Scoping review protocol on the perception and attitude of women on methods for collecting cervicovaginal samples for human papillomavirus testing in sub-Saharan Africa.

INTRODUCTION: Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) regions have the highest burden of cervical cancer (CC), accounting for nearly a quarter of global mortality. Many women in SSA are reluctant to access CC screening because they are uncomfortable exposing their private parts to healthcare providers. The perception of women who have experienced self-sampling in SSA is yet to be reviewed. This scoping review will explore the literature on the perception and attitude of women towards methods of collecting cervicovaginal samples for human papillomavirus (HPV) testing in SSA. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: An extensive search using the Arksey and O'Malley framework will be conducted. The search criteria will be limited to original research conducted in community or clinical settings in SSA within the last 10 years. Four databases, namely, PUBMED, Cochrane, African Journals Online and Google Scholar, will be searched. Two independent persons (UIAB and DOO) will screen the titles and abstracts and later full texts using population, intervention, comparison and outcome criteria. IOMB will serve as a tiebreaker whenever there is no agreement on the choice of eligibility criteria. The screening process will be presented using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for the scoping review flow format. The descriptive analysis of eligible studies for scoping reviews will be summarised. We will describe themes of attitude and perception covering pain, embarrassment, privacy and comfortability, willingness to self-sample, anxiety and confidence. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This is a scoping review protocol and does not require ethical approval. Findings from this review will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, the production of policy briefs, and presentations at local and international conferences.

Effect of grand multiparity on adverse maternal outcomes: A prospective cohort study.

Background: Grand multiparity remains a risk factor for a wide range of obstetric complications, especially in developing countries. Grand multiparity has been shown to increase the risks of medical and obstetric complications during pregnancies. However, in a research setting, the risk factors associated with adverse maternal outcomes have yet to be adequately investigated among grand multiparity. Furthermore, there is limited information that examines the effect of grand multiparity on pregnancy outcomes in Ethiopia through prospective follow-up design. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of grand multiparity on pregnancy outcomes in selected public hospitals in the Sidama Region State of Ethiopia. Methods: A prospective cohort study design was employed on 837 pregnant women who were admitted for delivery in selected public hospitals from January 1 to August 31, 2021. The study subjects were recruited during admission for labor and delivery. Every woman who was admitted to labor wards was screened for eligibility. The exposed group in this cohort was grand multiparity, and the non-exposed group was multiparity. Data collection was started from the first contact after admission and follow-up to discharge for adverse maternal outcomes. The risk factors for adverse maternal outcomes in grand multiparity were investigated using multivariable Poisson regression analysis. The risk factor was reported as an adjusted risk ratio (ARR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). When the P-value was <0.05, statistical significance was declared. Results: The cohort's overall cumulative incidence of adverse maternal outcomes were 39.9% (95%CI: 36.6, 43.4%). Among exposed groups, the incidence of adverse maternal outcomes were 47.1% (95%CI: 41.0-53.2) and 36.3% (95% CI: 32.3-40.6) the multiparity. When compared to multiparous women, grand multiparity was associated with a greater risk of postpartum hemorrhage (ARR = 2.1; 95%CI:1.6-2.7) and malpresentation (ARR = 1.3; 95% CI: 1.01-1.7). Conclusions: Pregnant women with grand multiparity have a higher incidence of adverse maternal outcomes. Grand multiparity increased the risk of adverse maternal outcomes such as postpartum bleeding and malpresentation. In low-resource settings, we recommend that community health education, the provision of accessible and effective contraceptive services, and increased awareness of the adverse maternal outcome among grand multiparity during pregnancy on obstetric performance should be prioritized. Also, trained health providers can effectively decrease the risk factor with good antenatal care and delivery.

Multilevel analysis of grand multiparity: Trend and its determinants in the Sidama National Regional State of Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study design from demographic and health survey 2000-2016.

