdominal obesity and elevated blood pressure was the most common comorbidity and increased from 20.6% to 30.8% in men and from 27.8% to 36.1% in women. CONCLUSIONS: This nationally representative study indicates a rapid increase from 1999-2000 to 2017-2020 in the proportion of American adults who meet the criteria for PreMetSyn. Early identification of subjects with PreMetSyn in the U.S. is a public health priority for initiating effective strategies to prevent the development of MetSyn and its associated chronic diseases.

Biological sex disparity in survival outcomes following treatment for renal cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a type of kidney cancer has biological sex-based differences that play a role in cancer incidence. Specifically, the incidence of urinary system cancers in men is two times greater than in women, while the incidence of genital cancers is three times greater. There is conflicting epidemiologic and limited evidence in the literature to suggest apparent biological sex discrepancy. The primary objective of this review and meta-analysis is to synthesize evidence to understand biological sex disparity in the survival outcomes of RCC following any treatment intervention. METHODS: A three-step search strategy was utilized in this review. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO databases for manuscript on biological sex differences in treatment outcomes. Study screening, critical appraisal, and data extraction were executed independently by pairs of reviewers among co-authors. Studies that had any form of treatment modality in the management of RCC were included. Study designs included observational studies in the form of prospective and retrospective studies that utilized cox proportional hazard assumption to conduct survival analysis. The data synthesis was carried out using the R metafor software package (Software version of 1.2.8) and Microsoft Office Excel 2019 package (Microsoft Corporation, USA). The random effects model was estimated using restricted maximum likelihood estimation (REML). Data synthesis included narrative review and meta-analysis. RESULTS: We had 23 eligible studies for this review. On review of the full text, 35 studies were excluded due to irrelevances to measure estimates utilized. Finally, 12 studies were selected for the meta-analysis with a total of n = 21,2453 individuals. Females had a better survival outcome following a treatment intervention for RCC than their male counterpart [Mean effect size = -0.1737 (95 % CI: -0.2524, -0.0949)]. CONCLUSION: Females were more likely to be cancer free than their male counterpart following treatment for RCC. This finding will inform appropriate decision making for stakeholders.

Waiting times disparities for medication-assisted therapy among opioid use disorder treatment population in the United States.

Opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment has been described as beneficial in reducing the burden of OUD and its related complications. Thus far, there is a paucity of literature on the time-to-treatment differences from the period of seeking treatment to when the patient starts treatment. Hence, it is deemed a form of barrier to the accessibility of OUD treatment programs. We aim to study the relationship between accessibility for medication-assisted treatment and the disparity concerning days waiting to enter OUD treatment. The treatment episode data set (TEDS) was utilized for this study. The full sample of 2018 TEDS-D (N = 382,547) is representative of OUD patients that utilized SUD treatment facilities within the 50 states of the United States. Univariate and multivariable logistic analysis of the independent variables, and other covariates with the dependent variables were explored to estimate the adjusted odds ratio relationship. Medication-assisted opioid therapy use among respondents was significantly different with waiting 1-7 days [AOR = 1.321 (95% CI = 1.248-1.400)] and >7 days [AOR = 0.729 (95% CI = 0.665-0.799)] to enter OUD treatment compared to waiting for less than a day. Among adults seeking OUD treatment admissions, our study showed that waiting times vary with MAT use as there was early entry compared to >1week wait time. Similarly, significant associations were reported across different sociodemographic attributes except for biological sex.

Comorbid Substance Use and Mental Health Disorders: Prior Treatment/Admission as a Predictor of Criminal Arrest Among American Youths.

BACKGROUND: There is a dearth of literature with regards to substance use disorder (SUD) treatment outcomes and criminal arrest relationships. AIM: We aimed to examine the association between criminal arrest within a month prior to SUD treatment admissions among 12- to 24-year-old Americans and the role of recurrent or prior SUD treatment. METHODS: The 2017 United States Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Treatment Episode Data Set - Admissions (TEDS-A; N = 333,322) was used for this analysis. Prevalence odds ratios from the multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine associations between recurrent or prior SUD treatment and criminal arrest one month before admission, adjusting for selected independent variables. RESULTS: Prior history of SUD treatment remained associated with past criminal arrest (adjusted OR = 0.972; 95% CI: 0.954-0.991; P = 0.004) after adjusting for gender, marital status, employment status, and source of income. Comorbid SUD-mental disorder was associated with past criminal arrest (adjusted OR = 1.046; 95% CI: 1.010-1.083; P = 0.012) after adjusting for gender, marital status, employment status, education, and source of income. CONCLUSION: Our study shows that there is a protective association between history of previous substance treatment re-admissions and its relationship with criminal arrest one month before admission.

