RESUMEN
Systematic reviews support the benefits of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) for exercise performance. Recently, many health benefits from IMT have been reported in older adults. Therefore, this work reviewed the literature focusing on IMT effects beyond physical performance in older adults, such as cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and postural balance outcomes. Searches were conducted with the following terms: ("respiratory muscle training" OR "inspiratory muscle training") OR ("inspiratory muscle strength training") AND ("elderly" OR "older" OR "aging" OR "aging"), and using the databases: MEDLINE (PubMed), SCOPUS and EUROPE PMC. Of the 356 articles found, 13 matched the inclusion criteria after screening. Based on reviewed studies, four to eight weeks of IMT (Mostly from 50 % up to 75 % of MIP, 7 days/week) improve cardiac autonomic control at rest and post-exercise, cerebrovascular response to orthostatic stress, static and dynamic balance, blood pressure control, endothelial function, and oxidative stress in older adults. The benefits of IMT in cardiac autonomic and vascular functions are reversed after training cessation. It thus appears that IMT promotes broad physiological gains for the older population. It is necessary to carry out more randomized clinical trials on the subject to confirm the findings of this research.
RESUMEN
Hypoxia increases inspiratory muscle work and consequently contributes to a reduction in exercise performance. We evaluate the effects of inspiratory muscle warm-up (IMW) on a 10 km cycling time trial in normoxia (NOR) and hypoxia (HYP). Eight cyclists performed four time trial sessions, two in HYP (FiO2: 0.145) and two in NOR (FiO2: 0.209), of which one was with IMW (set at 40% of maximal inspiratory pressure-MIP) and the other was with the placebo effect (PLA: set at 15% MIP). Time trials were unchanged by IMW (NORIMW: 893.8 ± 31.5 vs. NORPLA: 925.5 ± 51.0 s; HYPIMW: 976.8 ± 34.2 vs. HYPPLA: 1008.3 ± 56.0 s; p > 0.05), while ventilation was higher in HYPIMW (107.7 ± 18.3) than HYPPLA (100.1 ± 18.9 L.min-1; p ≤ 0.05), and SpO2 was lower (HYPIMW: 73 ± 6 vs. HYPPLA: 76 ± 6%; p ≤ 0.05). A post-exercise-induced reduction in inspiratory strength was correlated with exercise elapsed time during IMW sessions (HYPIMW: r = -0.79; p ≤ 0.05; NORIMW: r = -0.70; p ≤ 0.05). IMW did not improve the 10 km time trial performance under normoxia and hypoxia.
RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: We investigated sex differences in blood pressure (BP) response to transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) during orthostatic stress (ORT). METHODS: Seventeen healthy young adults (males = 9; females = 8) underwent TENS or SHAM stimulus applied in the cervicothoracic region for 30 min in the supine position followed by 10 min in the orthostatic position. Electrocardiogram and BP were continuously recorded at rest and during ORT. Stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were calculated from the BP signal. RESULTS: Orthostatic challenge decreased BP similarly for both sexes during ORT, a deeper drop in CO and a slight increase in heart rate were found in women compared with men ( P = 0.03 and 0.05, respectively). TENS evoked a pronounced fall in SBP in men compared with the SHAM condition ( P < 0.05). TENS has no effect on SBP in women compared with the SHAM condition. CONCLUSION: This finding suggests a possible modulatory effect by one cervicothoracic TENS session on sympathetic tonus in healthy men.
Asunto(s)
Estimulación Eléctrica Transcutánea del Nervio , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Femenino , Frecuencia Cardíaca/fisiología , Humanos , Masculino , Caracteres Sexuales , Resistencia Vascular , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Fundamento: A hipóxia é uma condição fisiológica que pode influenciar a modulação autonômica cardíaca, qualpode ser avaliada pelas flutuações espontâneas da frequência cardíaca, chamada de variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC). Estudos têm reportado reduções ou manutenção da VFC em situação de hipóxia apresentando efeitos controversos. Há uma lacuna no conhecimento em relação às modificações da VFC durante a hipóxia. Objetivo: Revisar sistematicamente estudos que investigaram os efeitos da hipóxia na VFC em adultos saudáveis e não aclimatados durante o repouso. Métodos: A presente revisão sistemática foi realizada a partir da diretriz PRISMA. Os termos utilizados para a busca nas bases MEDLINE, SCOPUS, LILACS e EUROPE PMC foram: "heart rate variability" OR "cardiac autonomic modulation" OR "cardiac autonomic regulation" AND (hypoxia OR altitude) NOT intermitente NOT sleep. Os registros foram filtrados por espécie, idade e idiomas. Resultados: Ao final da triagem e elegibilidade restaram 13 artigos para a síntese qualitativa. Discussão: Os estudos utilizam protocolos experimentais variados que envolvem diferença na pressão barométrica, no nível de oxigênio, no tempo de exposição à hipóxia e no controle da frequência respiratória. Possivelmente a influência desses fatores e também a variação interindividual à hipóxia podem justificar diferentes respostas na VFC. Conclusão: A partir dos estudos investigados, a hipóxia foi capaz de gerar uma queda na VFC, seja por retirada ou manutenção da modulação vagal, ou por predomínio simpático ou mesmo pela combinação dessas respostas em adultos saudáveis não aclimatados a hipóxia. Este efeito parece ser dependente do nível de altitude e da pressão barométrica
Background: Hypoxia is a physiological condition that may affect the cardiac autonomic modulation, which can be assessed by spontaneous fluctuations in heart rate, know as heart rate variability (HRV). Studies have reported reductions or maintenance of HRV in hypoxic situation presenting controversial effects. There is a knowledge gap in relation to changes in HRV during hypoxia. Objective: The aim of this study was to systematically review the effects of hypoxia on HRV in unacclimatized healthy adults at rest. Methods: This systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. Search terms used in MEDLINE, SCOPUS, LILACS and EUROPE PMC database were: "heart rate variability" OR "cardiac autonomic modulation" OR "cardiac autonomic regulation" AND NOT intermittent NOT sleep (hypoxia OR altitude). Records were filtered by species, age group and language. Results: At the end of the screening and eligibility, 13 manuscripts remained for qualitative synthesis. Discussion: The studies used different experimental protocols involving difference in barometric pressure, oxygen level, time of exposure to hypoxia and control of respiratory rate. Possibly the influence of these factors and also the interindividual variation to hypoxia may justify different responses in HRV. Conclusion: Based on the investigated studies, hypoxia has been capable of generating a decrease in HRV, either by reduction or maintenance of vagal modulation, or by sympathetic predominance or even the combination of these responses in healthy adults unacclimatized to hypoxia. This effect appears to be dependent on altitude level and barometric pressure