OBJECTIVE: The study was aimed at examining the magnitude, trends and determinants of grand multiparity in the Sidama regional state of Ethiopia. DESIGN: We retrieved cross-sectional data from the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey from 2000 to 2016. SETTING: Community-based demographic and health survey (DHS) was conducted in Ethiopia. PARTICIPANTS: The study population was women (aged 15-49 years) who had delivered children with the available DHS data set. OUTCOMES: Multilevel multivariate logistic regression analyses assessed the relationship between grand multiparity and its determinants. RESULTS: The magnitude of grand multiparity was 70.8% (95% CI 68.5% to 72.9%). The multilevel multivariable logistic regression model showed illiteracy (adjusted OR (AOR)=2; 95% CI 1.25 to 3.75), non-use of any contraceptive (AOR=3.8; 95% CI 1.2 to 12.2), early marriage (AOR=4.5; 95% CI 2.6 to 7.9), polygamous marriage (AOR=4.2; 95% CI 2.0 to 9.3), short birth intervals (AOR=2.3; 95% CI 1.4 to 3.5) and husband's low education status (AOR=5.8; 95% CI 2.1 to 16.1) were significantly associated with grand multiparity. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that 7 of 10 women were grand multipara, and the magnitude did not show significant change over the last 16 years. Early marriage and early age at first birth, low literacy level, low family planning utilisation, polygamy, short interbirth interval and unmet need for family planning were determinants of grand multiparity. We recommended the stakeholders to design new strategies to address the root cause of high fertility factors in communities.

Exposure to oil pollution and maternal outcomes: The Niger Delta prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Maternal exposure to oil pollution is an important public health concern. However, there is a dearth of literature on the effects of maternal exposure to oil pollution on maternal outcomes in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. This study was therefore designed to determine the effect of maternal exposure to oil pollution on maternal outcomes in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. METHODS: Prospective cohort study design involving 1720 pregnant women followed from pregnancy to delivery was conducted. The participants were 18-45 years old at a gestational age of less than 17 weeks, who attended randomly selected health facilities in the areas with high exposure and low exposure to oil pollution in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire and review of medical records from April 2018 to April 2019. Multivariate log-binomial model was used to examine the effect of maternal exposure to oil pollution on the risk of adverse maternal outcomes adjusting for sociodemographic, maternal and lifestyle characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 1418 women completed the follow-up and were included in the analysis. Women in high exposure areas had a higher incidence of premature rupture of membrane (PROM), caesarean section (CS) and postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) compared to women in areas with low exposure to oil pollution. After adjusting for cofounders, women in high exposure areas also had a higher risk of PROM (ARR = 1.96; 95% CI: 1.24-3.10) and PPH (ARR = 2.12; 95% CI: 1.28-3.36) in Model I-III when compared to women in areas with low exposure to oil pollution. However, pregnancy-induced hypertension and CS had no association with maternal exposure area status to oil pollution. CONCLUSION: Women in high exposure areas are at a higher risk of PROM and PPH. This calls for policies and intervention toward reducing maternal exposure to oil pollution in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria.

Effect of Grand Multiparity on the Adverse Birth Outcome: A Hospital-Based Prospective Cohort Study in Sidama Region, Ethiopia.

Background: Adverse birth outcome is associated with grand multiparity and is still a major public health problem in developing countries. There is limited information that investigates the effect of grand multiparity on perinatal outcomes in a prospective follow-up design in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the effect of grand multiparity on the occurrence of adverse perinatal outcomes in the Sidama Region of Ethiopia. Methods: We conducted a prospective follow-up study among 837 women who gave birth in selected public hospitals of the Sidama Region from January 1 to August 31, 2021. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and medical record review. A modified Poisson regression model with robust standard errors was applied to estimate the adjusted risk ratio and its 95% CI of the risk factors for adverse perinatal outcomes to examine the association of the multi-parities with the adverse birth outcome. STATA Version 14 was used for analysis. Results: The overall cumulative incidence of adverse perinatal outcomes was 33% (95% CI: 29.9%, 36.4%). After adjusted for confounders, women with grand multiparity gave birth to babies with a higher risk of stillbirth (ARR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.01-2.51), macrosomia (ARR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.23-2.07), and preterm birth (ARR = 1.3; 95% CI: 1.1-1.66) compared to their counterparts. Conclusion: High incidences of adverse perinatal outcomes occurred among women with grand multiparity. We recommend that the region and districts health bureau should give close monitoring for pregnant women with high parity throughout their prenatal, intrapartum, and postpartum periods.

Risky Sexual Practice, Sexually Transmitted Infection and Associated Factors Among Newly Diagnosed HIV-positive People in Northwest Ethiopia.

