RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Stigma attached to mental health encompasses discrimination and exclusion of psychiatric patients and hinders their opportunities to have more productive and fulfilling lives. Moreover, stigma also exists among health professionals, and therefore, it hampers the provision of treatment and care and the promotion of mental well-being. This manuscript intends to assess and compare the levels of stigmatization toward patients with mental illness between medical students and doctors from different specialties. METHODS: The Portuguese version of Attribution Questionnaire (AQ-27) was used to assess the attitudes of medical students (n = 203), non-psychiatry doctors (n = 121), and psychiatry specialists (n = 29) from the University of Minho and three hospitals in the region of Braga, Portugal (Hospital de Braga, Hospital Senhora da Oliveira, and Hospital de Fafe). RESULTS: Psychiatrists were the group that displayed lower levels of stigmatizing attitudes in all the items of the AQ-27, followed by the students. The regression analyses revealed that professional group and presence of a relative with mental illness were the factors that have a significant impact on the levels of stigmatization. CONCLUSIONS: Mental illness stigma is widely spread in community and reaches not only general population but also health professionals. Psychiatrists presented lower levels of stigma compared with non-psychiatry physicians and medical students. We found that stigma is related with age and the presence of relatives with psychiatric disorders. These findings highlight the critical relevance of raising awareness on this topic and, therefore, break stereotypes to reduce the negative consequences of stigma.
RESUMEN
Uma ostomia de eliminação intestinal resulta de um procedimento cirúrgico que consiste na ligação de uma parte do intestino delgado ou grosso, a um orifício externo na cavidade abdominal designado de estoma. O utente portador de uma ostomia de eliminação intestinal, devido à sua situação clínica, manifesta um misto de emoções resultante do enorme impacto físico e emocional devido à doença e ao tratamento. A sua própria vida vai desencadear alterações profundas no seu EU, nos estilos de vida, nas relações familiares e sociais, na sua imagem corporal e na autoestima (Pinto, 2012). Foi objetivo deste estudo analisar a perceção que a pessoa portadora de ostomia de eliminação intestinal, seguida na Unidade Local de Saúde Nordeste (ULSNE), tem sobre a sua qualidade de vida (QV). A investigação enquadra-se no domínio da investigação observacional, optando-se pela realização de um estudo descritivo, analítico e transversal, de abordagem quantitativa. Como instrumento de colheita de dados foi utilizado um formulário com questões relativas às características sociodemográficas, a escala de Graffar e a escala de avaliação da qualidade de vida do utente ostomizado. Aceitaram participar no estudo 105 utentes portadores de eliminação intestinal. O sexo predominante é o masculino (50,5%). A classe etária mais representativa é a dos 65 aos 92 anos (78,1%) e o estado civil predominante antes (67,6%) e depois (55,2%) da cirurgia é o de casado. Quanto à atividade laboral, o abandono do trabalho a tempo inteiro, devido à nova situação clínica, foi referido por 94,3% dos inquiridos. Em relação às habilitações académicas, 46,7% sabe ler e escrever, enquadrando-se na classe social média (57,1%). A consulta de estomaterapia na ULSNE ainda não está implementada, mas os inquiridos consideram que a sua implementação seria pertinente (93,3%), facilitando principalmente a adaptação à nova realidade (40%), a ultrapassar dificuldades (28,6%), a evitar complicações/resolver os problemas (9,5%). A média da QV dos participantes neste estudo é de 279,92, superior à média teórica da escala (215), indicando os inquiridos evidenciam um bom nível de qualidade de vida. O enfermeiro estomaterapeuta é o profissional que melhor pode proporcionar toda a informação e suportes necessários, que permitam ultrapassar os problemas e as limitações sentidas pelo ostomizado e pelas pessoas significativas na sua vida.
An ostomy intestinal elimination results from a surgical procedure consisting in linking a part of the small or large intestine, to an external opening in the abdominal cavity called the stoma. The user carries ostomy intestinal elimination, due to their clinical condition, shows a mixture of emotions resulting from the huge physical and emotional impact due to illness and treatment. Your life will trigger profound changes in its US, lifestyles, in family and social relationships, body image and self-esteem (Pinto, 2012). It was aim of this study to analyze the perception that the carrier person of intestinal elimination ostomy, then the Northeast Local Health Unit (ULSNE) has on their quality of life (QOL). The investigation falls within the field of observational research, opting up for carrying out the descriptive, analytical and cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach. As data collection instrument was used a form with questions concerning sociodemographic characteristics, Graffar of scale and the scale of assessment of the quality of life of stoma wearer. They agreed to participate in the study 105 patients users of bowel elimination. The predominant sex is male (50.5%). The most representative age group is from 65 to 92 years (78.1%) and the predominant marital status before (67.6%) and after (55.2%) surgery is married. As for labor activity, abandonment of full-time work due to new clinical situation was reported by 94.3% of respondents. Regarding academic qualifications, 46.7% can read and write and it fits in the middle class (57.1%). The stomatherapy query in ULSNE is not yet implemented, but the respondents consider that their implementation would be relevant (93.3%), mainly in facilitating adaptation to the new reality (40%), to overcome difficulties (28.6%), to avoid complications / solve problems (9.5%). The participants in this study obtained a high average of quality of life (279.92) higher than the theoretical average of the scale (215), indicating that respondents show a good level of quality of life. The stoma nurse is the professional who can best provide all the needed information and support that allow to overcome problems and limitations experienced by the patient and the significant people in his life.