Biological sex disparity in survival outcomes following treatment for renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review protocol.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review will assess the biological sex disparity in survival outcomes following treatment for renal cell carcinoma and analyze the estimates of biological sex disparity outcomes following supposed or proposed curative treatment. INTRODUCTION: Renal cell carcinoma is a type of kidney cancer. There is a lack of conformity in the literature on the biological sex disparity in survival outcomes after treatment. This review will help inform the decision-making of clinicians, health care administrators, policy makers, public health workers, and pharmaceutical/biotechnology researchers in predicting positive outcomes following treatment. INCLUSION CRITERIA: The review will consider prospective and retrospective studies on any form of treatment for renal cell carcinoma. The Cox proportional hazard assumption will be used to conduct survival analysis. Hazard rates of participants' survivability across biological sex will also be reported. METHODS: A three-step search strategy will be used. First, a limited search of MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO was conducted and text words in the title, abstract, and index terms were analyzed. Second, a search using identified keywords and index terms will be tailored for all included databases. Third, the reference lists of all included reports and articles will be screened to search for additional studies. There will be no language or date restrictions. Papers not written in English but with a professional translated copy will be included. Study screening, critical appraisal, and data extraction will be conducted independently by pairs of reviewers. Data synthesis will include narrative review and meta-analysis, if appropriate. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO CRD42020195721.

Allostatic load, metabolic syndrome and self-rated health in overweight/obese Non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black and Mexican American adults.

AIM: This study examined the associations of high allostatic load (h_ALS) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) with and self-rated poor health (SRPH) in overweight/obese non-Hispanic White (NHW), non-Hispanic Black (NHB), and Mexican American (MA) adults. METHODS: The 2015-16 and 2017-18 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (n = 4403) were used for this study. RESULTS: Rates of h_ALS in overweight/obese NHW, NHW, and MA participants were 56.9%, 58.8%, and 51.9%, respectively (P < .05). The corresponding rates for MetS were 26.9%, 31.9%, and 46.5%, respectively. High ALS was associated with 2.19 (95% CI: 1.87-4.59), 1.82 (1.42-2.58), and 1.47 (95% CI: 1.08-1.64) increased odds of SRPH in overweight/obese NHW, NHB, and MA, respectively, after adjusting for age, education, gender, income, lifestyle behaviors, and marital status. The corresponding values for MetS were 1.86 (95% CI: 1.54-2.40), 2.77 (95% CI: 1.36-5.63), and 1.22 (95% CI: 1.06-2.32), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of h_ALS on SRPH was much stronger in NHW, while the effect of MetS was strongest among NHB overweight/obese adults. The result of this study provides further evidence in favor of race/ethnic-tailored interventions, including education and weight control to reduced risks of bodywear and tear and SRPH.

Lifestyle Modification Practices and Drug Prescription Use in Elderly Americans with Metabolic Syndrome: A Nationwide Population-Based Study.

AIM: To determine differences in lifestyle modification practices and use of prescription drugs in a representative sample of Mexican American (MA), non-Hispanic White (NHW), and non-Hispanic Black (NHB) elderly Americans with metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS: Data from the United States National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys were used in this study. Lifestyle modification practices include ongoing physical activity, weight control, and ongoing diet modifications. Prescription drugs include anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, lipid-lowering, insulin sensitizers, renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers, fibrates, and cilostazol. Race/ethnic-specific prevalence odds ratios from the multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine associations between selected independent variables and MetS control (defined as the use of lifestyle modification practices or prescription drugs), adjusting for covariates. RESULTS: The rates of ongoing weight control (73.4% versus 68.1% in MA and 66.3% in NHW) and diet modification practices (78.1% versus 77.4% in MA and 66.7% in NHW) were higher among NHB, and rate of ongoing physical activity (61.8% versus 52.8% in NHW and 56.4% in NHB) was higher among MA participants compared to their other racial/ethnic elderly counterparts (P < 0.001). Lipid-lowering and insulin-sensitizing drugs were the most commonly used prescription drugs in the last 30 days. The prevalence of nonuse of lifestyle modification practices or prescription drugs for MetS management was 15.1%, 21.3%, and 12.7% in MA, NHW, and NHB participants, respectively. MA, NHB race/ethnicity, a higher level of education, and increased BMI were significantly associated with increased odds of MetS control. Lack of drug prescription insurance and increased age were associated with decreased odds of MetS control. CONCLUSIONS: Given the clinical importance of MetS, improving knowledge-based health decisions relative to lifestyle modification practices is very important. Moreover, sources of low-cost medications that links elderly patients with drug prescription coverage programs may help to improve the management of MetS.