PURPOSE: Risky sexual practice expose for the acquisition of sexually transmitted infection (STI) including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This study was conducted to fill the knowledge gap on the prevalence of risky sexual practice, STIs and associated factors among newly diagnosed HIV-positive people in northwest Ethiopia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional study design which was conducted on 745 newly diagnosed HIV patients. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to interview patients within seven days of HIV diagnosis using client exit interview approach. Data were entered to EpiData and exported to SPSS version 24 for analysis. Binary logistic regression analysis was employed to select factors for multivariate logistic regression at p-value of less than 0.25. Two separate logistic regression models were used for risky sexual practice and STI as dependent variables. The strength of statistical association was quantified using an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence level. RESULTS: The prevalence of risky sexual practices and STIs among newly diagnosed HIV-positive people were 15.8% (95%CI: 13.1-18.4) and 6.6% (95%CI: 4.8-8.5), respectively. Although there were no statistically significant factors associated with STI, having two or more lifetime sexual partners (AOR=3.19; 95%CI: 1.57-6.49) and frequent use of alcohol (AOR=3.10; 95%CI: 1.34-7.19) were the factors associated with risky sexual practice. CONCLUSION: Risky sexual practice and STI were found to be low among newly identified HIV patients. Factors associated with risky sexual practice failed to explain STI diagnosis using the syndromic approach. Therefore, revisiting the definition of risky sexual practice is necessary for the universal test and treat approach since sustained viral suppression may leave the need for consistent use of condoms among HIV patients who are on ART especially with regular sexual partners. Further study is also recommended to measure changes in sexual practice after initiating antiretroviral therapy.

Miscarriage, stillbirth, and infant death in an oil-polluted region of the Niger Delta, Nigeria: A retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between oil pollution and miscarriage, stillbirth, and infant death in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was undertaken of pregnant women (aged 18-45 years) who attended selected health facilities in regions with high and low exposure to oil pollution from May 14, 2018, to September 27, 2018. A multistage sampling technique was used to randomly select a representative of women with high and low exposure to oil pollution. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were employed to adjust for confounding factors of miscarriage, stillbirth, and infant death. RESULTS: In total, 1564 pregnant women were included in the study. Women with high exposure to oil pollution were more likely to experience stillbirth (odds ratio [OR] 1.806; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.177-2.770) and infant death (OR 2.162; 95% CI 1.409-3.317). However, after adjusting for potential confounders, only infant death was associated with high exposure (adjusted OR 1.843; 95% CI 1.146-2.962). No association was found between miscarriage and high exposure to oil pollution. CONCLUSION: Women with high exposure to oil pollution are at higher risk of infant death.

Endometriosis and associated symptoms among Nigerian women.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of endometriosis and identify associated symptoms among Nigerian women. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted at a center in Ibadan, Nigeria, between October 2008 and December 2010. All women aged 18-45 years scheduled for their first diagnostic laparoscopy for gynecologic indications were enrolled. Participants completed a previously validated self-administered questionnaire. Endometriosis was diagnosed on the basis of visual evidence. RESULTS: Among 239 women analyzed, 115 (48.1%) had endometriotic lesions. Endometriosis was more common among women reporting dysmenorrhea and pelvic pain than among those not reporting these symptoms (20/28 [71.4%] vs 95/211 [45.0%]; P=0.009). Women who reported dysmenorrhea were significantly more likely to have endometriosis than were those without dysmenorrhea (90/171 [52.6%] vs 25/68 [36.8%]; P=0.027). The risk of endometriosis was not significantly increased in women with one pain symptom (odds ratio [OR]1.69; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.67-4.27), but was significantly increased in women with two (OR 2.70; 95% CI 1.13-6.52) or three (OR 4.87; 95% CI 1.88-12.82) pain symptoms (χ(2)trend=15.5; P<0.001). In a multivariate logistic regression model, only pain other than dysmenorrhea or dyspareunia independently predicted endometriosis (P=0.017). CONCLUSION: Endometriosis is fairly common among Nigerian women. Efforts to increase the awareness of endometriosis among the public, researchers, and clinicians are needed.

Effect of sublingual misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin on reducing blood loss at cesarean section in Nigeria: a randomized controlled trial.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness and safety of sublingual misoprostol with i.v. oxytocin infusion administered after delivery in reducing blood loss at cesarean section in Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred women with term singleton pregnancy undergoing elective or emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia in Nigeria were randomly allocated to receive either misoprostol 400 µg sublingually or i.v. infusion of 20 units oxytocin soon after delivery of the baby. Estimated blood loss at surgery and within the first 4 h post-operation were measured in both groups. RESULTS: No significant difference was found in mean blood loss between the oxytocin and misoprostol groups. Similarly, no significant difference occurred between preoperative and postoperative hematocrit levels in both groups. The need for additional oxytocin was similar in both groups. There was significantly less blood loss in the first 4 h after surgery in the misoprostol group than in the oxytocin group (58.2 ± 20.7 vs 80.5 ± 26.8; P-value = 0.02). The incidence of adverse effects like shivering/pyrexia was significantly higher in the misoprostol group than in the oxytocin group (27/50 vs 1/50, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Sublingual misoprostol was as effective as i.v. oxytocin infusion in reducing blood loss at cesarean section. It offers several advantages over oxytocin, including long shelf life, stability at room temperature, and oral administration, which make it a suitable uterotonic agent in low-resource areas.

