Chronic Psychotic Disorders and Correctional Involvement: A Population-Based Matched Case-Control Study in Ontario, Canada.

OBJECTIVE: Individuals with chronic psychotic disorders are overrepresented in correctional facilities, but little is known about factors that increase the risk of correctional involvement. The objective of this study was to compare individuals with chronic psychotic disorders who were released from correctional facilities in Ontario to individuals with chronic psychotic disorders but no correctional involvement on sociodemographic, clinical, and prior mental health-related health service utilization characteristics. METHOD: All individuals with chronic psychotic disorders who were released from a provincial correctional facility in Ontario in 2010 were matched (1:2) by age and sex to Ontario residents with chronic psychotic disorders and no correctional involvement. Covariates included sociodemographic (rural residence, marginalization such as residential instability quintile, material deprivation quintile, dependency quintile, and ethnic concentration quintile) and clinical (duration of chronic psychotic disorder and comorbidities) characteristics, and mental health-related health service utilization characteristics (primary care physician, psychiatrist and emergency department visits, and hospitalizations) 1 and 3 years prior to correctional involvement. The association between correctional involvement and prior health service utilization was measured by estimating incidence rate ratios using Poisson and negative-binomial regressions. RESULTS: Individuals with correctional involvement (N = 3,197) lived in neighbourhoods with higher material deprivation and residential instability, and had a shorter duration of illness, and more psychosocial comorbidities (e.g., behavioural issues and depression) than individuals without correctional involvement (N = 6,393). Adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical variables, individuals with correctional involvement had a higher rate of mental health-related primary care physician visits, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations but a lower rate of psychiatrist visits prior to correctional involvement, compared to individuals without correctional involvement. CONCLUSIONS: Despite higher mental health-related comorbidities and higher rates of accessing acute mental health services among individuals with chronic psychotic disorders and correctional involvement, visits to psychiatrists prior to involvement were low.

The Burden of Health-Related Out-of-Pocket Cancer Costs in Canada: A Case-Control Study Using Linked Data.

BACKGROUND: The burden of out-of-pocket costs among cancer patients/survivors in Canada is not well understood. The objective of this study was to examine the health-related out-of-pocket cost burden experienced by households with a cancer patient/survivor compared to those without, examine the components of health-related costs and determine who experiences a greater burden. DATA AND METHODS: This study used a data linkage between the Survey of Household Spending and the Canadian Cancer Registry to identify households with a cancer patient/survivor (cases) and those without (controls). The out-of-pocket burden (out-of-pocket costs measured relative to household income) and mean costs were described and regression analyses examined the characteristics associated with the household out-of-pocket burden and annual out-of-pocket costs. RESULTS: The health-related out-of-pocket cost burden and annual costs measured in households with a cancer patient/survivor were 3.08% (95% CI: 2.55-3.62%) and CAD 1600 (95% CI: 1456-1759), respectively, compared to a burden of 2.84% (95% CI: 2.31-3.38) and annual costs of CAD 1511 (95% CI: 1377-1659) measured in control households, respectively. Households with a colorectal cancer patient/survivor had a significantly higher out-of-pocket burden compared to controls (mean difference: 1.0%, 95% CI: 0.18, 0.46). Among both cases and controls, the lowest income quintile households experienced the highest health-related out-of-pocket cost burden. INTERPRETATION: Within a universal health care system, it is still relevant to monitor health-related out-of-pocket spending that is not covered by existing insurance mechanisms; however, this is not routinely assessed in Canada. We demonstrate the feasibility of measuring such costs in households with a cancer patient/survivor using routinely collected data. While the burden and annual health-related out-of-pocket costs of households with a cancer patient/survivor were not significantly higher than control households in this study, the routine measurement of out-of-pocket costs in Canada could be systemized, providing a novel, system-level, equity-informed performance indicator, which is relevant for monitoring inequities in the burden of out-of-pocket costs.