Surrogate indexes of insulin resistance and risk of metabolic syndrome in non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black and Mexican American.

AIM: To compare the strength of associations between surrogate indexes of insulin resistance (sIR) and risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in non-Hispanic White (NHW), non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and Mexican American (MA) adults. METHODS: The 2013-2016 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (n = 3435) were used for this study. The associations between sIR that includes Triglyceride/HDL cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C), triglyceride glucose (TG) index, visceral adiposity index (VAI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), TG-body mass index (TG-BMI), and TG-waist circumference (TG-WC) and risk for MetS were determined using the prevalence odds ratio (OR) from the logistic regression analyses. Pseudo-R-squared tests were used to estimate the proportion of variance in MetS accounted for by each sIR. Akaike Information Criterion and Bayesian Information Criterion from the multinomial logistic regression analysis were used to compare models that included each sIR and its components separately as predictors of MetS. Areas under curves (AUC) from the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) were used to detect their diagnostic capabilities. RESULTS: Compared with other sIR, TG-WC (AUC = 0.899; 95% CI: 0.884-0.913 in NHW) and (AUC = 0.893; 95% CI:0.871-0.915 in NHB), and LAP (AUC = 877; 95% CI: 0.861-0.894 in MA) exhibited the highest diagnostic and predictive accuracy for MetS. Compared with other sIR, TG-WC (OR = 22.8; 95% CI:16.6-31.0 in NHW) and (OR = 22.7; 95% CI:13.1-39.3 in NHB), and LAP (OR = 10.6; 95%:6.6-17.0 in MA) were most significantly associated with increased odds of MetS, adjusting for eGFR, age, marital status, CHD, CHF, income, education, physical activity, alcohol use, smoking and use of cholesterol-lowering medication. CONCLUSIONS: TG-WC in NHW and NHB, and LAP in MA are more powerful than other proxies of IR in predicting MetS. TG-WC and LAP can serve as adjunctive tools for screening for MetS in NHW, NHB, and MA.

Chronic medical conditions based obesity phenotypes: A two-step cluster analysis of a representative sample of obese American adults.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Although obesity is a heterogeneous disease, little is known regarding chronic medical conditions (CMCs) that defines variability in obese populations. The characterization of obese populations using CMCs rather than categorization using BMI alone can advance understanding of obesity. The aims of this study are to phenotype obesity in a large representative sample of non-Hispanic White (NHW), non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and Mexican American (MA) obese adults using CMCs, and assess relationship between resulting phenotypes and self-rated health (SRH). METHODS: Sex-specific two-step cluster analysis was used to phenotype obese participants (n = 12,547) to CMC-based clusters. The prevalence of CMCs and lifestyle risk factors in each cluster was assessed. Sex and race/ethnic specific association between cluster membership and SRH was determined using odds ratio (OR) from logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Distinct subgroups of obese men and women were observed: moderate dyslipidemic healthy young obese men, hypertensive-dyslipidemic middle-age obese men, hypertensive young obese men, hypertensive-dyslipidemic-asthmatic middle-age obese men, and syndemic elderly obese men, healthy young obese women, hypertensive-dyslipidemic middle-age obese women, dyslipidemic young adult obese women, syndemic middle-age obese women, and syndemic elderly obese women. Participants in the more CMCs symptomatic clusters reported high rates of behavioral risk factors and showed significantly greater odds of poor SRH than participants in the less symptomatic clusters. Compared to obese persons who are asymptomatic for CMCs, syndemic elderly obese and women men had much higher increased ORs for poor SRH with values of 3.88 [95% CI = 2.41-6.26], 3.96 [95% CI = 1.86-8.30] and 7.25 [95% CI = 2.41-9.6] for NHW, NHB and MA men, respectively. The corresponding ORs for women are 4.08 [95% CI = 2.71-6.14], 4.01 [95% CI = 2.40-6.69], and 2.62 [95% CI = 1.32-5.19], respectively. CONCLUSION: Obesity treatment and intervention should consider heterogeneity within obese persons and pay greater attention to obesity related co-morbidities and metabolic manifestations.