A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of misoprostol and routine uterotonics for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of 400-µg sublingual misoprostol plus routine uterotonics on postpartum hemorrhage. METHODS: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study was performed. After delivery of the child, eligible women received routine uterotonics and were randomly allocated to receive 400-µg misoprostol or placebo sublingually. The primary outcome measure was blood loss of at least 500 mL within 1 hour of taking the trial tablets. RESULTS: In total, 672 women received misoprostol and 673 received placebo. The baseline data were similar for both groups. Misoprostol plus routine uterotonics reduced postpartum blood loss, but the effect was not significant for blood loss of at least 500 mL (relative risk [RR] 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63-1.45) or blood loss of at least 1000 mL (RR 0.50; 95% CI, 0.15-1.66). Misoprostol also reduced the need for non-routine oxytocin, manual removal of the placenta, and hysterectomy, but these differences were not significant either. Misoprostol was associated with pyrexia and moderate/severe shivering. There was no death in either group. CONCLUSION: Misoprostol plus routine uterotonics resulted in modest reductions of blood loss in the third stage of labor, but the effects did not reach statistical significance. Larger studies are recommended.

Pattern of mental ill health morbidities following hysterectomy for benign gynaecological disorders among Nigerian women.

OBJECTIVE: to compare the pre and post hysterectomy mental ill health (MIH) status and also, to determine whether there is any association with the surgical indication. METHODOLOGY: An observational study, conducted among women scheduled for hysterectomy at the University College Hospital, Ibadan from January till June 2005. The MIH morbidities were assessed using a validated general health questionnaire (GHQ) before and after the surgery by trained research assistant. The score of 4 and above was used as the cut off. Cross tabulations were performed to detect any association and also to compare pre and post hysterectomy mental health status. The level of statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: Of the 50 women recruited, 45 participated in the study. The age range of the participants was 35 to 63 years with a mean of 48.6 (SD = 0.6) years. Anxiety related disorder was present in 20 (44.4%), and depression in 3 (6.7%) before hysterectomy. Post surgery, there was significant increase in those with anxiety by 6.8% and a reduction in the proportion of depressive illness by 2.3%. Uterine fibroid as a preoperative diagnosis, had significant association among those with anxiety related disorder (68.4%) and depression (10.5%). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that mental ill health may complicates hysterectomy for benign uterine pathology among Nigerian women, and that anxiety related disorders increases after operation with the highest proportion in those with clinical diagnosis of Uterine Fibroid. We recommend adequate preoperative counseling using properly trained psychologists when affordable to minimize these morbidities.

Clients' perceptions of the quality of antenatal care.

OBJECTIVES: To assess perceptions of pregnant women about quality of antenatal care. METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional study in a developing country setting. Three-hundred-ninety-five previously booked pregnant women randomly selected from private and public health facilities at the 3 levels of care were interviewed using a 52-stem interviewer-administered, semistructured questionnaire. The questionnaire sought information about bio data, health information and services, interpersonal communications, amenities and constellation of services. RESULTS: Mean gestational age at booking was 18.5 +/- 6.3 weeks. Only 25.8% of respondents booked in the first trimester. Mean number of antenatal visits was 4.0 +/- 2.4. Mean time spent during clinic visits was 3.9 +/- 1.4 hours. Waiting time was rated as appropriate by most women (67.1%). Women with high education and in upper socioeconomic class tended to rate the waiting time as too long. Counseling for HIV was the predominant health education subject. More than half (53.9%) of respondents did not receive information about cervical cancer. About 10% of patients did not receive information about danger signs during pregnancy, breast self-examination, family planning and prevention of sexually transmitted infections. Clinic amenities and constellation of services were rated highly. Most women (96.5%) were satisfied with the care received, would use the same facility in future pregnancies and would recommend it to friends. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of pregnant women were satisfied with the care they received. However, frequent antenatal visits and long waiting times are the norm of our antenatal service. Measures for improving elements of quality of antenatal care are imperative.