Actual and predicted prevalence of alcohol consumption during pregnancy in Latin America and the Caribbean: systematic literature review and meta-analysis / Prevalencia real y prevista del consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo en América Latina y el Caribe: revisión bibliográfica sistemática y metanálisis / Prevalência real e prevista do consumo de álcool na gravidez na América Latina e Caribe: revisão sistemática da literatura e meta-análise

Objective. To estimate the prevalence of alcohol consumption during pregnancy among the general population of Latin America and the Caribbean, by country, in 2012. Methods. Three steps were taken: a comprehensive, systematic literature search; meta- analyses, assuming a random-effects model for countries with published studies; and regression modelling (data prediction) for countries with either no published studies or too few to obtain an estimate. Results. Based on 24 existing studies, the pooled prevalence of alcohol consumption during pregnancy among the general population was estimated for Brazil (15.2%; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 10.4%–20.8%) and Mexico (1.2%; 95%CI: 0.0%–2.7%). The prevalence of alcohol consumption during pregnancy among the general population was predicted for 31 countries and ranged from 4.8% (95%CI: 4.2%–5.4%) in Cuba to 23.3% (95%CI: 20.1%– 26.5%) in Grenada. Conclusions. Greater prevention efforts and measures are needed in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean to prevent pregnant women from consuming alcohol during pregnancy and decrease the rates of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. Additional high quality studies on the prevalence of alcohol consumption during pregnancy in Latin America and the Caribbean are also needed.

Objetivo. Calcular la prevalencia del consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo en la población general de América Latina y el Caribe desglosada por país y para el año 2012. Métodos. Se siguieron tres pasos: 1) una búsqueda bibliográfica sistemática y amplia; 2) metanálisis, en los que se supuso un modelo de efectos aleatorios respecto de los países sobre los que se disponía de estudios publicados; y 3) el modelado de regresión (predicción de datos) respecto de los países sobre los que no se disponía de ningún estudio publicado o estos eran demasiado escasos para obtener estimaciones. Resultados. Sobre la base de los 24 estudios existentes, se calculó la prevalencia combinada del consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo en la población general de Brasil (15,2 %; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95 %: 10,4-20,8 %) y México (1,2 %; IC del 95 %: 0,0-2,7 %). También se calculó la prevalencia prevista del consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo en la población general de 31 países, cálculo que arrojó datos comprendidos entre 4,8 % (IC del 95 %: 4,2-5,4 %) en Cuba y 23,3 % (IC del 95%: 20,1-26,5 %) en Granada. Conclusiones. Es preciso redoblar los esfuerzos de prevención e intensificar las medidas en los países de América Latina y el Caribe para impedir que las embarazadas consuman alcohol durante el embarazo a fin de reducir las tasas de los trastornos del espectro alcohólico fetal. También se deben realizar más estudios de buena calidad sobre la prevalencia del consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo en América Latina y el Caribe.

Objetivo. Estimar a prevalência do consumo de álcool na gravidez na população geral da América Latina e Caribe, por país, em 2012. Métodos. Três etapas foram realizadas: (i) uma busca sistemática abrangente da literatura científica, (ii) meta-análises a partir de um modelo de efeitos aleatórios para os países com estudos publicados e (iii) modelos de regressão (predição de dados) para os países sem nenhum estudo publicado ou com um número muito pequeno de estudos para obter uma estimativa. Resultados. Com base em 24 estudos identificados, estimou-se a prevalência conjunta do consumo de álcool na gravidez na população geral no Brasil (15,2%; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC 95%] 10,4%–20,8%) e no México (1,2%; IC 95% 0,0%–2,7%). A prevalência do consumo de álcool na gravidez na população geral foi prevista em 31 países, variando de 4,8% (IC 95% 4,2%–5,4%) em Cuba a 23,3% (IC 95% 20,1%–26,5%) em Granada. Conclusões. Um grande esforço de prevenção com a adoção de medidas preventivas se faz necessário nos países da América Latina e Caribe para prevenir o uso de álcool entre gestantes durante a gravidez e reduzir os índices de transtornos do espectro alcoólico fetal. Também são necessários outros estudos de alta qualidade da prevalência do consumo de álcool na gravidez na América Latina e no Caribe.