Cluster analysis of multiple chronic conditions associated with urinary incontinence among women in the USA.

OBJECTIVE: To identify patterns of prevalent chronic medical conditions among women with urinary incontinence (UI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We combined cross-sectional data from the 2005-2006 to 2011-2012 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, and identified 3 800 women with UI and data on 12 chronic conditions. Types of UI included stress UI (SUI), urgency UI (UUI), and mixed stress and urgency UI (MUI). We categorized UI as mild, moderate or severe using validated measures. We performed a two-step cluster analysis to identify patterns between clusters for UI type and severity. We explored associations between clusters by UI subtype and severity, controlling for age, education, race/ethnicity, parity, hysterectomy status and adiposity in weighted regression analyses. RESULTS: Eleven percent of women with UI had no chronic conditions. Among women with UI who had at least one additional condition, four distinct clusters were identified: (i) cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk-younger; (ii) asthma-predominant; (iii) CVD risk-older; and (iv) multiple chronic conditions (MCC). In comparison to women with UI and no chronic diseases, women in the CVD risk-younger (age 46.7 ± 15.8 years) cluster reported the highest rate of SUI and mild UI severity. In the asthma-predominant cluster (age 51.5 ± 10.2 years), women had more SUI and MUI and more moderate UI severity. Women in the CVD risk-older cluster (age 57.9 ± 13.4 years) had the highest rate of UUI, along with more severe UI. Women in the MCC cluster (age 61.0 ± 14.8 years) had the highest rates of MUI and the highest rate of moderate/severe UI. CONCLUSIONS: Women with UI rarely have no additional chronic conditions. Four patterns of chronic conditions emerged with differences by UI type and severity. Identification of women with mild UI and modifiable conditions may inform future prevention efforts.

The impact of IV alteplase on long-term patient survival: The Georgia Coverdell acute stroke registry's experience.

INTRODUCTION: Intravenous alteplase reduces disability and improves functionality among acute ischemic stroke patients. Two decades after its approval, only a small fraction of patients get the treatment, and demonstrating its impact on mortality may make a strong case for its wider use. This study assessed the impact of thrombolytic treatment by alteplase on 1-year mortality and readmission among acute ischemic stroke patients. METHOD: The 2008-2013 Georgia Coverdell Acute Stroke Registry data were linked with the 2008-2013 hospital discharge and the 2008-2014 death data in Georgia. Multiple imputation was applied; a propensity score measuring the probability of receiving intravenous alteplase was calculated and used for matching. A conditional logistic regression was applied to compare 1-year mortality and readmission among propensity score matched pairs. RESULTS: Overall, 20.3% of 9620 acute ischemic stroke patients died and 22.4% were readmitted in one year. The multivariable regression result showed that patients who did not receive IV alteplase had a 1.49 (95%CI: 1.09-2.04; p-value=0.01) times higher odds of dying at one year than those who were treated with the thrombolytic agent. Among patients discharged home, no statistically significant difference was documented in the odds of being readmitted at least once within 365days post-stroke discharge. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: After accounting for patient differences and missing value, intravenous alteplase is associated with reduction in long-term mortality. The results of this study suggest that patients who are identified as eligible for intravenous alteplase need to be offered the treatment.

Quality of Care and Its Impact on One-Year Mortality: The Georgia Coverdell Acute Stroke Registry.

Although performance measures help monitor the process change in quality improvement, their utility in measuring long-term outcomes is uncertain. This study assessed the 1-year mortality of acute ischemic stroke patients treated by hospitals participating in the Georgia Coverdell Acute Stroke Registry. Using 10 nationally approved performance measures, quality of care was defined both as an all-or-none measure (defect-free care) and as a composite index. A generalized estimating equation was applied to assess the effect of quality of care on 1-year mortality. Defect-free care did not serve the purpose; however, the composite measure showed that patients who received the lowest and intermediate quality care, respectively, had a 3.94 (95% confidence interval: 3.27, 4.75; P < .0001) and a 1.38 (95% confidence interval: 1.12, 1.62; P = .002) times higher odds of dying in 1 year compared to those who got the best-quality stroke care. Therefore, hospitals should be encouraged to implement quality improvement activities for better long-term patient outcome.

Effect of marijuana use on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular mortality: A study using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey linked mortality file.

Background Reports associate marijuana use with cardiovascular emergencies. Studies relating marijuana use to cardiovascular mortality are scarce. Recent advance towards marijuana use legalization emphasizes the importance of understanding relationships between marijuana use and cardiovascular deaths; the primary ranked mortality. Recreational marijuana is primarily smoked; we hypothesize that like cigarette smoking, marijuana use will be associated with increased cardiovascular mortalities. Design The design of this study was based on a mortality follow-up. Method We linked participants aged 20 years and above, who responded to questions on marijuana use during the 2005 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to data from the 2011 public-use linked mortality file of the National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Only participants eligible for mortality follow-up were included. We conducted Cox proportional hazards regression analyses to estimate hazard ratios for hypertension, heart disease, and cerebrovascular mortality due to marijuana use. We controlled for cigarette smoking and other relevant variables. Results Of the 1213 eligible participants 72.5% were presumed to be alive. The total follow-up time was 19,569 person-years. Adjusted hazard ratios for death from hypertension among marijuana users compared to non-marijuana users was 3.42 (95% confidence interval: 1.20-9.79) and for each year of marijuana use was 1.04 (95% confidence interval: 1.00-1.07). Conclusion From our results, marijuana use may increase the risk for hypertension mortality. Increased duration of marijuana use is associated with increased risk of death from hypertension. Recreational marijuana use potentially has cardiovascular adverse effects which needs further investigation.

Systemic F2-Isoprostane Levels in Predisposition to Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: Emphasis on Racial Differences.

This review focuses on racial differences in systemic levels of lipid peroxidation markers F2-isoprostanes as metabolic characteristics predisposing to obesity and type 2 diabetes. Elevated levels F2-isoprostanes were found in obesity, type 2 diabetes and their comorbidities. It was hypothesized that increased F2-isoprostane levels reflect the obesity-induced oxidative stress that promotes the development of type 2 diabetes. However, African Americans have lower levels of systemic F2-isoprostane levels despite their predisposition to obesity and type 2 diabetes. The review summarizes new findings from epidemiological studies and a novel interpretation of metabolic determinants of systemic F2-isoprostane levels as a favorable phenotype. Multiple observations indicate that systemic F2-isoprostane levels reflect intensity of oxidative metabolism, a major endogenous source of reactive oxygen species, and specifically, the intensity of fat utilization. Evidence from multiple human studies proposes that targeting fat metabolism can be a productive race-specific strategy to address the existing racial health disparities. Urinary F2-isoprostanes may provide the basis for targeted interventions to prevent obesity and type 2 diabetes among populations of African descent.

Length of Residence in the United States is Associated With a Higher Prevalence of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Immigrants: A Contemporary Analysis of the National Health Interview Survey.

BACKGROUND: Cardiometabolic risk (CMR) factors including hypertension, overweight/obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia are high among United States ethnic minorities, and the immigrant population continues to burgeon. METHODS AND RESULTS: Hypothesizing that acculturation (length of residence) would be associated with a higher prevalence of CMR factors, the authors analyzed data on 54, 984 US immigrants in the 2010-2014 National Health Interview Surveys. The main predictor was length of residence. The outcomes were hypertension, overweight/obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. The authors used multivariable logistic regression to examine the association between length of US residence and these CMR factors.The mean (SE) age of the patients was 43 (0.12) years and half were women. Participants residing in the United States for ≥10 years were more likely to have health insurance than those with <10 years of residence (70% versus 54%, P<0.001). After adjusting for region of birth, poverty income ratio, age, and sex, immigrants residing in the United States for ≥10 years were more likely to be overweight/obese (odds ratio [OR], 1.19; 95% CI, 1.10-1.29), diabetic (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.17-1.73), and hypertensive (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.05-1.32) than those residing in the United States for <10 years. CONCLUSIONS: In an ethnically diverse sample of US immigrants, acculturation was associated with CMR factors. Culturally tailored public health strategies should be developed in US immigrant populations to reduce CMR.

Diagnostic performance of glycated hemoglobin for diabetic retinopathy in non-diabetic older overweight/obese African-Americans.

OBJECTIVES: Although clinicians do not routinely screen for diabetic retinopathy in non-diabetic patients, previous studies have shown that diabetic retinopathy can occur in patients with prediabetes. However, due to the limitations of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in overweight/obese subjects, African-Americans and older adults, little is known about the correlation between HbA1c and diabetic retinopathy in non-diabetic older overweight/obese African-Americans. The aims of this study were to determine the association between HbA1c and diabetic retinopathy, and the optimal diagnostic threshold of HbA1c that predicts diabetic retinopathy in non-diabetic older overweight/obese African-Americans. METHODS: The 2005-2012 data from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) were utilized for this study. Prevalence odds ratios from logistic regression analyses were used to estimate risks of diabetic retinopathy across HbA1c categories, adjusting for age, sex, and hypertension. Receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine diagnostic cutoff point of HbA1c for prevalent diabetic retinopathy. RESULTS: There were gradients of increasing prevalence and odds of diabetic retinopathy with increasing HbA1c in non-diabetic overweight/obese African-Americans 50years of age and older. HbA1c cut-off point of 5.2% (AUC=.726, 95% CI=0.696-0.756) was found to maximize sensitivity [93.5%; 95% CI: 83.2-95.7] for diabetic retinopathy, though specificity [22.1%; 95% CI 19.9-32.8] was low. CONCLUSION: Current criteria for diagnosis of prediabetes are effective in identifying many older overweight/obese African Americans with diabetic retinopathy. Based on our analysis, a lower HbA1c of 5.2% could serve as a more sensitive cutoff point for defining prediabetes in this population subgroup.

Impact of a Quality Improvement Intervention to Increase Brief Alcohol and Drug Interventions on a Level I Trauma Service.

Screening and brief intervention (SBI) decreases alcohol use and related consequences among trauma patients. Although SBI is required in Level I and II trauma centers, implementation often is difficult. This study used the Plan-Do-Study-Act approach to identify and implement measures to increase the number of patients receiving SBI at a Level I trauma center. A multidisciplinary Quality Improvement Committee with representation from the Trauma Service and SBI Team met monthly during 2011. Stepwise interventions included identifying a resident "champion" responsible for screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment, including an SBI report at monthly trauma conferences, and incorporating SBI into the trauma order set. Outcomes measures were number of patients screened, patients screening positive, and the number of patients receiving SBI. At baseline, 170 of 362 patients (47%) were screened, 68/170 (40%) had positive screens, and 30/68 (44% of those with positive screens) received SBI services. Quarter 2 saw increases in patients screened-275/437 (63%), patients screening positive (106/275; 39%) and those receiving SBI (60/106; 57%). Increases culminated in Quarter 4 with screening 401/466 (86%; P < 0.001) patients, 208/401 (52%; P < 0.001) patients screening positive, and 114 patients (55%; P = 0.296) receiving services. Use of similar quality improvement measures nationwide could improve rates of provision of this important service.

A cross-sectional analysis of the association between marijuana and cigarette smoking with metabolic syndrome among adults in the United States.

AIM: To assess the relationship between marijuana use, cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome among adults in the United States who reported they use marijuana or cigarettes in comparison to non-marijuana and non-cigarette users. METHOD: We conducted multiple logistic regression analyses using data from the 2011-2012 United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to estimate relationships between cardio-metabolic risk factors and increasing years of smoking cigarette or marijuana use. Statistical adjustments were made for both demographic and endogenous factors related to recreational substance use. RESULTS: Each year increase in marijuana use was significantly associated with increased odds of metabolic syndrome (OR=1.05; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.09), and hypertension (OR=1.04; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.07) adjusting for both demographic and endogenous factors related to recreational substance use. Each year increase in cigarette smoking was significantly associated with increased odds of hypertension (OR=1.03; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.06) and hyperglycemia (OR=1.03; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.05) after adjusting for confounders. CONCLUSION: The results of this investigation suggest that increased years of marijuana or cigarette use are important factors in metabolic health; and consequently calls for the need to consider the potential negative effects of marijuana or cigarette for metabolic syndrome and its associated cardio-metabolic risk components.